IVC

SECOND YEAR
COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Technician

LAB - I
MANUAL

STATE INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

DIRECTOR OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
GOVT. OF ANDHRA PRADESH
 Telugu Academy Publication : Vocational Course - fyctec

INTERMEDIATE
VOCATIONAL COURSE
SECOND YEAR

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB - I

MANUAL

FOR THE COURSE OF

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN

STATE INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

DIRECTOR OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
GOVT. OF ANDHRA PRADESH
2005
 Intermediate Vocatioinal Course, 2nd Year
COMMUNICATION ENGINEER LAB - I
MANUAL
(For the Course of Electronics Engineering Technician)

Author : Sri. M. Shanmukha Chary

J.L in Electronics,
Govt. Jr. College, Malkajgiri, Secundrabad.

Complied by : Sri. M. Shanmukha Chary

J.L in Electronics,
Govt. Jr. College, Malkajgiri, Secundrabad.

Price : Rs. /-
Printed in India
Laser Typeset Reformatted by SINDOOR GRAPHICS, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad-60.
Phone : 24047464
 CONTENTS

S.No. Chapter Name Page No.s

1. SERVICING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS 1-6

2. ELECTRONIC LAB SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 7-8

3. SOLDERING PRACTICE ON PCB AND WIRING PRACTICE 9 - 10

4. FAMILARISATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 11 - 20

5. STUDY OF POWER SUPPLY STAGE IN RADIO RECEIVER 21 - 22

6. STUDY OF OUTPUT STAGE, VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT 23 - 25

7. STUDY OF DETECTOR AND AF VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER 26 - 27

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGES

8. IF AMPLIFIER 28 - 29

9. RF AMPLIFIER, MIXER, LOCAL OSCILLATOR 30 - 31

10. STUDY OF FM RECEIVER 32 - 33

11. STUDY OF IC VERSION 2-BAND AM/FM 34 - 37

RADIO RECEIVER AND TAPE RECORDER

12. STUDY OF MULTI BAND RADIO RECEIVER 38 - 39

13. FAULTS IN RADIO RECEIVER 40 - 41

14. PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIER 42 - 46

15. RECTIFY THE FAULTS IN PUBLIC ADDRESS 47 - 50

AMPLIFIER SYSTEM

16. TAPE RECORDER TWO-IN-ONE AND AUDIO CD PLAYER 51 - 56

17. RECFITY THE FAULTS IN THE TAPE RECORDER 57 - 62

AND TWO-IN-ONE

18. RECTIFY THE FAULTS IN AUDIO CD PLAYER 63 - 84

Communication Engineering Lab - I 1

1. SERVICING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

AIM :

Study of servicing tools and instruments, Soldering Iron, Screw Driver Set, Tweezer, Nose
Plier, Cutter, Hammer, File, Desolder Pump, Squeezer.

Equipment Required :

Servicing Tools, Instruments, Soldering Iron, Screw Driver Set, Tweezer, Nose Plier, Cutter,
Hammer, File, Desolder Pump, Squeezer.

Theory :

Soldering :

It is a method of uniting two or more pieces of metal by means of a fusible alloy or metal called
solder applied in the molter state.

Soldering Iron, consists of insulating handle, connected through a metal shank to the bit. The
bit is made of Iron has got good heat capacity and has good thermal conductivity. Generally some
irons have thermostatic central to keep the temperature of the bit constant wattages 15W, 25W, 50W
and 100 Watts.

The low wattage iron like 5W, 5W are used to assemble components like FET’s or MOSFET’s

For audio/video circuits 15W, 25W.

For soldering electrical wires 60W, 100W cables which needs a high amount of power
dissipation.
Insulated feed handle

Filament

Bit
Metal Shank with bit

SOLDERING IRON
Fig 1.1

Body
Soldering Tip

Main Chord
SOLDERING GUN
Fig 1.2
2

Solder Squeezer :

It is mainly used to suck the molter solder completely at the joints to be desolder in order to
ensure, effective desolder, it consists of a spring placed in a hollow tube with a mechanism to apply or
release force on the spring. Initially the spring is compressed by applying force. When the force of the
spring is released using press release button the spring produces a sucking force through a nozzle
while retaining its original shape. This sucking force can be used to remove the molten solder at the
time of desoldering.

Soldering Gun :

Soldering gun is a soldering tool used for soldering at a given instant heat. High current flows
as long as the switch is pressed. It operates based on the principle of transformer inside the construc-
tion. The primary winding is given to 230V and the secondary winding is given to tip of the soldering.

Soldering Iron Stand :

It is used to place the soldering iron when not in use. They are made of wooden plants, heli-
cally wound iron etc.,

Soldering Alloys :

The solder alloy has low melting point and the liquids at temperatures, below the melting point
of pure lead. The wetting depends on Tin content and the load is added to reduce cost.

Example : Tin lead, Tin antimony and Tin lead, antimony.

Soldering Flux :

Soldering Flux is any solid, liquid or gaseous compound which can be heated is capable of
promoting or accelerating the wetting of metals with solders such medium is called flux.

Wires :

Generally single strand and multi strand wires are used for interconnections for assembling
discrete components, circuits.

Screw Driver :

A Screw Driver is a hand tool, which used to loosen or tighten or to keep the screws in posi-
tion. Its size usually various from 4mm to 600mm.
Blade or Handle
Shank

Tip

STANDARD SCREW DRIVER

Fig 1.3
Communication Engineering Lab - I 3

Common Screw Driver :

It is used to meet different types of jobs where plenty of room is available and the head of the
screw is out in the open.

THIN Blade Screw Driver :

It is used for screwing or unscrewing the

THIN BLADE SCREW DRIVER
screws of switches, lamp holders etc.,
Fig 1.4
Heavy Duty Screw Driver :
HEAVY-DUTY OR SQUARE
It is used for screwing or Loosening heavy screws.
BLADE SCREW DRIVER
Fig 1.5
Pliers :

These are used for holding or griping small screws or bolts in position, cutting, twisting and
bending the wires.
Wire Cutter
Insulated Cutting Plier : Insulated Handle Jaw
Pivot
It is used for cutting wires, gripping
operation by hand, holding jobs, twisting wires
and a number of other operations in electrical
wiring.
INSULATED PLIER
Fig 1.6

Nose Plier :

As the name implies with a thin nose,

these are used for bending, holding thin wires
and forming eyes of the wires. LONG NOSE PLIER
Fig 1.7

Ball Peen Hammer : Ball - Peen

Handle
Cheek
It consists of hammer face, which is used Eye
to drive in, nails in to wooden bottom or for gen- Post
eral work and end for cutting wall plaster and Head
bricks when it is necessary to take wiring from Face
one room to another.
BALL - PEEN HAMMER
Fig 1.8
4

Claw Hammer : Claw

Cheek
It is used for duel - purpose hammer. It Handle
has one side hammer face, which is used to drive
in nailsor general purpose and claw at other end Eye Face
for pulling out nails.
BALL - PEEN HAMMER
Fig 1.8

Frame
Hacksaw :
Pin
It is especially designed fool for cutting
metals like conductors, cables etc.,
Handle Wing Nut
HACK SAW
Fig 1.9

Blade
Handle Back
Wooden Saw or Tension Saw :

It is used for cutting small jobs like Toe

cutting wooden batten, wooden black boards etc., Tooth
Heel

WOODEN CHISEL
Fig 1.10

Wooden Chisel : Blade

Handle Tang Ferrule

It is used for cutting un wasted wooden

pieces of the wooden boards. Cutting
WOODEN CHISEL Edge
Fig 1.11

COLD Chisels :

It is used for plaster cutting or far brick cutting.

COLD CHISELS
Fig 1.12
Communication Engineering Lab - I 5

Hand Drill machine :

It is used for making holes in wooden

batter, Wooden blocks, Wooden boards etc., to Side
facilitate the passage of insulated wires. Handle Main Handle

Jaw
Drive Wheel

Chuck
Pinion
Drill
HAND DRILL
Fig 1.13

Scratch awl : Handle

Sharp Point
It is very sharp tool, it should be handled
carefully. It is used or making small hole or
impression is made into the wooden before
SCRATCH AWL
screwing
Fig 1.14

Rawl Plug Jumper :

It is used to make holes in stone walls or Rawl Plug Bit

concrete walls and should not be used on RAWL PLUG JUMPER
metals. Fig 1.15

Centre Punch :

It is used for mark the location of holes CENTER PUCH

to be drilled. Fig 1.16

Electrician Knife :

It is used for removing the insulation from the wires. ELECTRICAL KNIFE
Fig 1.17

Files :
Tang Length
Edge
Files are used to remove the waste and Trip
rough or burrs on wires and joints etc., Handle Heel Face
ELECTRICAL KNIFE
Fig 1.18
6

Try Square :

It is used for making and checking the angles of 90

Pipe Vise :

It is used for holding the conduits during

conduit cutting or cutting threads or for bending
conduits.

Taps : T - HANDLE - TAP WRENCH

Fig 1.19
It is used for cut internal threads for conduits.

Results : All servicing tools and instruments are studied carefully.

Questions :

1) Name the servicing tools

2) Name the servicing instruments.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 7

2. ELECTRONIC LAB SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Intelligent and prompt action of First - Aid is required in case of electric shock. If the first
aider is not cautions, if any one receive electric shock or even die along with th ecasuality. Every
employee/worker in the electrical field or those who are having electric supply should make them
selves familier with instenctions in the labaratory.

Removal of Cantact :

When a person gets a shok and still he/she is in cantact with the supply/conductor first switch
off the main supply. It the switch or main is not found cut the cable with the help of axe or plastic
handled knife but dont use scissor. It insulated material which is dry, if available rubber gloves should
be worn, if not dry coat, cap, clothing or folded newspaper should be used while removing the casuality
viction. In the case of HT supply, it is most dangerous. The casually may not be actual cantact with the
wire as the current can pass through the gap causing an arc. The first - aid kit should keep away from
the wires and the casually should be dragged out by means of a walking stick, dry rope, dry bomboo
stick etc.,

See the victims cloths and extinguish the spark’s if check the victim if he/she is breathing but uncon-
scious call for a doctor. If the victim is not breathing, immeadiatly start artificial respiration as de-
tailed below until first aid arrives or a doctor.

Fig 2.1

Victim has burn’s on back side :

Lay the victim / patient as shown in fig (a) knel over the patient and place both the hands on the
thin portion near the lowest rib in such a fashion that both thumbs almost touch each other and the
gingers spreads. Now press gently by leaning forward for about 2 to 3 seconds as shown in fig (b).
Now release the pressure slowly and come back to original kneeling position for about 2 to 3 seconds
as shown in fig (a). Repeat these two movements for about 10 to 15 times in a minute until doctor
arrives. This process initialises the breathing by expansion and contraction of patient lungs. This
method is also known as schefer’s method.

Fig 2.2
8

Victim has burns on front side :

Lay the patient as shown in fig. (a), loosen the clothes around the chest and stomache, then
place a pillow or rolled up beneath the patients shoulder, so that his head falls backward.

Now hold the patients head between the knees and draw his hands over his head until they are
horizontal, keep them in that position for about two to three second as shown fig. (a). Next bring the
patient hands on each side of his chest and press inward for about 2 to 3 second as shown in fig (b).
Repeat these two movements 10 to 15 times in a minute. Under any circumstances the process should
not be stopped until the doctor arrives. This method is also known as silvster’s method :

Fig 2.3

Fig 2.4

Short Questions

1. What is First Aid.

2. What are the precausion for prevention of electrition.

Essay Questions

Write electric shock treatment processor in the laboratory before reaching treatment for a doctor.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 9

3. SOLDERING PRACTICE ON PCB AND WIRING PRACTICE

Aim :

Soldering practice on PCB and wiring practice.

Equipment required :

PCB’s soldering iron, lead, paste, components Diodes, Transistor, resistors, capacitors etc.,

Theory :

A Printed Circuit Board popularity known as PCB is a piece of plastic insulating board, on one
side of which a complete layout diagram of an electronic circuit consisting of copper or silver conduct-
ing parts is printed by a special phote engraving process. On the other side of the PCB are mounted
electronic components like resistors, capacitors, coils, transformers, tubes, transistors, diodes, IC’s.
Suitable holes are punched in the PCB for mounting the components which are connected to the
conducting paths by soldering. The plastic board is made of a (translucent) transucent material and
with a bright light on one side, the circuit on the opposite side can easily traced.

Printed circuit boards are extensively used for assembling electronic circuits particularly those
using semiconductor devices like transistors and IC’s. Use of PCB’s makes the circuit assembly also
lends itself efficiently to mass production method.
SINGLE STAGE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
+VCC

RC 5 K
CC
R2 33 K
220 mF 220 mF
BC 145 470 W
VO Fig 3.1
5 mV 3.3 K
S

R2 CE
RE
250 mF
1.2 K

PCB LAYOUT

Fig 3.2

COMPONENT PCB LAYOUT

R1 RC CC
Cb
TR1 Fig 3.3
R2 RE CE
Communication Engineering Lab - I 23

6. STUDY OF OUTPUT STAGE, VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Aim :

Study of push pull amplifier and measurement of output voltages

Equipment Required :

CRO, Multimeter, Soldering Iron 25W, lead, flux,Screw Driver Set, Audio Amplifier.

Theory :

A class B push pull amplifier is used in audio output stage. The output of the amplifier signal
is in the audio frequency range 20Hz to 20KHz. In any communication system we can hear the speach
300Hz - 3400Hz range called voice frequency. The amplifier which is operated in the above range is
called audio frequency amplifier.

The distortion in the audio output is called audio effect common faults in audio section in the
transistor radio receiver as floows.

S.No. Symptoms Possible Cause Remedies

1. Poor Sound Collector Voltage of transistor Compilling capacitor short

below of leaky check base and
ground voltage
2. Hum Transistor terminals are Use shielded
not properly shielded.
3. Intermittent Coupling capacitor may Replace capacitor and
Output open intermittenly volume check volume control
control defective
4. No Output All voltages across the Check power supply
trnasistor leads are dead.

C
B
Q T2
T1 E
C

R
R r
R
E
B
Q
C
R

PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER

Fig 6.1
24

Noise :

If voice coil rubs the body of the speaker cracking noise will be produced, may be core paper
broken and there will be no change in voltage / current data.

Loud Speaker :

A loud speaker with high fidility in AM/FM receivers. When voice coil open no effect on
voltage data. IC get overheated, replacement is only one remeady.

Common Troubles in the Audio Circuit :

Distortion :

This occurs by in proper biasing due to an open resistor. Defective transistor lack of heat
measure voltage at th eemitter junction.
Low Volume :

Open bias resistors or defective transistor. Measure Voltage / resistances in the stage. Defec-
tive components may be replaced.

Receiver dead :

No supply to the output transistor pair or output IC due to open PCB track.

Open driver Transformer :

Power transistor of the receiver with normal voltages resulting voltage amplifier reads zero
voltages.

Open emitter resister :

Open emitter resistor RE results a dead receiver. Check the resistances and voltages levels are
trouble.

Coupling Capacitor :

If the coupling capacitor open results the receiver is in dead mode. If it is leaky the output is
distorted. If it is short the produces excessive distortion.

Volume Control / Tone Control :

Noisy volume or tone control is to be replaced

Communication Engineering Lab - I 25

Table :

S.No. Voltage on transistors collector output Voltage on RL Speaker AF

T1 T2 voltage

Results :

Studied power output stage of a Radio Receiver

Question :

1) Write the different faults in audio output stage.

2) Write servicing procedure of audio output stage.
26
7. STUDY OF DETECTOR AND AF VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGES
Aim :

Study of Detector and AF Voltage Amplifier Measurement of Voltages

Equipment Required :

Experimental board, CRO, Multimeter,

Theory :

A transister radio receivers makes a use of semiconductor diode in the detector stage. The
diode has same propecties as detection and rectification.

The diode is used for AM detection / demadulation. In the given circuit, C is a small capacitence
and R is a large resistance. The parallel combination of R,C with load resistance across RL the output
voltage is measured VO. At each positive peak of RF cycle, C changes upto a potential almost equal
to peak signal voltage Vs. The output produced VO is modulating voltage with small amount of
ripple. In practical circuit unwanted signals are removed by using diode detector.

The audio signal from the detector is fed to the base of the voltage amplifier through a coupling
capacitor C11(8PF), Resistors R12, R13 are the voltage dividers for the base emitter bias. Resistor
R14 is the dc stabilizer by passed by the capacitor C13 (20mF), C14 (0.005mF) is the RF by pass filter.
C12 (30mF) is an electrolytical capacitor and is shunted across the battery supply for decoupling
signals from all stages.
Q IFT3 OA79 R
Q
IFT2 To AF Amplifier

R
AVC
C C

DETECTOR
Fig 7.1

Procedure :

1. Switch on the demonstration board by connecting the power cord to the AC supply

2. Observe the carrier and modulating signal to the modulator circuit

3. Connect the carrier and modulating signal to the modulator circuit

4. Observe the amplitude modulated wave in synchronization with the modulating signal in the dual
trace CRO.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 27

5. Then give the AM output to the input of th edemodulator.

6. By adjusting R,C values we get minimum distorted modulating signal.

7. Campare the amplitude and frequency of demodulated output with original modulating signal.

8. Measure output voltage Vo.

Table :

S.No. Voltage on detector Demodulated AF power AF Transformer

OA79 output voltage transistor voltages secondary
VCE VBE voltage

Result :

AM Detector, Voltage amplifier stages are studied measured voltages.

Questions :

1) Name the working principles of AM detector.

2) What is the use of voltage amplifier.
Aim : To study of Multiband Radio Receiver
30

9. RF AMPLIFIER, MIXER, LOCAL OSCILLATOR

Aim :

Study of RF amplifier, Mixer, local oscillator stage and voltage measurement.

Equipment Required :

A radio receiver, AC voltmeter and connecting wires.

Theory :
Converter
Antenna

C1
C4 C2 C3
C5 L1
R3

R1 R2 _ +
Battery
C6

RF AMPLIFIER
Fig 9.1

RF Stage :

The desired RF signal selected by the tuned antena circuits is applied to the input of the radio
frequency amplifier. After amplification from the RF stage, the modulated RF signal passed on to the
next stage i.e. converter stage. The stage functions are

1. It increases the sensitivity of the receiver because of additional amplification.

2. It improves the selectivity of the receiver due to additional tuned circuits.

3. It eliminates the image frequency interference

4. It reduces the noise level because of a stronger signal fed to the converter stage.

5. It improves the AVc action.

The two transistors are used to a mixer and a local oscillator stages perform the function of the
mixer. The signal from the ferite antenna coil L1 is fed to the base of the transistor Q1. Resistors R1
(6.8K) and R2 (39K) form a voltage divider across the battery for the emitter base bias. Resistor R3
(3.3K) in the emitter lead is a dc stabilizer. The oscillator coil is L2 and it feeds its local oscillations to
the emitter of Q1 through capacitor C3. The tuning and oscillator capacitors aere ganged in the re-
ceiver. The station signal to the base and local oscillator signal to the emitter mix to produce, the
modulated IF signal at the collector which applies it to the IF transformer. Capacitor C2 (0.02mF) is
Communication Engineering Lab - I 31

an IF decoupling capacitor to prevent IF signals from being fed back to the base. Taps are used to
oscillator coil and the IF transformer coinding for impedance matching Q1 is PNP transistor in which
the collector is at a negative potential with respect to the base.

Procedure :

1) Connect the dc power supply

2) Measure collector to emitter voltage of R.F stage

3) Measure base to emitter voltage of RF stage.

4) Measure oscillator voltage VeE.

5) Measure mixer stage output voltage.

Table

S.No. RF Voltage RF output Voltage Mixer output

VBE VCE voltage

Result :

RF, oscillator and mixer stage voltages are measured with ac/dc voltmeter.

Questions

1. Write RF voltages
2. Write testing processor of RF amplifier, local oscillator and mixer stages
32

10. STUDY OF FM RECEIVER

Aim :

Study FM Radio Receiver

Equipment needed :

FM Radio Receiver kit, Multimeter

Theory :

FM broad cast radio receivers operates 8 MHz to 108 MHz in band II. Within this band,
allotted frequencies are spaced 200KHz apart and allowed a maximum frequency deviation of 75KHz
around the carrier frequency. Propagation at VHF is restricted to line of sight and coverage is usually
only for a radius of 50KM around the transmitter location. The programmes broad cast on these
channels in the past have been mostly music and the basic modulating frequency band width is 15KHz
as opposed to the 5KHz used on AM stations.

FM RADIO RECEIVER
Fig 10.1
Communication Engineering Lab - I 33

Figure shows the block diagram of a typical FM broadcast receiver. It is a supernetero dyre
circuit with a tuned RF amplifier so that maximum signal sansitivity is 1 to 10mV. The RF stage tuned
circuits and local oscillator are tuned by a three ganged variable capacitor controlled from a panel
knob. The oscillator frequency can be varied from 98.7 MHz to 118.7 MHz. Yielding an intermediate
frequency of 10.7 MHz.

The IF amplifier section if several high gain stages, of which one or more amplitude limiters.
The high gain non limiting input stage, followed by one amplitude limiting stage. All stages are suned
to give the desired band pass characteristics this is centered on 10.7 MHz and has a 180 KHz band
width to pass the desired signal. Amplitude limiting is usually arranged to have an on set throshold of
about 1mV at the limiting - stage input, corresponding to the level of input signal. Which may be set
at 10mV or lower.

The FM detector is used to detect the audio signal.

Procedure :

Connect the dc supply to the FM Receiver tune gain capacitor to reach station frequency
programme comes from the loud speaker.

Result :

FM Radio receiver studied.

Questions

1. Study the FM receiver block wise operation. Write testing processor

32

10. STUDY OF FM RECEIVER

Aim :

Study FM Radio Receiver

Equipment needed :

FM Radio Receiver kit, Multimeter

Theory :

FM broad cast radio receivers operates 8 MHz to 108 MHz in band II. Within this band,
allotted frequencies are spaced 200KHz apart and allowed a maximum frequency deviation of 75KHz
around the carrier frequency. Propagation at VHF is restricted to line of sight and coverage is usually
only for a radius of 50KM around the transmitter location. The programmes broad cast on these
channels in the past have been mostly music and the basic modulating frequency band width is 15KHz
as opposed to the 5KHz used on AM stations.

FM RADIO RECEIVER
Fig 10.1
Communication Engineering Lab - I 33

Figure shows the block diagram of a typical FM broadcast receiver. It is a supernetero dyre
circuit with a tuned RF amplifier so that maximum signal sansitivity is 1 to 10mV. The RF stage tuned
circuits and local oscillator are tuned by a three ganged variable capacitor controlled from a panel
knob. The oscillator frequency can be varied from 98.7 MHz to 118.7 MHz. Yielding an intermediate
frequency of 10.7 MHz.

The IF amplifier section if several high gain stages, of which one or more amplitude limiters.
The high gain non limiting input stage, followed by one amplitude limiting stage. All stages are suned
to give the desired band pass characteristics this is centered on 10.7 MHz and has a 180 KHz band
width to pass the desired signal. Amplitude limiting is usually arranged to have an on set throshold of
about 1mV at the limiting - stage input, corresponding to the level of input signal. Which may be set
at 10mV or lower.

The FM detector is used to detect the audio signal.

Procedure :

Connect the dc supply to the FM Receiver tune gain capacitor to reach station frequency
programme comes from the loud speaker.

Result :

FM Radio receiver studied.

Questions

1. Study the FM receiver block wise operation. Write testing processor

34
11. STUDY OF IC VERSION 2-BAND AM/FM
RADIO RECEIVER AND TAPE RECORDER
Aim :

Study of IC version 20Band AM/FM Radio Receiver

Equipment needed :

IC version 2-Band AM/FM Radio receiver and tape recorder and multimeter.

Theory :

The kit circuit consists of IC Version 2-Band AM/FM Radio Receiver and Tape recorder In
AM receiver again there are two bands i.e. mediumwave and shortwave. The shortwave frequency
range 535 KHz - 1605 KHz. The FM receiver has frequency band width of 88 MHz to 108 MHz.

The tape recorder, tape transport mechanism and panel controls of tape recorder.

The fault finding procedure of National Panasonic Radio Cassette Model : RX - 1409T.

Set dead, No Play - Back :

Ac socket, mains transformer T5, dc socket J4 open, D5, D6 (IN4002) openor short, leaf switch
open, select switch S2 defective, mPC 1213C short, switch S4, Coip L7, motor or its connection, C76
(100mF), Loose cantact or dry solder, check print.

Play back O.K., No Sound :

Supply to IC 402 missing, R72 (47) R73 (100), R61 (6 80), R67, R70 (2.2K), R68 (18K), R57
(1M) open, C59, C53, C67 (1MF/50V) C73 (470MF) open or short, Q2, Q3 (2SC1684), 1C2
(mPC1213C) defective, speaker or its connection open, head connection wire open, recording switch
open, C72 (47MF), C71 (220MF) VR2 (10K), C67 (1MF/50V), C69 (47MF), C48 (0.001 MF), loose
contact or dry solder, check print.

Low Sound :

Less or abnormal supply voltage, R75 (33), R63 (3.3K) open, C70 (33MF/10V), C67 (1MF/
50V), C60 (0.33MF/50V) short, IC2 (mPC 1213C) faulty, extra speaker socket short, R/P head weak
or misadjusted, speaker faulty, also check, C75 (1000mF), C71 (220MF), VR2 (10K) R70 (2.2K), C63
(220MF), R72 (47) C66 (470 MF), R73 (100), R61 (680), R68 (18K), C55 (47MF), C53 (1MF/50V),
Q2,Q3 2SC (1684) and related parts, dry solder, check print.

Humming Sound :

C75 (1000MF/10V), C66 (470MF/10V) open C76 (100MF), IC2(mPC1213C) recording switch
faulty, dry solder, check print.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 35

Distorted Sound :

Fault due to Mechanism :

R/P head misadjusted, pinch roller, fly wheel, clutchpully, moter and its pully, belt, capstain,
rod just on speaker paper core torw or head or speaker defective, dust accumlated on speaker paper
core.

Faults Due to Electronic Circuit :

Less abnormal supply voltage, C67, C53, C59 (1MF/50V), C73 (470MF/63V), C60 (0.33MF/
50V), C5A (47KPF), loose contact in recording switch or Tape/Radio selector switch, speaker paper
core tornor hard or speaker faulty, dust accumulated on speaker paper core, also check C72 (47MF),
C71 (220MF), R75(33), C70 (33MF), C65 (0.001MF), C69 (47MF), C75 (1000MF), IC2 (MPC1213C)
and its related parts, Q2-Q3 (2SC1684) and its related components, loose contact or dry solder, check
print.

Play back is normal but no recording :

R/P head weak, S3, R/P switch defective, R55(2.2K), R74 (220E), R53 (4.7K), R68 (8.2K)
open, C51(0.047mF), C52 (0.022mF), open or short, MIC socket or condensor or MIC open, loose
contact or dry solder, check print.

Disterbence in Recording :

C62 (0.068mF), C57 (100mF/63V) D1 (MA150) open or short, Q1 (2SC1684) and its related
components, loose contact or dry solder, check print.

Normal sound at low volume level but distorted output when volume increases :

Low supply voltage or low current, check for excess current to motor, high tension in pinch
roller, belt is tight, week battery, mains transformer, C76 (100mF/10V), C75 (1000mF/10V), C66
(470mF/10V), D2 (MA1051) Zener diode, IC1 (AN7220), IC2 (mPC1213) defective check print.

Tape function is OK, but Transistor band is not working :

R3, R8, R9 (47), R1 (2.2K), R2 (100E) open. C19 (0.1mF), C23 (1mF/50V), C16, C22(0.22mF)
C18 (0.047mF), CF1, C13 (47RPF), Ist IFT, IC1 (AN 7220) open or short, S1 band switch defective
D2 (MA1051) short.

AM Band not working :

L2, L4, CT4, C4(7PF), CT6, C6(360PF), C26(12PF), AMOSC, Selecti S1 switch defective.

SW Band not working :

L8, L5, L1, C3 (12KPF), CT2 C8 (10KPF), C7 (0.0015mF), CT3, SW OSC. Coil defective, S1
band switch defective, loose cantact, dry solder check point.
36

AM-FM RADIO TAPE RECORDER

Fig 11.1
Communication Engineering Lab - I 37

FM Band not working :

L1, L3, L6, CT1, C10 (7PF), C2 (47KPF). Select switch S1 defective, C9 (0.047mF) FM
Oscillators, Coil, loose contact dry solder, check printer.

Distorted sound of Transistor Band :

Ist IFT, or oscillator coil mistuned, CT trimmer, loose contact in band switch S1, CV1, CV2,
gang capacitor short R5 (47K), R6 (2.2K) open, C16 (0.22mF) C15 (10mF/16V), C12.

Result :

IC vertion 2-band radio AM/FM radio receiver block wise operation is studied.

Questions

1. Study the given IC version 2-band AM/FM radio receiver. Write testing processor
38

12. STUDY OF MULTI BAND RADIO RECEIVER

Aim :

To study of Multiband Radio Receiver

Equipment needed :

Multiband Radio Receiver kit, Multimeter and tool kits.

Theory :

In the multiband Radio Receiver RF coil band switches are different remaining stages are same
as in the case of superneterodyre receiver. The frequency band or the wave band covered is decide by
the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the variable capacitor that tuned circuits in the an-
tenna section and the oscillator section of the converter stage. In modern superheterodyne receivers it
becomes neccessary to have a shortwave bands in addition to the mediumwave (MW), so that stations
broadcosting on SW frequencies can also recieved. A receiver which includes one or two SW bands
also in addition to the MW band is called multiband Radio receiver.

One coil and a variable capacitor can be tuned over one band of frequencies. For a second
band of frequencies. For a second band of frequencies, a different number of a tunes is required both
for antenna section and the oscillator section of the converter stage. The variable capacitors, which are
parts of a two gang capacitor will remain the same. Thus for changing one wave band to another, one
set of coils and trimmers should be connected to the circuit, simultaneously in the antenna section and
the oscillator section of the converter stage of the receiver. This involves a number of switching
operations that must be performed before a waveband can be changed. This is done with the help of a
special multicantact switch known as the band change switch or a wave change switch. The common
most switch used in multiband receivers is rotary switch.

Rotary Switch :

A rotary band switch consists of moveable contacts and fixed contacts are called positions.
The number of positions per pole is equal to the number of wavebands in the nultiband receiver.

Fixed contacts MW, SW1, SW2 are punche don a circular plate of fibre or some other suitable
insulating material. A smaller circular plate of the same insulating material carrier two semicircular
metalic strips with projections on one end, which will make contact positions MS, SW1, SW2 one by
one as the inner fibre plate is rotated with a central shaft. The fixed poles P1 and P2 punched on the
outer fibre plate remain permanently in contact with their respective number of strips.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 39

Procedure :

Check the stages as per the circuit and block diagrams measure the voltage data at each stage.

Result :

Multiband radio receiver stages are identified and found in working condition.

Questions

1. Study the given the multi band radio receiver. Write block wise operation
40

13. FAULTS IN RADIO RECEIVER

Aim :

Mension the faults in Radio Receiver and observe the effects on voltage data and performence
of the radio receiver.

Equipment needed :

AC multimeter, radio receiver kit, power supply and connecting wires.

Theory & Procedure :

General faults identified in radio receiver as follows

1. low sound of Radio Band

2. Shortwave working but MW is not working
3. Disturbed and booming sound of radio band
4. Normal sound at low volume level, but distorted output when volume increases.
5. AM band is not working.

1. Low Sound of Radio Band :

Due to misalignment of IFTs and related stages components detection diode (OA79) and re-
lated components loose contact or dry solder, check print.

2. SW working but MW is not working :

This problems occurs when band switch point open at MW band position. Properly contact
position should be adjusted to switch position, MW oscillator, MW antenna coil open, moisture on
MW oscillator coil, loose contact or dry solder, check print of PCB.

3. Disturbed and booming sound of Radio Band :

This problem comes when gang capacitor is connected loosly, trimmer loose, band switch
loose, oscillator crip or IFT instable or loose contact or dry solder, check print of PCB.

4. Normal sound at low volume level, but distorted output when volume increases :

Low supply voltage or low current, check for excess to motor, high tension in pinch roller, belt
is tight rectifing and filter circuit components failure, weak motor, loose cantact, dry solder, check
print, low sound occurs for defects.

5. AM band is not working :

Defects in coils and gang capacitor, select switch S1 defective band switch, loose contact or
dry solder, check print of PCB.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 41

Antenna

88-108
10.7 MHz with 180 KHz
MHz Auido
bandpass
IF
RF IF Disc De
tuned
tuned Mixer tuned limiting riminator emphasis
amp amp amp

Delayed AFC Volume

AGC and tone
detector control
Gang
Local 98.7 - 118.7
capacitor
oscillator MHz
Audio
amplifier
Varactor
trimmer

speaker

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FM RADIO RECEIVER

Fig 13.1

Results :

Stage wise voltages are measured and found the kit is in working condition.

Questions

1. Mension the faults in Radio Receiver block wise. Write rectification processor
42

14. PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIER

Aim :

Study of Public Address System, Microphone, Amplifier and loud speakers and inter
connections.

Equipment needed :

3 Microphones, 2 loud speakers and 100W amplifier kit, connecting wires, multimeter.

Theory :

A public address system amplifies low level sound to a higher level so that it can be heard by
large number of people gathered and at a considerable distance.

A basic public address system has input source is a microphone, which pick ups low level
sound like a human speech. Examples of some other input sources are a cassette player for playback
of recorded music, or compact disc player.

Amplifier :

It is an electronic circuit in which sound low level signal to higher level signal and improves
the signal gain. The gain depends upon the number amplifiers are used in casteded stages. This
determines the AF power levels. This amplifier consists of 3 or 4 microphone auxillary circuit at input
level with controlling switches for each microphone. Each microphone has got volume controllers to
control audio signal levels.

Special electronic circuit provides and excellent sound quality. Cut and Boost type Bass and
Treble controls, master control, 4 input volume controls and a special feature of adjusting tape sensi-
tivity through tape Hi/Lo switch have been provided. An LED ARRAY gives a visual indication of the
output level. Line ouput in addition to speaker outputs of 4,8,16 ohm and 100W is provided.

FRONT PANEL CONTROLS OF AN AMPLIFIER

Fig 14.1
Specifications

Player Section :

Track system : 2 Track Monaneal

Tape speed : 4.75 Cm/Sec
FF/Revind Time : 190 seconds with C.60 tape
Tape speed accuracy : within +2% - 1%
Wow and flutter : 0.35% Nominal
Communication Engineering Lab - I 43

Amplifier section :

Output power : 100W (RMS) max

75W RMS at 10% THD
70W RMS at 5% THD (Rated)
Frequency response : 55Hz - 15000 Hz 3dB
S/N Ratio : > 55dB
Input channels : 4 X Mic 0.6 mV (Lo - Z) 4.7 K
1 X Aux 100mV / 470 K
Speaker outputs : 4,8,16 and 100W
Line output : 1000mV / 3.5 K
Tone controls : Bass - 10dB + 7 dB at 100Hz
Treble - 10dB + 7 dB at 10KHz

GENERAL

Power supply mains : 220 - 240V Ac 50/60 Hz

140 VA at rated output
Battery : 12 - 14V dc, Drains 5A/12V
Semiconductors : 17 Transistors, 11 Diodes, 2 Zener diode
6 LED’s 2IC
Protections : Ac fuse (2Amps, 240V)
DC fuse (10Amps)
Indicators : Pilot LED
5 LED Array for output level
Dimensions Net Weight : L 385 x D310 x H130 mm
Net Weight : 9.6 Kg.

Microphone Connection :

4 independent microphone inputs have been provided through jacks on the front panel. Mic 4
input may be used by keeping the Mic / Tape - Lo Tape Hi selector switch at MIC position.

Microphone inputs are unbalanced Low impedence usable with microphones of inpedence
200 - 600. In case microphones with both HIGH and LOW impedence are used, be some that switch
on the microphone is at low position.

Microphone with upto 30 meter long cable can be used always use good quality shielded cables.

For good intelligibility of sound, the microphone should be placed atleast 20 Cms away from
the speakers mouth. Keeping the microphone too close to the mouth will result in distortion of sound
and may even cause damage to the diaphragm of the microphone.
44

MICRO PHONE - SPECIFICATIONS

Fig 14.2
Communication Engineering Lab - I 45

SPEAKER CONNECTIONS :

Speaker impedence taps of 4, 8 and 16 have been provided for direct connection of speakers to the
amplifier when the distance between the amplifier and speakers is less than 50 meters. Use 23/26 or
thicker cable for connections. Be sure that the total impedence of the speakers is equal to or more than
the impedance specified on the terminal strip.

SPEAKERS
Fig 14.3

PHASING OF LOUDSPEAKERS / UNITS

When two or more speakers / units are installed in the same area and are facing in the same
direction, it is essential that their cones / diaphragms move in unison. Otherwise, the sound output of
one speaker will cancel the sound output of other. To avoid any mistake, the terminals of all driver
units are marked L1 & L2. For correct wiring refer the sketches.
GOOD GOOD
BAD

GOOD GOOD
BAD

GOOD BAD
GOOD

Even if any one of the equipment or item is of

poor quality, the sound quality will be bad.
GOOD
GOOD GOOD

PAS CONNECTIONS
Fig 14.4
46

WARNING :

Connect a set of speakers to EITHER any ONE of the low impedence taps 4 & 8 or 16 or to
100V line output. Do not use more than one speaker output connection at a time.

AMPLIFIER CONNECTIONS
Fig 14.5

Result :

PAS is assembled in college ground observed sound distribution throught the ground in public
meeting.

Questions

1. Study the block wise operation and specification of public address system
2) Methods of testing further IF, Cd remains loaded in deck but play does not takes place.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 47

15. RECTIFY THE FAULTS IN PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIER SYSTEM

Aim :

Rectify the faults in public address system.

Theory :

A Public address system amplifies low level sound to a higher level so that it can be heard by
large number of people gathered and at a considerable distance.

The PAS consists of microphone, amplifier and loud speaker

Even if any one of the equipment or item is of poor quality, the sound quality will be bad.

A good quality, trouble free and satisfactory performance. Use good quality cable and connec-
tion with good connections which will give good and satisfactory sound.

Connections of the Loud Speaker :

This is very impartent. Wrong connections can be damage both the amplifier or loud speaker.
Improper connection lead to poor quality of sound as well.

It is a specifications of a loud speaker which is very impartent to know for correctly connecting
loud speakers to an amplifier of 8, 16, 4

We can connect the more than one loud speaker in series or parallel combination

If the loud speakers are connected in series see effective impedence R = R1 + R2 should be
equal to the output impedance of the amplifier. If the speaker are connected in parallel R = see the
impedence offer by the output terminals of this amplifier.

Impedence Matching :

To transfer maximum power from amplifier to loud speaker the output impedence of th eamplifier
is should be equal to the impedence of the good speaker.

A 23/26 type cable is prefarable to use - 100W amplifier. The distance between amplifier to
cable is 20 metres to reduce power losses in the cable. For efficient transfer of power from the ampli-
fier to the speaker, we can avoid power losses by using line matching transformer (LMT).

The terminal strip with making are used for connecting conbination of low impedence speak-
ers or drive units (without LMT) with impedences such as 4, 8, 16

The terminal strip with V (Volt) marking are used for connecting speakers / driver units with
LMT.
48

SPEAKER INTER CONNECTIONS

Fig 15.1
Communication Engineering Lab - I 49

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT IC VERSION

Fig 15.2
50

LMT’s are used in a large installation which require a large number of speakers to be
connected at a distance. As the length of the cable increases so the strength of the sound signal
decreases. Hence in installations where the length of the cable is sub stantial. LMT’s are used. When
using LMT’s 100V, line is used. This 100V line system comparable to the electricity distribution
system. In electricity distribution system a large voltage is transmitted from the sub-station such high
voltage is trnasmitted to over come losses in cables over large distances. This voltage being is sup-
plied to houses is reduced by using a step-down transformer. Similarly a high voltage signal 100V. is
fed to LMT’s These LMT’s act as step down transformers. As the electricity wiring system in houses
is done in parallel similarly all the wiring when using LMT is done in parallel.

The Bass CONTROL of the amplifier should be in CUT position when Driver Units / Horn
speakers are used with the amplifiers.

Always check PHASING while connecting the driver units.

Always earth the amplifier before operation connect the earth terminal of the amplifier to the
electrical earth / any water pipe.

Result :

Faults in PAS is studied.

Questions

1. Mention the faults in public address system. Write rectification processor

Communication Engineering Lab - I 51

16. TAPE RECORDER TWO-IN-ONE AND AUDIO CD PLAYER

Aim :

Study of tape recorder, two-in-one and audio CD player

Tape Recorder :

It is an electronic and tape transport mechanism in which a magnetic tape is recorded music or
speech

The tape recorder consists of following controls.

A tape recording machine is required to perform three important functions viz. recording,
playback and erasing. Fig is a block diagram which indicates the basic functions performed by a tape
recorder system.

In the block diagram, the same amplifier is used for recording and playback and is called the
record/playback amplifier. During the recording process a ganged switch connects the input of the
amplifier to the microphone and the output is connected to the record head so that the amplified audio
signals are impressed on the moving tape. In the playback position, the magnetic signals picked up or
detected from the tape by the same head are applied to the input of the amplifier for reporduction by
the loudspeaker. One and the same head performing the combined functions of recording and playback
is known as the record playback head. The tape is wound on the supply reel and is moved at constant
speed and under constant tension in front of the record / playback head during recording and playback
operations. The tape is finally collected by the take-up reel.

An erase head located to the left of the record/playback head wipes off any information from
the tape before the tape reaches the record head for a fresh recording. The erase head is energised by
the HF oscillator which also applies an AC bias to the record head during the recording process for
improving the quality of recording. The erase h ead is not energised ruing the playback process to
prevent the recorded matter from being erased. A tape transport system consisting of a motor, drive
assembly, belts and pulleys enables the tape to move at constant speed during record and playback
process and also to move faster during the fast-forward and rewind processes.

Bus Idler Idler

Supply Reel Drive
Takeup Real

Brake Shoe Motor and

Fan

Tape Guide
Rubberised Drive Belt
Erase Head Idler Wheel
Record /
Playback Head Tape
Pinch Roller
Pressure Pad
Capstan
Fly Wheel

TAPE TRANSPORT MECHANISM

Fig 16.1
52

TAPE CIRCUIT
Fig 16.2
Communication Engineering Lab - I 53

1. ON/OFF switch
2. Volume control
3. Play press button
4. Rewinding
5. Fast Forward button
6. Recording
7. Eject / Stop
8. Pause.

All above are called operating controls of a tape recorder. The tape transport mechanism and
motor recording / play back heads, cassette and electronic circuit, which operates in recording / play-
back mode of operation.

Two-in-one :

In this system a radio and tape recorder is separated by a lever switch. In the circuit tape
recorder operation is same. Radio operation as follows

A transistor/IC version receiver is like any other normal receiver in which valves have been
replaced by trannsistors. With the use of transistors, the size and weight of all other components
required for the circuit is also considerably reduced. Thus, reasonably prices pocket transistor receiv-
ers are not available in all convenient shapes and sizes.

Except for some receivers meant ot receive only local stations, all other modern transistor
receivers are of the superheterodyne type. A transistor superheterodyne receiver makes use of the
stages which function in the same way as the stages of a valve type receiver. However, there are
certain differences in the circuits employed in the two cases because of some basic differences be-
tween the properties of transistors and vacuum tubes. In order to bring out clearly the points of differ-
ence and similarity between the circuits used in the two types of receivers, the circuit diagram of a
standard transistor receiver.
54

TWO IN ONE
Radio Cassette Recorder
Fig 16.3

CD Player :

A recorded compact disc (CD) is played in a CD/VCD player, detection of pits and present on
the CD is also done by a laser beam of low power are focused on the rotating CD. If the rays reach a
flat they will come back after reflection from the flat, but if fail on the PIT then they will get absorbed
there and will not come back. By processing to reflected rays circuits of CD/VCD player get informa-
tion about the combinations of PITS and FLATS. On these digital signals thousands of circuits of CD/
VCD player do various type of processing and finally generate analog audio / video signals. Similar to
those signals which were given at the input of the video card. By giving audio signals to the loud
speaker and video signals to video section of a T.V, sound /picture similar original can be produced.

1. CD player speed during recording / play back speed is 2.5 cm/second. A C.D. consists of a outer
diameter of 120mm. The aluminium coating present on the CD is 116mm diameter inner diameter of
50mm, a CD consists of a hole with diameter is 15mm. The recording is done on thousands of spiral
tracks present on this 33mm wide ring. The CD thickness about 1.2mm. on CD can store 800MB of
audio/video programme. With a duration of 1 hour.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 55

METHOD OF TEST-
ING LENS UNIT

DIRECTION OF
MOVEMENT OF
LENS DURING
TESTING

CD PLAYER FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

Fig 16.4
56

CD
Fig 16.5

2. Thousands of tracks are present on the 33mm wide ring. A gap is maintained between two nearly
tracks on these tracks of a laser beem is focused.

3. A high power laser (Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) used during CD
writing. A low power laser beam is used for playback.

4. Laser rays are nothing but a beem of light.

5. CD can be cleaned with soap water.

6. On CD when scratches are formed, play is not possible.

7. A digital signals are two voltage levels ie. 0V, 3V.

8. CD recording is done on the inner most track and the last part of the programme is recorded on the
outer tracks.

9. On a CD in between audio / video signals sync, timing signals are present.

Result :

Tape Recorder, Two-in-one and Audio CD Player kit wise operation is studied

Questions :

1. What are the operating controls of tape recorder. Explain function of each one
2. Study the Two-in-one. Write working
3. Study the CD Player. Write working
Communication Engineering Lab - I 57
17. RECFITY THE FAULTS IN THE TAPE RECORDER
AND TWO-IN-ONE

Aim :

To study the faults in the tape recorder and Two-in-one.

Equipment needed :

Tape recorder kit, Two-in-one kit and multimeter, servicing tools and instruments.

Tape recorder fault finding Processor:

BPL SANYO Stereo Cassette Recorder Model : C2010

Set Dead, No Play-Back :

Mains lead, transformer T1 (0.7.5V/500mA) open, D1-D4 (1N4007) open or short, leaf switch
not connected, C62 (2200MFd), IC102 (TA7769) short, motor open or short, dry solder, check print.

Play-Back OK, No Sound, No Audio :

Headphone socket defective, C56, C59 (330MFd/10V), IC102 (TA7769), speaker or its con-
nection open, C57, C58 (0.1MFd), C61 (220MFd) short, C55, C60 (47MFd), loose contact or dry
solder, check print.

Play-Back OK, No Sound, Audio OK :

Q101 (2SC1815) open, D5 (6V-zener) short, R50 (220W ), R18 (22W ), C6, C15 (10MFd) open,
IC101 faulty, recording switch open, shield wire of head connection open, VR103, VR203 (50K)
faulty, also check : C51, C52 (1MFd:63V), C9, C12 (47MFd), C7, C13 (39KPf), R10, R21 (3K9), R8,
R28 (4K7), R9, R29 (10K), loose contact, dry solder, print open.

Humming Sound :

Recording switch faulty, C62 (2200MFd), C50 (220MFd), C61, C11 (1000MFd), C14 (47Mfd),
C8 (33MFd), ground wire of chassis open, dry solder, check print.

Low Sound :

R/P head weak or misaligned, less or abnormal supply voltage, C9, C12 (47MFd), R17, R19
(82K), R18 (22W ), R52-R53 (33W ), C53, C54, C55, C60 (47MFd), IC102 (TA7769) faulty, D6-D8
(IN4148) short, speaker voice coil defective, also check : C58 (0.1MFd), C59 (330MFd), R56 (270W ),
C61 (220MFd), C51-C52 (1MFd), VR103-VR203 (50K), R54 (270W ), C56 (330MFd), C57 (0.1MFd),
C11 (100MFd), IC101 & its related parts, dry solder, check point.
58

RADIO TAPRE RECORDER IC VERSION

Fig 17.1
Communication Engineering Lab - I 59

Distorted Sound :

Faults Due to Electronic Circuits :

Speaker paper cone torn or hard or speaker faulty, less or abnormal supply voltage, tone con-
trol VR102, VR202 (50K), volume contro VR103, VR203 (50K), C51-C52 (1MFd/63V), C6, C16
(10MFd/16V), C9, C12 (47MFd), C8 (33MFd), loose contact in recording switch, also check : C58
(0.1MFd), C57 (0.1MFd), C60 (47MFd), R56 (270W ), C61 (220MFd), C57 (0.1MFd), C56 (330MFd),
C55 (47MFd), IC102 (TA7769), IC101 & its associated parts, loose contact, dry solder, check print.

Faults Due to Mechanism :

Pinch roller, flywheel, motor and its pulley, bush, capstan rod, glinder, clutch pulley defective.

Play-Back is Normal But No Recording :

Recording switch at record mode position open, R/P head weak, R5, R15 (5K6), R6, R25
(2K2), C3, C16 (1MFd/63V), C2 (0.22MFd), C17 (22Pf), condenser mic faulty, print open.

Normal Sound Low Volume Level But Distorted Output when Volume Increases :

Low supply voltage or low current excess motor current, high tension in pinch roller, belt is
tight, D1-D4 (IN4007), C62 (2200MFd), D5 (6V-zener) open, C11 (1000MFd), Q101 (2SC1815)
faulty.

Distrubance in Recording :

R2 (680W ), R3 (33K), C5 (0.47Mfd), R4 (12K), C4 (82Pf), R26 (1K8), R277 (33K), D7-D8
(IN4148), recording switch defective, loose contact or dry solder, check print.

Any one Channel Sound Normal (Left or Right) but Distorted Sound on other Channel (Right
or Left) :

R/P head weak or misaligned, check volume control and its related pats, IC101 & its related
parts.

Two-in-one :

Faults and Rectification of Bush Radio Cassette Tape-Recorder Model : MRK 5800

Set Dead, No Play-Back :

AC socket, leaf switch open, TAPE/RADIO selector switch not connected, T101 (mains trans-
former) open, D8D-11 (4 x IN4001) open or short, L17 open, C46 (640MFd), C38 (1000MFd) short,
motor open or short, loose contact or dry solder, check print.
60

Play-Back OK, No Sound, No Audio :

R30 (39W ), R31 (180W ), D1 (CD2A), R29 (100W ), R26 (2K7), R25 (680K) open, C29 (1MFd),
C33 (1000MFd), earphone socket open, TR5, TR7 (BC148) open or short, TR9 (AC187), TR10
(AC188) open, speaker or its connection open, R32 (68W ), R33 (27W ), C25 (1MFd), C36 (250MFd),
dry solder, check print.

Play-Back OK, No Sound, Audio OK :

Recording switch point at palyback mode position open, R19 (680W ), R12 (100K), R16 (2K7),
R8 (15K), R9 (100W ), R17 (1K2), C9, C15 (5MFd) open, C10 (2000Pf), C11 (1000MFd) short, TR1,
TR2 (BC148) open or short, RV3 (10K) open, wire of head connection open, loose contact or dry
solder, check print.

Low Audio Output :

Less ore abnormal supply voltage, C38 (1000MFd), TR9 (AC187), speaker voice coil short or
speaker defective, earphone socket defective, C36 (250MFd), C33 (1000MFd), TR9 (AC187), TR10
(AC188), R33 (27W ), R32 (6b8W ), R30 (39W ), R31 (180W ), D1 (CD2A, TR7 (BC148B), C29 (1MFd),
R29 (100W ), R26 (2K7), R25 (680K), TR5 (BC148B), C25 (1MFd), C51 (0.1MFd), C24 (1000MFd),
RV3 (10K), loose contact or dry solder, check print.

Audio OK, Low Sound :

R/P head weak or misaligned, R21 (2K2), C15 (5MFd) short, TR2 (BC148) & its related
components, C11 (1000MFd), R19 (680W ), R8 (15K), R16 (2K7), value of R17 (1K2) developed,
C16 (47MFd), C12 (600pf), R12 (100K), TR1 (BC148B) & its related components, R9 (100W ), C10
(2000Pf), C9 (5MFd), loose contact, dry solder, check print.

Distorted Sound : Faults Due to Electronic Circuit :

R/P head weak or misaligned, loose contact in recording switch, speaker paper cone tron or
hard or speaker faulty, dust accumulated on speaker paper cone, less or abnormal supply voltage,
earphone socket defective, C38 (1000MFd), TR9 (AC187), C36 (250MFd), C33 (1000MFd), TR10
(AC188), R33 (27W ), R32 (68W ), R30 (39W ), R31 (180W ), D1 (CD2A), TR7 (BC148B), C50 (330Pf),
C29 (1MFd), R29 (100W ), R26 (2K7), R25 (680K), TR5 (BC148B), R27 (12W ), C26 (1KPf), C25
(1MFd), C51 (0.1MFd), C24 (1000MFd), RV3 (10K), R21 (2K2), C15 (5MFd) short, TR2 (BC148)
& its related components, C11 (1000MFd), R19 (680W ), R8 (15K), R16 (2K7), R17 (1K2), C12
(600Pf), C16 (47MFd), R12 (100K), R9 (100W ), TR1 (BC148B) & its related parts, C9 (5MFd), dry
solder, check print.

Fault Due to Mechanism :

R/P head misadjusted, pinch roller defective, capstan rod, flywheel, bush, clutch wheel, motor
pulley, motor, speaker paper cone.
Communication Engineering Lab - I 61

Play-Back is OK but no Recording :

Recording switch point open at record mode position, R47 (12W ), TR11 (BC148B), R46 (39K),
C45 (0.022MFd), C44 (0.047MFd), L15, L16, C42 (4700Pf), C41 (300Pf), RV5(47K), C43 (1KPf),
R4 (10K), C4 (200Pf), R7 (15K), R53 (10W ), R/P head faulty, mic socket or condenser mic faulty, dry
solder, check print.

Disturbance in Recording :

Loose contact in recording switch, D2 (OA79), R34 (680W ), C32 (470MFd), TR6 (BC148B),
C23 (47MFd), R13 (5K6), C14 (3K3Pf), TR11 (BC148B) & its related components, L16, L15, C42
(4700Pf), erase head defective, C41 (300Pf), loose contact, dry solder, check print.

Humming Sound :

Recording switch loose, D8-D11 (IN4001 x 4), C46 (640MFd), C38 (1000MFd), D7, TR12
(BC148B), dry solder, check print.

Tape Function is OK but No Sound of Radio Band :

TAPE/RADIO selector switch, R45 (100W ), C40 (220MFd), R44 (1K5), R22, R35 (100W ),
R24 (33K), R28 (18K), R15 (18K), R10 (100W ), R11 (10W ), R20 (680W ), IFT-1, IFT-2, IFT-3, D3
(OA79), C18, C28, C30 (0.047MFd), C22 (2MFd) short TR3 (BF194) & its related components, TR4
(BF195C) & related parts, TR8 (BF195D) & related parts, loose contact or dry solder, check print.

Low Sound of Radio Band :

IFT weak or misaligned, R44 (1K5), R24 (33K), R28 (33K/18K), C22 (2MFd), C28 (0.047MFd),
C19 (3600Pf), TR4 (BF195C) & its related components, D3 (OA79) TR8 (BF 195D) & related
components, loose contact or dyr solder, check print.

SW Band is OK but MW Band is not working :

Bans switch point open at MW band position, C5 (365Pf), C3 (0.01MFd), R6 (4.7W ) open, C1
(12Pf), C8 (15Pf), trimmer CT2-CT3 (15Pf) short, MW oscillator, MW antenna coil open, moisture
on MW oscillator coil, loose contact or dry solder, check print.

MW Band is OK but SW Band is not working :

Band switch point open at SW band position, C6 (3000Pf), C7 (3300Pf) open, trimmer CT1
(10Pf), CT4 (15Pf) short, SW oscillator, SW antenna coil open, loose contact or dry solder, check
print.

Disturbed and Booming Sound of Radio Band :

Gang capacitor CV1-CV2 (335Pf) loose, trimmer loose, band switch loose, oscillator coil or
IFT instable, C19 (3600Pf), C27, C31 (200Pf), C22 (2MFd), C18, C28, C30 (0.047MFd), C40
(220MFd), RV1 (1K), loose contact or dry solder, check print.
62

Result : Tape recorder and Two-in-one kits fault finding procedure is studied.

18. RECTIFY THE FAULTS IN AUDIO CD PLAYER

Aim : To rectify the faults in Audio CD Player

Equipment needed : Audio CD player, servicing tools kit and multimeter.

Theory :

1) Vision comes but disc tray does not open or pressing open / close button on front panel or on remote.

2) Methods of testing further IF, Cd remains loaded in deck but play does not takes place.

Results : Faults in Audio VCD are studied.

 Communication Engineering Laboratory - I
Max Marks : 50

Periods : 5 periods per week Total periods : 160

II Year PRACTICAL - I

1. Study of servicing tools and instruments (Soldering Iron, Screw Driver Set,
Tweezer, Nose Plier, Cutter, Hammer, File, Desolder Pump, Squeezer). - 10
2. Electronics lab safety precautions (Regarding Wiring, Flooring,
First Aid Treatment). - 10
3. Soldering Practice on PCB and Wiring Practice - 10
4. Familiazation and Testing of Electronic components like resistor, capacitor,
inductor, transformer, loud speaker, semi conductoring devices like diode,
Transistor, IC Packages - 10
5. Study of power supply stage in Radio Receiver
(Full wave bridge Rectifier with filter) - 10
6. Study of RF output stage, voltage measurements - 10
7. Study of dectector and AF Voltage Amplifier, Voltage measurement - 10
8. Study of IF Amplifier stage and Voltage measurement - 10
9. Study RF Amplifier, Mixer, Local oscillator stage and voltage measurement - 10
10. Study of FM Receiver - 10
11. Study of IC version 2-band Radio AF/FM Radio Receiver - 10
12. Study of Multiband Radio Receiver - 10
13. Mension typical faults in a Radio Receiver and observe the effect on Voltage
data and performance of the Radio Receiver - 10
14. Study of Public Amplifier system and measurement of standard voltages
at various points - 10
15. Rectify the faults in PA system - 05
16. Study Tape Recorder, Two-in-one and Audio CD Player - 05
17. Rectify the faults in the Tape Recorder, Two-in-one - 05
18. Rectify the faults in audio CD Player - 05

Total - 160