ORAL PRESENTATION

THE INTERNET

Introduction

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use standard
Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide.
The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services,most notably the
inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web and the infrastucture to support
electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media,such as telephone and television services,are
reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet,giving rise to services as
Voice over Internet Protocol and IPTV.
The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions
through instant messaging,Internet forums and social networking sites.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or
policies for access and usage;each constituent network sets its own standards.

TECHNOLOGY
Protocols

The complex communicarions infrastucture of the Internet consists of its hardware

components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the
architecture.
While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems,it is the design
and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes
the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success.
The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been
delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force.
The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are conected in specially
designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards.
The Internet Standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite.
This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols.
At the top is the Application Layer,the space for the application-specific networking
methods used in software applications,a web browser program.
Below this top layer,the Transport Layer connects applications on different hosts via the
network with appropriate data exchange methods.
These layers are consisted of two layers.
The Internet Layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet
Protocol addresses and allows them to connect to one-another via intermediate networks.
At the bottom of the architecture is a software layer,the Link layer,that provides
connectivity between hosts on the same local network link,such as a local area
network(LAN) or dial-up connection.
The most prominent component of the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing
systems for computers on the Internet.
IP enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself.
IP version 4 is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is
still in dominant use.
It was designed to address up to 4.3 billion Internet hosts.
A new protocol version Ipv6 was developed in the mid 1990s which provides larger
addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic.
IP v6 is currently in commercial deployment phase around the world and Internet address
registries have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and
conversion.
IP v6 is not interoperable with IP v4.
It essentially establishes a “parallel“ version of the Internet not directly accessible with IP
v4 software.
Most modern computer operating systems are already converted to operate with both
versions of the Internet Protocol.
Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastucture,the Internet is
facilitated by bi-or multi-lateral commercial contracts and by technical specifications or
protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network.

Structure

It has been determinated thet both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of
the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.
Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange
points,research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as
GEANT,GLORIAD,Internet2,etc.
Many computer scientists describe the Internet as a “prime example of a large-
scale,highly engineered,yet highly complex system“.

Modern uses

The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location.

The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means,especially
through mobile Internet devices.
Mobile phones,datacards,handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to
connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireleaa network supporting that
device's technology.
The Internet has also become a large market for companies,some of the biggest
companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficent nature of low-cost
advertising and commerce through the Interneta,also known as e-commerce.
The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing.
Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as
MySpace,Friendster,Facebook,Twitter,Orkut and others,which thousands of Internet
users join to advertise themselves and make friends online.
The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas,knowledge and skills has made
collaborative work dramatically easier ,with the help of collaborative software.
Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas,but the wide reach of the
Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place.
An example of this is free software movement,which has produced,among other
programs,Linux,Mozilla Firefox ad OpenOffice.org.
Internet “chat“,whether in the form of IRC chat rooms or channels,or instant messaging
systems,allows to stay in touch in a very convenient way.
Messages can be exchanged ever more quickly and conveniently than by e-mail.
Extentions to these systems may allow files to be exchanged,“whiteboard“ drawings to be
shared or voice and video contact between people.
The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information
stores easily,wherever they may be across the world.
They may do this with or without the use of security,authentication and ecryption
technologies,depending on the requirements.
This is encouraging new way of working from home,collaborating and sharing
informations in many industries.

Information

Many people use terms Internet and World Wide Web,or just Web,interchangeably,but
two terms are not synonymous.
The World Wide Web is a global set of documents,images and other resources,logically
interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers.
URIs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address
web servers,file servers and other databases that store documents and provide resources
and access them using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP,the primary carrier protocol
of the Web.
HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet.
World Wide Web browser software,such as Microsoft Internet Explorer,Mozilla
Firefox,Opera,Apples Safari and Google Chrome,let users navigate from one web page to
another with help of hyperlinks embedded in the documents.
These documents may also contain any combination of computer data,including
graphics,sounds,text,video,multimedia and interactive content including games,office
applications and scientific demonstrations.
Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! And
Google,users worldwide have easy,instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online
information.
Compared to printed encyclopedias and traditional liraries,the World Wide Web has
enable the decentralization of information.
The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information
to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay.
Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs,which are
largely used as easily updatable online diaries.
In the early days,web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML
text files stored on a web server.
More recently,websites are more often created using content management or wiki
software with,initially,very little content.

Comunication

E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet.

The concept of sending electronic text messages betwen perties in a way analogous to
mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet.
Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal e-mail systems.
Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and
machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control.
During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered.
Purely internal or intranet mail systems,where the information never leaves the some
person's network are much more secure.
Pictures,documents and other files can be sent as e-mail attachments.
E-mails can be cc-ed to multiple e-mail addresses.

Data transfer

File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet.
A computer file can be e-mailed to customers,colleagues and friends as an attachment.
It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others.
It can be put into a “shared location“ or onto a file server for instant use.
The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of “mirror“ servers or
peer-to-peer networks.
In any of these cases,access to the file may be controlled by users authentication,the
transit of the file over the Internet may be obsured by encryption,and money may change
hands for access to the file.
The origin and authenticit of the file recieved may be checked by digital signatures or by
MD5 or other message digests.
Nowday,the range of available types of content is much wider,from specialized technical
webcasts to on-demand popular multimedia services.

Conclusion

The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction,activities and
organizing,thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access.
Social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have created a new form of
socialization and interation.
Many people use the World Wide Web to access news,weather and sports report,to plan
and book vacations and to find out more about their interests.
People use chat,messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends
worldwide,sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals.
Social networking websites like MySpace,Facebook and many others,like them also put
and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.
The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops,where users can access their
files and settings.
The Internet has been criticized for its Identity Performativity.
User's define and lable themselves on social networking sites through artistic
tastes,personal experiences,visuals,etc.
Some argue that the ability to construct a user's identity is limited by other's work and
criticize the Internet's lack of physical interaction.

Professor: Mr.Kamiah Arnaut-Karović Students: Vanja Kovač

Assistant: Maja Matić Monika Petrović
Oliver Stojak
Roberto Jukić