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I. I NTRODUCTION
Assuming nonferrous wires in an air medium, total self in- To calculate the impedance of a three-phase line as the
ductance can be written as equation (7) and mutual inductance figure 3 shows, where the impedances, voltages, and currents
as equation (8). have been identified, it is necessary to apply the same proce-
dure of Carson’s line.
The voltage drop equations in the direction of current flow
2s
l=k − 1 H/unit length (7) can be written similar to equation (9). Afterwards, using
Ds
equations (10) and (11), it is possible to resume the equations
2s as follows
m=k − 1 H/unit length (8)
Dm
Va zaa zab zac Ia
where, Vb = zaa zab zac Ib , (12)
l = Self inductance, H/unit length. Vc zaa zab zac Ic
k = Constant which depends on the units of length and on
the base of the logarithms. where
s = Line length. zpp = z̄pp − 2z̄pd + z̄dd Ω/unit lenght (13)
Ds = Self Geometric Mean Distance or Geometric Mean and
Radius (GMR). zpq = z̄pq − z̄pd − z̄qd + z̄dd Ω/unit lenght (14)
V. C ARSON ’ S L INE p, q = a, b, c
The impedance of an overhead conductor with earth return In this equation, it this apparent that the phase conductors
is defined by considering a single conductor a one unit long are mutually coupled and that currents in conductor will
and parallel to the ground, which carries a current Ia with a produce voltage drops in the adjacent conductors.
return through the surface of the earth with uniform resistivity, Thus, from equations (1), (7), (8),(13) and (14), the elements
represented by a fictitious conductor, as the figure 2 shows. of the impedance matrix of equation (12) can be computed by
3
equation (15) in the case of p = q and by equation (16) if As an example of this kind of rotations, a way of changing
p 6= q. the third row and column to the first position, the first row
and column to the second position and finally the second row
De
zpq = (rp + rd ) + jwk ln (15) and column to the last position, is as equation (19) shows.
Ds
De z312 = Rφ z123 R−1
φ (19)
zpq = rd + jwk ln (16)
Dpq
With this in mind, it is possible to calculate the impedance
p, q = a, b, c of a line which includes transpositions or rotations, as the one
shown in figure 5.
where,
Dpq = Distance between conductors p and q.
Zabc = s f1 z123 + f2 R−1φ z 123 R φ + f3 R φ z123 R −1
φ
Zabc = s (f1 z123 + f2 z231 + f3 z312 )
(21)
Fig. 4. An overhead line transposition or rotation. where,
Zabc = Total line impedance matrix, Ω.
zijk = Line impedances matrix, Ω/unit length.
A. Rotation of line conductors using Rφ i, j, k = 1, 2 or 3 = line position identifier.
A mathematical rotation can be defined by Rφ which is ΣVabc = Total voltage drop along the line, V .
computed by using equation (17). In applying this rotation fk = sk /s.
matrix, it should be considered only in the case where all k = 1, 2 or 3 = line section identifier.
phase wires are identical. sk = Length of line section k, unit length.
s = Total length of line, unit length.
0 0 1
Rφ = 1 0 0 (17) The total sequence voltage drop along the line is computed
0 1 0 by equation (22).
where,
ΣV012 = Z012T OT · I012 (22)
R2φ = R−1
φ , (R−1 2
φ ) = Rφ (18) From this equation, it is necessary to compute the total
The result of the matrix manipulations using Rφ are shown sequence impedance, which can be possible using the first
in table VII-A. method described in equation (23).
Operation Effect
Z012T OT = A−1 (f1 Z123 + f2 Z231 + f3 Z312 ) A (23)
Premultiply by Rφ Move 3rd row to position 1
Postmultiply by R−1φ Move 3rd column to position 1 where,
Premultiply by R−1
φ Move 1st row to position 3
1 1 1
Postmultiply by Rφ Move 1st row to position 3
A = 1 a2 a and a = 16 120◦
1 a a2
4
z012 = A−1 z123 A and R012 = A−1 Rφ A IX. C IRCUIT U NBALANCE D UE TO I NCOMPLETE
T RANSPOSITION
VIII. C OMPLETELY T RANSPOSED L INES The amount of unbalance is determined from the unbalanced
current flowing when balanced voltages are applied. Because
In completely transposed lines, f1 = f2 = f3 = 1/3, then of this, equation (21) should be transformed in the following
equation (12) can be rewritten as: equation.
Va Zs Zk Zk Ia I012 = Y012T OT V012 A (28)
Vb = Zk Zs Zk Ib (25)
Vc Zk Zk Zs Ic where,
−1
Y012T OT = Z012 T OT
where, Since the unbalance is to be measured with only positive
De sequence voltage applied, equation (28) is written as
Zs = s ra + rd + jwk ln
Ds
Ia0 Y00 Y01 Y02 0 Y01
De Ia1 = Y10 Y11 Y12 Va1 = Y11 Va1 (29)
Zk = s rd + jwk ln
Deq Ia2 Y20 Y21 Y22 0 Y21
And this simplifies the sequence impedances, which are The per unit unbalances for zero sequence and negative
equal to sequence currents are defined as:
Va0 Z0 0 0
Ia0 Ia0 Y01 Ia2 Y21
m0 = = , m2 = = pu (30)
Va1 = 0 Z1 0 Ia1 (26) Ia1 Y11 Ia1 Y11
Va2 0 0 Z1 Ia2 And the approximate formulas are given noting that in phys-
ical systems Z22 >> Z02 , Z21 and Z00 >> Z20 , Z01 , then,
where,
the approximate unbalances for zero sequence and negative
De3 sequence currents can be written as
Z0 = s ra + 3rd + jwk ln 2
Ds Deq
Z01 Z21
m0 ∼
=− , m2 ∼
=− pu (31)
Z00 Z22
Deq
Z1 = Z2 = s ra + jwk ln The value m0 is nearly constant at about 1% for most
Ds
commonly used configuratins, however, it is increased a great
W. A. Lewis introduced a useful notation about Z0 , defined deal by the addition of ground wires.
as follows. On the other hand, the value m2 varies over a wider range,
but is only slightly affected by ground wires.
Z0 = s[(r + re ) + j(xe + xa − 2xd )] Ω (27)
X. S EQUENCE I MPEDANCE OF L INES WITH B UNDLED
where, C ONDUCTORS
r = Resistance of one phase, Ω/unit length
re = 3rd , Ω/unit length If it is considered a transmission line as the figure 6 shows,
xe = 3wk ln De , Ω/unit length consisting of one wire by phase and one additional wire added
xa = wk ln D1s , Ω/unit length to each phase, and using equations (15) and (16) the general
xd = wk ln Deq , Ω/unit length voltage equation can be expressed as:
5
Va Zaa Zab Zac Zar Zas Zat Ia Va Zaa Zab Zac Zaw Ia
Vb Zba Zbb Zbc Zbr Zbs Zbt Vb Zba Zbb Zbc Zbw Ib
Ib
Vc = Zca (38)
Vc Zca
= Zcb Zcc Zcr Zcs Ic (32)
Zct Zcb Zcc Zcw Ic
Vr Zra
Zrb Zrc Zrr Zrs Ir
Zrt Vw = 0 Zwa Zwb Zwc Zww Iw
Vs Zsa Zsb Zsc Zsr Zss Zst Is Since Vw = 0, equation (38) can be solved similarly to (34)
Vt Zta Ztb Ztc Ztr Zts Ztt It using equation (35).
Figure 6 shows that r is connected in parallel with wire a,
s is connected in parallel with wire b and t is connected in A. Sequence impedance of an untransposed line with one
parallel with wire c, from which it is found that ground wire
The sequence impedance of an untransposed line with one
Vr − Va = 0 Vs − Vb = 0 and Vt − Vc = 0 (33) ground wire can be computed using equation (37), where
Zn ew is the one calculated using equation (36).
Making use of equation (33), the fourth, fifth and sixth rows
and columns of equation (32) can be modified subtracting
B. Current division between the ground wire and the earth
them by rows and columns first, second and third respectively.
If it is set Ia = Ib = Ic = Ia0 , the ratio of the ground wire
This origins a new partitioned matrix which have the to the earth current is given by equation (39).
form Iw zag
= (39)
Vabc
Z Z2 Îabc
Id zww − zag
= 1 (34)
0 Z3 Z4 Irst where,
zww = rw + rd + jwk ln DDwwe
, Ω/unit length.
and its solution is the following
rw = Resistance of wire w, Ω/unit length.
rd = Resistance of the earth, Ω/unit length.
Vabc = (Z1 − Z2 Z−1
4 Z3 )Îabc V (35)
Dww = Self Geometric Mean Distance of wire w, unit length.
From equation (35), the new impedance matrix is given by zag = rd + jwk ln DDag
e
, Ω/unit length.
1/3
Dag = (Dwa Dwb Dwc ) , Unit length
Znew = Z1 − Z2 Z−1
4 Z3 Ω (36)
and once this impedance matrix for the bundled conductor C. Sequence impedance of a transposed line with one ground
line is known, the sequence impedances ar computed using wire
equation (37). Supposing a transposed line according to the rotation se-
quence shown in figure 5. The wire positions and the phasing
Z012 = A−1 1Znew A Ω (37) arrangement are observed in table (XI-C).
Section Length Position Phasing
1 f1 s α−β−γ a−b−c
XI. S EQUENCE I MPEDANCE OF L INES WITH O NE G ROUND
2 f2 s α−β−γ c−a−b
W IRE
3 f3 s α−β−γ b−c−a
A transmission line as the figure 7 shows,which consists
The total impedance in ohms per unit length is the sum of
of one wire by phase and one ground wire,labeled w, with
each section matrices, as equation (40) define.
each end connected solidly to the local found point. Using
equations (15) and (16) the general voltage equation can be
ΣVa Ia
written as equation (38). ΣVb = s[f1 zf1 + f2 zf2 + f3 zf3 ] Ib (40)
ΣVc Ic
where,
zf1 = Matrix Znew solved from equation (38) per unit of length.
zf2 = Rφ zf1 Rφ−1 .
zf3 = Rφ−1 zf1 Rφ .
R EFERENCES
[1] P. M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, 1st ed. New York,
United States of America: IEEE, 1973.