Professional Documents
Culture Documents
British Standard
Structural use of
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steelwork in building —
Part 4: Code of practice for design of
composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting
UDC 693.814:669.14.018.29-417.2:692.533.15
BS 5950-4:1994
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
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Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Symbols 2
Section 2. Limit state design
2.1 General principles 3
2.2 Loading 3
2.3 Design methods 4
2.4 Ultimate limit states 5
2.5 Serviceability limit states 5
2.6 Durability 5
Section 3. Materials
3.1 Profiled steel sheets 6
3.2 Steel reinforcement 6
3.3 Concrete 6
3.4 Shear connectors 8
3.5 Sheet fixings 8
Section 4. Design: general recommendations
4.1 Form of construction 9
4.2 Design stages 10
4.3 Temporary supports 10
4.4 Provision of reinforcement 10
4.5 Cover to reinforcement 10
4.6 Methods of developing composite action 12
4.7 Minimum bearing requirements 13
4.8 Constructional details 13
Section 5. Design: profiled steel sheeting
5.1 General 15
5.2 Load carrying capacity 15
5.3 Deflection of profiled steel sheeting 15
Section 6. Design: composite slab
6.1 General 16
6.2 Strength 16
6.3 Moment capacity 16
6.4 Shear capacity 18
6.5 Vertical shear and punching shear 20
6.6 Deflection of the composite slab 20
6.7 Concentrated loads 22
6.8 Nominal reinforcement at intermediate supports 22
6.9 Transverse reinforcement 23
6.10 Shear connection 23
© BSI 12-1998 i
BS 5950-4:1994
Page
Section 7. Fire resistance
7.1 General 24
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ii © BSI 12-1998
BS 5950-4:1994
Foreword
This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
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1)
In preparation.
Apart from the above changes, the technical content of the standard is
unchanged.
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It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, and
that construction and supervision are carried out by capable and experienced
organizations.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 30, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
iv © BSI 12-1998
BS 5950-4:1994
Section 1. General
© BSI 12-1998 1
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 1
2 © BSI 12-1998
Section 2 BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998 3
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 2
2.2.3 Construction loads Reference should also be made to 5.3 for possible
2.2.3.1 Basic construction loads increased loading due to ponding at the construction
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stage.
Construction loads should be considered in addition
to the weight of the wet concrete slab. 2.2.3.2 Storage loads
In general purpose working areas the basic Where materials to be stored temporarily on erected
construction load on one span of the sheeting should sheeting (or on a recently formed slab before it is
be taken as not less than 1.5 kN/m2. The other spans self-supporting) produce equivalent distributed
should be taken as either loaded with the weight loads in excess of the basic construction loads,
of the wet concrete slab plus a construction load of provision should be made in the design for the
one-third of the basic construction load, or unloaded additional temporary storage loads.
apart from the self-weight of the profiled steel 2.2.4 Accidental loads
sheets, whichever is the more critical for the
Accidental loads should be treated as recommended
positive and negative moments in the sheeting
in BS 5950-1.
(see Figure 1).
For spans of less than 3 m, the basic construction 2.3 Design methods
load should be increased to not less
than 4.5/Lp kN/m2, where Lp is the effective span of 2.3.1 General
the profiled steel sheets in metres. The following methods may be used for the design of
Allowance is made within these values for composite slabs:
construction operatives, impact and heaping of a) composite design in which the concrete and the
concrete during placing, hand tools, small items of profiled steel sheets are assumed to combine
equipment and materials for immediate use. The structurally to support loads (see section 6);
minimum values quoted are intended for use in b) design as a reinforced concrete slab as
general purpose working areas, but will not recommended in BS 8110-1:1985, neglecting any
necessarily be sufficient for excessive impact or contribution from the profiled steel sheets;
heaping of concrete, or pipeline or pumping loads.
c) design by specific testing (see 2.3.2.1).
Where excessive loads are expected, reference
should be made to BS 5975:1982. In all cases the profiled steel sheeting should be
designed for use as permanent shuttering during
construction (see section 5).
Table 1 — Values of gf for ultimate limit states
Combination Type of load gf
Dead and imposed load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.4
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.6
Dead and wind load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.4
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.4
Dead, imposed and wind load Dead load (see note) Maximum 1.2
Minimum 1.0
Imposed load 1.2
Wind load 1.2
Construction stage Dead load of wet concrete (see note) Maximum 1.4
(temporary erection condition)
Minimum 0.0
Construction loads (see 2.2.3) 1.6
NOTE For dead loads, the minimum gf factor should be used for dead loads that counteract the effects of other loads causing
overturning or uplift.
4 © BSI 12-1998
Section 2 BS 5950-4:1994
2)
In preparation.
© BSI 12-1998 5
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 3
Section 3. Materials
3.1.1 Specification
of continuity over a support, to ensure that the
The steel used to manufacture the profiled steel
reinforcement has adequate ductility the steel fabric
sheets should have a specified yield strength Re.min
or reinforcing bars used as support reinforcement
of not less than 220 N/mm2 and should generally
should satisfy the minimum elongation requirement
be in accordance either with BS 2989:1992 or with
specified in 10.1.2 of BS 4449:1988.
BS EN 10147:1992. Steels conforming to other
specifications may alternatively be used provided This recommendation should be applied to the
that they have similar properties. following:
3.1.2 Sheet thickness a) reinforcement used to resist negative moments
in continuous spans or cantilevers;
The structural thickness of the profiled steel sheets,
b) distribution steel for concentrated loads or
to which the stresses and section properties apply,
around openings in the slab;
should be taken as the “bare metal thickness” of the
sheets excluding any protective or decorative finish c) reinforcement used to increase the fire
such as zinc coating or organic coating. resistance of the composite slab.
The nominal bare metal thickness of the sheets However it need not be applied to the following:
should not normally be less than 0.75 mm except 1) secondary transverse reinforcement;
where the profiled steel sheets are used only as 2) nominal continuity reinforcement over
permanent shuttering (see 4.1). Thinner sheets supports;
should not be used unless adequate theoretical
3) tensile reinforcement in the span.
evidence and test data are available to justify their
use.
3.3 Concrete
3.1.3 Zinc coating
3.3.1 General
The zinc coating should conform to the
requirements of BS 2989:1992 or BS EN 10147:1992 Concrete should follow the recommendations given
as appropriate. A coating of 275 g/m2 total, in BS 8110.
including both sides (coating type G 275 in 3.3.2 Lightweight concrete
accordance with BS 2989) is normally specified for The dry density of lightweight aggregate
internal floors in a non-aggressive environment, but structural concrete should normally be not less
the specification may be varied depending on service than 1 750 kg/m3.
conditions.
Other densities can be used, but all references
NOTE A 275 g/m2 coating adds approximately 0.04 mm to the
bare metal thickness, 0.02 mm on each side. The nominal bare to lightweight concrete elsewhere in this Part
metal thickness is thus 0.04 mm less than the nominal thickness of BS 5950 assume a dry density of at
of the sheet. least 1 750 kg/m3. Where lightweight concrete of
Before a zinc coating heavier than 275 g/m2 is less than 1 750 kg/m3 dry density is used, due
specified, confirmation should be obtained from allowance should be made for variations in
the proposed manufacturer of the profiled steel properties of concrete and their effect on the
sheets that the proposed coating thickness is resistances of shear connectors.
compatible with the forming operations involved. 3.3.3 Density
All zinc coatings should be chemically passivated In the absence of more precise information, the
with a chromate treatment to minimize wet storage nominal density should be taken as follows.
stains (white rusting) and reduce chemical reaction
at the concrete/zinc interface. a) For design of the profiled steel sheeting
(wet density):
3.2 Steel reinforcement 2 400 kg/m3 for normal weight concrete;
3.2.1 Specification 1 900 kg/m3 for lightweight concrete.
The type of reinforcement used should satisfy the b) For design of the composite slab (dry density):
recommendations of BS 8110 and should conform 2 350 kg/m3 for normal weight concrete;
to BS 4449:1988, BS 4482:1985 or BS 4483:1985, 1 800 kg/m3 for lightweight concrete.
subject to the recommendations in 3.2.2.
NOTE For lightweight concrete the density may be found in
manufacturers’ literature.
6 © BSI 12-1998
Section 3 BS 5950-4:1994
element within which concrete is poured and should effects of fire (see 7.2) and as a minimum should
be not greater than the least of: not be less than 90 mm. The thickness of concrete
a) 0.4 (Ds – Dp) (see Figure 2); (Ds – Dp) above the main flat surface of the top of the
ribs of the profiled steel sheets should be not less
b) bb/3 (see Figure 2);
than 50 mm subject to cover of not less than 15 mm
c) 20 mm. above the top of any shear connectors.
© BSI 12-1998 7
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 3
recommendations of BS 8110, provided that the design value of stud shear connectors should be
zinc coating of the profiled sheets is not adversely allowed for. The characteristic resistances of stud
affected. The profiled steel sheets should be shear connectors in lightweight aggregate concrete
considered as “embedded metal” when applying the of dry density not less than 1 750 kg/m3 should be
recommendations of BS 8110. taken as 90 % of the values in normal weight
concrete, as recommended in BS 5950-3.1:1990.
3.4 Shear connectors
3.5 Sheet fixings
3.4.1 General
Screws and other mechanical fasteners used to fix
Shear connectors should satisfy the
the profiled steel sheets to the beams or other
recommendations of BS 5950-3.1:1990. Resistances
supports, and fasteners used at side laps of sheets,
of shear connectors other than those given in
should be in accordance with BS 5950-63).
BS 5950-3.1:1990 should be determined on the basis
of push-out tests.
3)
In preparation.
8 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998 9
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
10 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
e) Reinforcement in the top of the slab should The curtailment and lapping of reinforcement
have 25 mm4) nominal cover. should conform to BS 8110. Where a single layer of
f) Fire resistance reinforcement for negative reinforcement is used to fulfil more than one of the
above purposes, it should satisfy all the relevant
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4) Thenominal cover of 25 mm is common practice, but in appropriate cases this may be reduced to values in accordance with
Tables 3.4 and 3.5 of BS 8110-1:1985 or Tables 5.1 and 5.2 of BS 8110-2:1985.
© BSI 12-1998 11
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
12 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5950-4:1994
4.6.4 Embossed profiled sheets Where composite slabs are used in conjunction with
Embossed profiled sheets, as illustrated in reinforced concrete beams (see 6.10.2), any end
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Figure 4 b), Figure 4 c) and Figure 4 d), should be anchorage required should normally be achieved by
designed to develop shear connection through means of reinforcing bars.
embossments (or embossments and indentations) 4.6.7 Sheet edges
in the webs and/or flanges of the sheets. For profiles such as that shown in Figure 4 e), the
4.6.5 Small holes in profiled sheets edges of adjacent sheets should be overlapped or
Holes in the webs and/or flanges of profiled steel crimped in such a way as to provide an effective
sheets, intended to develop shear connection, should horizontal shear transfer between the sheets.
be sufficiently large for concrete to fill the hole,
but sufficiently small to minimize the loss of fine 4.7 Minimum bearing requirements
material from the concrete, unless a permanent In all cases the bearing length of a composite slab
backing tape is provided on the underside which should be sufficient to satisfy the recommendations
prevents this loss. of 5.2 for load carrying capacity as permanent
4.6.6 End anchorage formwork and the recommendations of BS 8110 for
load carrying capacity as a composite slab.
Shear connectors may be used as end anchorages
to produce composite action in slabs which are Composite slabs bearing on steel or concrete
designed as simply supported. Where sheets are should normally have an end bearing of not less
not continuous over a support, end anchors should than 50 mm [see Figure 5 a) and Figure 5 c)]. For
be provided at the ends of both sheets. composite slabs bearing on other materials, the
end bearing should normally be not less than 70 mm
Where the end anchorage provided by shear [see Figure 5 b) and Figure 5 d)].
connectors is used in conjunction with the shear
bond between the concrete and the profiled steel For continuous slabs the minimum bearing at
sheets, account should be taken of the influence of intermediate supports should normally be 75 mm
the deformation capacity of the shear connectors on on steel or concrete and 100 mm on other materials
the shear bond between the concrete and the sheets, [see Figure 5 e) and Figure 5 f)].
as recommended in 6.4.3. Where smaller bearing lengths are adopted, account
The necessary interaction between stud shear should be taken of all relevant factors such as
connectors and the profiled steel sheets should tolerances, loading, span, height of support and
normally be achieved by welding them to the provision of continuity reinforcement. In such cases,
structural steelwork by the site technique of precautions should also be taken to ensure that
through-the-sheet welding. Shear connectors fixings (see 4.8.1) can still be achieved without
directly attached to the structural steelwork prior damage to the bearings, and that collapse cannot
to placing the profiled steel sheets should not be occur as a result of accidental displacement during
used as end anchorages unless the sheets are also erection.
attached to the steelwork as recommended in 4.8.1,
by means of fixings of sufficient capacity. 4.8 Constructional details
NOTE If studs are welded to the beams prior to placing the 4.8.1 Sheet fixings
profiled steel sheets, it may be found necessary to use single span
sheets, in which case stop ends (see 4.8.4.3) may be needed to The design should incorporate provision for the
prevent concrete loss. profiled steel sheets to be fixed:
Where end anchorage is provided by types of shear a) to keep them in position during construction so
connectors which connect the concrete slab directly as to provide a subsequent safe working platform;
to the profiled steel sheets, such as self-drilling b) to ensure connection between the sheets and
self-tapping screws with enlarged washers, account supporting beams;
should be taken of the deformation capacity of such
c) to ensure connection between adjacent sheets
shear connectors on the interaction between the
where necessary;
slab and the sheets.
d) to transmit horizontal forces where necessary;
Where shear connectors used as end anchorages
are assumed in design to act also as shear e) to prevent uplift forces displacing the sheets.
connectors in composite beams, reference should
be made to 6.10.1.
© BSI 12-1998 13
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 4
5)
In preparation.
14 © BSI 12-1998
Section 5 BS 5950-4:1994
6)
In preparation.
© BSI 12-1998 15
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
6.1.1 Continuity
determined either by the procedure given in 6.2.2 or
Composite slabs should be designed as either: else by specific testing (see 6.2.3).
a) simply supported, with nominal reinforcement Punching shear should also be checked where
over intermediate supports in accordance concentrated loads or reactions are applied to the
with 6.8; or slab (see 6.5.2).
b) continuous, with full continuity reinforcement Where composite slabs are designed as continuous
over intermediate supports in accordance with with full continuity reinforcement over internal
BS 8110. supports in accordance with BS 8110, the resistance
NOTE Generally, composite slabs are designed as simply to shear-bond failure contributed by the adjacent
supported, with nominal steel mesh reinforcement over supports. spans should be allowed for by basing the value of
6.1.2 Continuous slabs the shear span Lv for use as described in 6.4.1 on
For multiple spans designed as a continuous slab an equivalent simple span between points of
subjected to uniformly distributed imposed load, contraflexure when checking the shear-bond
only the following arrangements of imposed load capacity of an internal span. However, for end spans
need be considered. the value of Lv should be based on the full end span
length.
a) alternate spans loaded;
6.2.2 Design procedure
b) two adjacent spans loaded.
Where propped construction is used, the composite
For dead load, the same value of the partial safety
slab should be designed assuming that all the
factor for loads gf should be applied on all spans.
loading acts on the composite slab.
6.1.3 Effects of holes and ducts Where unpropped construction is used, the shear
Where holes or ducts interrupt the continuity of forces to be resisted by the composite slab should
a composite slab, the region affected should be be determined allowing for the separate effects of
designed as reinforced concrete and reference loading applied to the profiled steel sheeting or to
should be made to BS 8110. the composite slab, as appropriate. However, the
6.1.4 Transverse spanning moments to be resisted by the composite slab should
be determined assuming that all the loading acts on
Where slabs or portions of slabs span onto supports the composite slab.
in the transverse direction, this aspect of the design
NOTE Generally, composite slabs are constructed unpropped.
should be in accordance with BS 8110.
6.2.3 Specific tests
6.2 Strength As an alternative to the design procedure given
6.2.1 Design criteria in 6.2.2, the relevant design criterion and capacity
for a particular arrangement of profiled steel sheets
The capacity of the composite slab should be and concrete slab may be determined by specific
sufficient to resist the factored loads for the tests in accordance with 8.2.
ultimate limit state. The critical sections indicated
in Figure 6 should be considered. Section 2-2 6.3 Moment capacity
represents the interface between the concrete and
the profiled steel sheets. The following design The moment capacity for full shear connection
criteria for the various modes of failure should be should be treated as an upper bound to the capacity
considered. of a composite slab. The moment capacity of a
composite slab should be calculated as for reinforced
a) Flexural failure at section 1-1: this criterion
concrete, with the profiled steel sheets acting as
is represented by the moment capacity of the
tensile reinforcement.
composite slab, based on full shear connection
at section 2-2 (see 6.3). The moment capacity in positive moment regions
should be calculated assuming rectangular stress
b) Longitudinal slip at section 2-2: this criterion is
blocks for both concrete and profiled steel sheets.
represented by the shear-bond capacity. In this
The design strengths should be taken as 0.45fcu for
case the capacity of the composite slab is
the concrete and pyp for the profiled steel sheeting
governed by the shear connection at section 2-2
(see Figure 7). The lever arm z should not
(see 6.4).
exceed 0.95ds and the depth of the stress block for
c) Vertical shear failure at section 3-3: this the concrete should not exceed 0.45ds.
criterion is represented by the vertical shear
capacity of the composite slab (see 6.5.1).
16 © BSI 12-1998
Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
Tension reinforcement in positive moment regions The moment capacity in negative moment regions
should be neglected, unless the moment capacity is should be determined as recommended in BS 8110.
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© BSI 12-1998 17
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
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6.4 Shear capacity NOTE 1 The factor of 1.25 is a partial safety factor for
resistances gm, selected on the basis of the behaviour and mode
6.4.1 Shear-bond capacity Vs of failure of the slab.
When the capacity of a composite slab is governed by The empirical parameters mr and kr in this formula
shear bond, it should be expressed in terms of the should be obtained from parametric tests for the
vertical shear capacity at the supports. particular profiled sheet as recommended in 8.3.
Generally the shear-bond capacity Vs (in N) should In using this formula the value of Ap should not be
be calculated using taken as more than 10 % greater than that of the
profiled steel sheets used in the tests and the value
of fcu should not be taken as more than 1.1fcm
where fcm is the value used in 8.3.3 to determine
where mr and kr
Ap is the cross-sectional area of the profiled When the value of kr obtained from the tests is
steel sheeting (in mm2); negative, the nominal strength grade of the concrete
used in this formula should be not less than the
Bs is the width of the composite slab nominal strength grade of the concrete used in
(in mm); the tests.
ds is the effective depth of slab to the The shear-bond capacity of a lightweight concrete
centroid of the profiled steel sheets composite slab should be assumed to be the same as
(in mm); that of a normal weight composite slab made with
fcu is the characteristic concrete cube concrete of the same strength grade.
strength (in N/mm2); NOTE 2 As an alternative to calculation of the shear-bond
capacity, the load carrying capacity of the composite slab can be
kr is an empirical parameter (in N/mm); determined directly by means of specific tests (see 8.2).
Lv is the shear span of the composite slab Where it is necessary to use end anchors to increase
(in mm), determined in accordance the resistance to longitudinal shear above that
with 6.4.2, but see also 6.2.1; and provided by the shear-bond capacity Vs, reference
mr should be made to 6.4.3.
is an empirical parameter (in N/mm2).
18 © BSI 12-1998
Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998 19
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
The shear span Lv should be taken as: Where end anchorage is used in conjunction with
a) Ls/4 for a uniformly distributed load; the shear bond between the concrete and the
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20 © BSI 12-1998
Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
The deflection of the composite slab should not b) for end spans of continuous slabs (with full
normally exceed the following: continuity reinforcement over intermediate
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a) deflection due to the imposed load: Ls/350 supports) of approximately equal span,
or 20 mm, whichever is the lesser; i.e. within 15 % of the maximum span
b) deflection due to the total load less the 1 W ser L s
3
deflection due to the self-weight of the slab plus, d = ---------- ---------------------
-
100 EI CA
when props are used, the deflection due to prop
removal: L/250. c) for two-span slabs (with full continuity
reinforcement over the internal support)
These limits should be increased only where it can
be shown that greater deflections will not impair the 3
1- W
d = --------- ser L s
---------------------
-
strength or efficiency of the slab, lead to damage to 135 EI CA
the finishes or be unsightly.
where
6.6.2 Calculation
E is the modulus of elasticity of the profiled
The deflection limits given in 6.6.1 should be steel sheets;
satisfied either by calculation as outlined in this
subclause, or by satisfying the recommended ICA is the second moment of area of the
span-to-depth ratios given in 6.6.3. composite slab about its centroidal axis;
For uniformly distributed loading, the following Ls is the effective span of the composite slab;
approximate expressions may be used to calculate and
the deflection: Wser is the serviceability load.
a) for simply supported spans (with nominal
NOTE The factor 1/100 is derived by dividing 5/384 (for the
reinforcement over intermediate supports) simply supported case) by a factor of 1.3. The factor 1.3 is a ratio
3 obtained from the basic span/effective depth ratios given in
5 W ser L s BS 8110-1 for continuous and simply supported spans. The
d = ---------- ---------------------
-
384 EI CA factor 1/135 is derived by comparing two-span and three-span
cases.
© BSI 12-1998 21
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 6
The value of the second moment of area of the The effective width of slab resisting bending
composite slab ICA about its centroidal axis moments and shear forces due to a concentrated
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(in equivalent steel units) should be taken as load should be determined as follows.
the average of 1) For resisting bending moments:
ICA for the cracked section (i.e. the compression i) simple slabs
area of the concrete cross section combined
with the profiled steel sheets on the basis
of modular ratio) and
ii) continuous slabs
ICA for the gross section (i.e. the entire concrete
cross section combined with the profiled
steel sheets on the basis of modular ratio).
2) For resisting shear forces:
The modular ratio should be determined as
recommended in BS 5950-3.1:1990.
6.6.3 Span-to-depth ratios
where
As an alternative to calculation as recommended
in 6.6.2, the limiting deflections given in 6.6.1 a is the distance from the load to the nearer
should be assumed to be satisfied for slabs with support; and
nominal continuity reinforcement over intermediate Ls is the effective span of the slab.
supports, if the span-to-depth ratios do not exceed
the values given in Table 2. In Table 2, the depth A line load running parallel to the span should be
should be taken as the overall depth of the treated as a series of concentrated loads.
composite slab Ds and the span as the effective span Where there are discrete concentrated loads or line
of the profiled steel sheets Lp. loads, transverse reinforcement should be placed on
Table 2 — Span-to-depth ratios or above the profiled steel sheets. It should have a
cross-sectional area of not less than 0.2 % of the
Type of concrete Condition
concrete section above the ribs (Ds – Dp) and should
Single End spans Internal extend over a width of not less than beb. This
spans spans transverse reinforcement, which may include
Normal weight 30 35 38 reinforcement provided for other purposes, should
Lightweight 25 30 33 be ductile (see 3.2.2).
NOTE The values in this table apply to slabs with nominal
continuity reinforcement over intermediate supports.For slabs
6.8 Nominal reinforcement at
designed as continuous with full continuity over intermediate intermediate supports
supports, reference should be made to BS 8110.
Where continuous composite slabs are designed
as simply supported, nominal steel fabric
6.7 Concentrated loads reinforcement should be provided over intermediate
Where discrete concentrated loads or line loads supports. For mild exposure conditions in
running transverse to the span are to be supported accordance with BS 8110-1:1985, the cross-sectional
by a slab, they should be considered to be area of reinforcement in a longitudinal direction
distributed over an effective load width bm should be not less than 0.1 % of the gross
(see Figure 10), measured immediately above the cross-sectional area of the concrete at the support.
ribs of the profiled steel sheets, and determined as For propped construction consideration should be
follows. given to increasing the area of steel reinforcement
a) Where the load is applied directly onto the over supports as appropriate, depending on the span
structural slab: and the crack widths that can be tolerated.
bm = bo + 2 ( Ds – Dp ) For other conditions of exposure reference should be
made to BS 8110.
b) Where the load is applied directly onto
joint-free durable finishes: Where such nominal reinforcement also provides
fire resistance, see also 3.2.2.
b m = b o + 2t f + 2 ( D s – D p )
22 © BSI 12-1998
Section 6 BS 5950-4:1994
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© BSI 12-1998 23
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 7
The fire resistance of a composite slab depends Fire resistance may be determined by any of the
not only on the minimum thickness of concrete following:
and the average concrete cover to any additional a) Testing in accordance with BS 476-21:1987.
reinforcement in the tensile zone, but also on its
b) Using constructional details conforming to the
overall design including any fire protective
recommendations of BS 5950-8:1990.
treatment and restraint offered by the supporting
structure. c) Calculation methods conforming to the
NOTE With profiled steel sheets it is seldom necessary to cover
recommendations of BS 5950-8:1990.
the soffit in order to obtain the desired period of fire resistance. NOTE An appropriate calculation method is given in SCI
publication 056[2].
7.2 Minimum thickness of concrete d) Reference to design tables based on the
The concrete should have at least the minimum recommendations of BS 5950-8:1990.
thickness for thermal insulation recommended in NOTE Simplified design tables for the fire resistance of
composite slabs using steel fabric reinforcement are given in
BS 5950-8:1990. CIRIA Special Publication 42 and in SCI Publication 056[3].
24 © BSI 12-1998
Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998 25
BS 5950-4:1994 Section 8
26 © BSI 12-1998
Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
8.2.3 Reporting of test results If the failure mode is vertical shear, the results
The following information should be included in the should not be used for determining values of the
Licensed Copy: man-mbgdjacb man-mbgdjacb, University of Manchester - (JISC), 23 December 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 27
Licensed Copy: man-mbgdjacb man-mbgdjacb, University of Manchester - (JISC), 23 December 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
28
BS 5950-4:1994
© BSI 12-1998
Section 8 BS 5950-4:1994
The minimum cube strength fcm of the concrete for So that the experimental values will generally lie
the specimens should not be less than 25 N/mm2 above the line used for design, the values of the
Licensed Copy: man-mbgdjacb man-mbgdjacb, University of Manchester - (JISC), 23 December 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
and the variation between the mean cube strengths empirical parameters mr and kr for use in design
of the concrete for the specimens in regions A and B (see 6.4.1) should be determined on the basis of a
should preferably not exceed 5 N/mm2. Where the reduction line, as indicated in Figure 12. Generally
variation is greater, the mean cube strength for all the reduction line should be 15 % below the
the specimens should be used when plotting the test regression line, except that, when eight or more
results. tests are carried out, the reduction line should be
From the tests a regression line should be plotted taken as 10 % below the regression line.
as shown in Figure 12. The regression line should In the event that the value of the empirical
be taken as the best straight line between the test parameter kr from the reduction line is negative
results in region A and those in region B. [see Figure 12 b], the application of the test results
There should be a minimum of three tests in each to design should be restricted as described in 6.4.1.
region, provided that the variation from the mean of
the three results is not greater than ± 7.5 %. When
the variation is greater than ± 7.5 %, three further
tests should be carried out and the six test results
should be used to obtain the regression line.
© BSI 12-1998 29
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30
blank
BS 5950-4:1994
Normative references
BSI standards publications
Licensed Copy: man-mbgdjacb man-mbgdjacb, University of Manchester - (JISC), 23 December 2004, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Informative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
7) In preparation.
© BSI 12-1998
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