Surface Water Notes -1 Sunrace WareR Movement: Water Cycle : = Earth’swater supplyisrecycledina_COVHINUOLS process called water cycle Water molecules evaporate from a body of water or the surface of Earth Condense into cloud droplets Fall as precipitation back to Earth’s surface - infiltrate the ground “Thecyce 1° 2 Dea ts eed ter wing downslope alton EARS a Runoff might reacha__ StYE207 or : inmight_ 2VAgrate or accumulate as puddles and infiltrate the ground ~ For water to enter the ground, there must be large enough_APC/'E’S _ in the soil and rock Ss 5S vm steom: A bo, 4, Confined” Lhannef, - subdue 7 AoW Pl Under PRE 1Af UueMee. 1. ERODE °F Geom, 2. TRANSPORT 3 DEMS IT Goal ofastreamistoget waterto BASE LEVEL © lowest _Erodib le point (sea level, resistant rock level) ributores: rivers that flow inky other straays © Example: The Ohio River is a tributary of the Mississippi River Watersheds and divides © Watershed: tre land area whose wetr "Can be large or small “ ‘Wo qs eas len ©. Divide: 1 L Keg #4 t SEQCE one + TEE nate Ea Le rors the divide, as this isthe Ai gh ___ point of the watershed‘STREAM LOAD: Stream toad Whe makrial that a Straw carries. FLooo! Materials in suspension ‘© Sediment light enough to be carried by the turbulence of a stream’s moving water o Slt cla a__ sand size particles © Rapidly moving water carries larger particles in suspension than slowly moving water - Bed load © Large, heavy particles that travelonthe__ Stream bok © The faster. thewatermoves,the_ /@rger the particles it can carry Materials in solution © Materiatsare dys Sd/ved ina stream’s water ~ carving capaci, #2 abs lity o of 02th ae a METERIL, © Depends on /ots amount _o ° Slope. 2, and_ WHA Fh __ aliattect the speed and direction the water moves - discharge: the measure of the Volume of stream uaker shat Plows past 4 pachientar lecshen within Q LE _ ° Hien iinet aie paz_J/5_) ofta © Discharge = Average, Wilh 2 AY (average velocity © Asa stream’s discharge ee itcapacity also_ (77 CF 2ASES toot, when water Spiljs oyer the sides of @ Sams BENS LO LTP oUnA IG [AAA a in: the that extends out from a stream’s bank and is. covered by OX0ZSS WAAER during times of flooding Floodwater carries along a great amount of sediment eroded from the stream channel sttoodwater_LECEACS sve sedimentis_ ALA2SIAEA ani over time accumulates and creates natural__/@ VEESSurface Water Guided Notes - 2 STREAM DeveLopmenT cee ae ‘Stream Channels ee ~ Headwater the Ceaion whove woter occomulaes ty Supply © Usually high in the mountain O Stream ~ Stream Channel: carved into the sediment or rock by moving water fee Aideas and deepens er © Channel, ‘as more water accumulates a + StreamBank:___ Sides oF o hanno holds water within channel ~ Mouth: the area of the stream that leads into the__@C@Qa\ _ or another lara L of Joker FORMATION oF STREAM VALLEYS : ce ae ~ The driving force of a stream is 4 Canty) ~ Energy ofa stream comes from the rfovements of water___ POW S10 ge oStream gradient:_JOwnhil\ Slo pe oe the Strrambed Stee Oo _ eradient= ra pid ‘moving stream * Gradient gradually Aecveases downstream ~ Gradient depends of base level © Base level: the elevation at which a stream enters another stream or body of water = Lowest base level possible is__ S@Q, ewe ~ Supply of Water ay Precipitation (ron) 2 Underground depos it> ~ Asa stream develops, it changes in__\WiGt¥) and ize and shapes the land over which it flows ° wi Streas actively erode a path towards base level ©Asastream approaches base level,ithas__!@SS energy, soittends to erode at the sides ofthe stream(__brnad _ valleys with SEntHe slopes) ‘STREAM EROSION Streams are actively eroding a path through the sediment, and forming a_\/- Shape iad o Steep sides © Example: Colorado River & the Grand Canyon ~ Channel shape and roughness © Anywhere the water touches the channel, there is_-Pr ichoyy © Wide or bumpy (more friction)=_Siguwie@qn © Steeper or smooth = fastoc‘TypEs oF SmmEAMS: : : 1. Straight: Chas véloce eyos io , - seenin__ Mountains nor Ch Dtpes‘Nor’. = Moves large boulders pars in Cente, of = streams Meandering: Harrow, Jee Channel wittin Sinurr S Curves : and in stream channel “cexcenowten deepest seth Garside. oF bend) Joiidigirimcove__ 2cDGS inside__ de. poSiS ediment | - Creates cutbanks (_@cadeS Yand point bars(__d€¢0S :bS" . ‘« Meaner cutoff: after enough winding, it is common for a stream to, 4 o£ § ‘a meander and flow along 2 i « oxbow lakes the” vocked - OCF _* meander . Braided: - Occur in deserts and mountain regions with snow Label the following terms on the diagram: = Oxbow Lake cut bank = Point Bar Eroding - DepositingSurface Water Guided Notes ~3 staeam Derosmoy - The__velocity of a stream determines how much sediment it can transport - Bagid flowing streams have_more energy > transport larger sediment = S19 WW _ flowing streams have__low energy > _minimet transport, more__Je@ gS ition ~ Depositional Features: 1. Bars -An_elevated region of sediment (such as sand or gravel) that has been deposited by the flow ~ Bars are typically found in the_SVOWES+ moving Shallowest PartS __ofrivers and streams, and are often Oo. | to the shore 2. Alluvial Fan =A “triang £— Shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt ~ Usually created as flowing water interacts with__ mountains hills or the steep walls of_Canyans Delta > The i deposit that forms where a stream enters a ne a lars of water ~ Water and sediment leave the rivee mouth enter_ SI6We - mov ng Standing 5 we de. land ~ Lakes form in different ways in surface depression and in low areas o Cut-off meanders © Sediment blocks from__landstidec or other sources Glacia loves (glaciers carved out the land during the ice age) = Moraine dammed lakes . Kettles melted blocks of ice in an outwash plainWETLANDS: = Anarea of land that is covered with water for_ part of The Veo 1. Bogs: = Not__Str€am - Fed receive water from _-P Te.Ci pitas o: = Waterlogged, acidic sols 2. Marshes: = Form along the__moutnS- of streams ~ lush growth of_marSh _Qvasses 3. Swamps: ~ Low-laying areas located near_S4v-€ mS - Can develop from _marcS hes that are now filled with Shrubs and__ “eee WETLANDS ano WareR QuaLiTy: = Wetlands play a vital role in improving _W) Ui: - Seneasa_ Filtering, system that traps 0 uta: = sediments, and bacteria contained in water sources = vital habitat for_ wild Fe - From the late 1700-mid 1980, the US lost about_G Oo __of its wetlands