STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II (CE 331)

Lecture # 1

Topic
Introduction to Determinate
& Indeterminate Structures.

Introduction to Force methods

& Displacement methods

Presentation By :
Zain Saeed
Zain Saeed
M.Sc Structural Engineering

Work Experience & Responsibilities:

 Working as Assistant Professor at Civil Engineering department of The University of Lahore,

Islamabad Campus.
 Taught basic courses in Engineering Mechanics, Structural Analysis, PRC-II and Design of Concrete Structures to
undergraduate students.
 Supervised a number of undergraduate final year projects related to Nonlinear Analysis of structures.
 Contributed in a number of MS Research Thesis

 Worked as Design Interface and Stakeholder Coordinator at Rizzani De Eccher-Lotte-Redco

Joint Venture (RLR-JV) on Qatar Rail Metro Project
 Design Coordination
 Designing the Interfaces of the project and liaising with other Contractors, Government bodies and other external parties on
same projects.

 Worked as Assistant Bridge Design Engineer at CECON (Civil Engineers and Consultants) from
July 2012 to Aug 2014.
 Designed numerous high rise RCC Commercial, Recreational, Religious and educational Buildings, Hotels for different
Earthquake prone areas of Pakistan.
 Designed various Highway Structures including Retaining Walls, RC and Pre stressed girder Bridges and Box Culverts for
NHA (National Highway Authority) and various commercial societies of Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Advance level skills for structural modelling on Finite Element based softwares.

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Forms of Structures

Structural Forms

Cables Arches Trusses Beams

Surfaces

Membranes Plates Shells

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Materials
Properties
of Material

Deformation
Strength
Characteristics

Strengt
Comp.
h to Stiff Elastic Ductile
Tension
weight
Resist.
ratio
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Introduction
 Free Body Diagram

 Simplified picture of the structure, isolated from its

supports, on which are shown all the external
forces that act on the structure.

 These forces include the applied loads and the

reactions that the supports exert on structure.

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FREE BODY DIAGRAM

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Equations of Equilibrium
 For complete static equilibrium in 2D, three
requirements must be met:
1. External Horizontal forces balance
(translation).
2. External Vertical forces balance
(translation).
3. External Moments balance about any point
(rotational).
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 The above requirements may be stated
mathematically as:

1. Fx = 0 Positive

2. Fy = 0 Positive Sign Conventions

3. z = 0 Positive

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Types of Supports and
Restraints

Roller Support Fixed Support

Hinge Support Simple Support

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Hinge
Support

Roller
Support 14
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Stability and Determinacy
 Determinate Structure
 A structure for which all the unknown reactions
can be determined using the equations of
equilibrium is referred to as a determinate
structure.

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Determinate
Structure

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 Indeterminate Structure

 The structure possesses more unknown reactions

than equations of equilibrium, is referred to as an
indeterminate structure.

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Indeterminate
Structure

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 Unstable Structure
 A structure in which there are an insufficient
number of reactions to prevent motion from taking
place, is called an unstable structure.

 The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and

indeterminacy of plane trusses can be summarized
as follows:

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Unstable
Structure

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Idealized Structure
 The structure is made in a line form and the
supports are replaced with the reactions.

 This new line shape of a structure along with

the symbolic reactions and applied loadings
(similar to free body diagram), is called the
IDEALIZED STRUCTURE.

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 Force methods & Displacement methods.

In structural analysis there are two classes of variable that are obtained through
the analysis process .
1. The first class of variables are forces ( here it can be forces and couples).
So the force method uses the unknown forces as variables to construct
equations based on equilibrium and compatibility. Then solves the equation
to arrive at final moments and reactions . So here the forces are variables.

2. The second class of variables are displacements . So the displacement

method ( also called stiffness method ) uses the unknown displacements as
unknowns to arrive at final moments and reactions .
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 INTRODUCTION
 While analyzing indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy (force)
equilibrium, (displacement) compatibility and force-displacement
relationships

 (a) Force equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the
structure in stable equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to
external loads

 (b) Displacement compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of

the structure fit together without intentional breaks, or overlaps

 (c) Force-displacement requirements depend on the manner the material

of the structure responds to the applied loads, which can be
linear/nonlinear/viscous and elastic/inelastic; for our study the behavior is
assumed to be linear and elastic
Force and Displacement Method

 Two methods are available to analyze indeterminate structures,

depending on whether we satisfy force equilibrium or displacement
compatibility conditions - They are: Force method and
Displacement Method

 Force Method satisfies displacement compatibility and force-

displacement relationships; it treats the forces as unknowns e.g. Method
of Consistent Deformation and (Iterative Method of) Moment Distribution

 Displacement Method satisfies force equilibrium and force-

displacement relationships; it treats the displacements as unknowns -
Two available methods are Slope Deflection Method and Stiffness
(Matrix) method
Force Method

The force method is used to calculate the response of statically indeterminate

structures to loads and/or imposed deformations. The method is based on

transforming a given structure into a statically determinate primary system and

calculating the magnitude of statically redundant forces required to restore the

geometric boundary conditions of the original structure. The force method (also

called the flexibility method or method of consistent deformation ) is used to

calculate reactions and internal forces in statically indeterminate structures due

to loads and imposed deformations.

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OVERVIEW OF METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION

I. Structure with single degree of indeterminacy:

P
A B
RB
(a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate
(primary structure)
P
A B
Bo
(b) Apply unit force on the structure, in the direction of the
redundant, and find the displacement

fBB

(c) Apply compatibility at the location of the removed redundant

B0 + fBBRB = 0
Force Method (flexibility method) in this method redundant reactions are calculated.

• Primary unknowns are forces and moments

• Deformation conditions are written depending on pre-selected statically
indeterminate reactions.
• The unknown statically indeterminate reactions are evaluated solving these
equations.
• The remaining reactions are obtained from the equilibrium equations.

Deflection Method, In this method displacements are taken as unknown

• Primary unknowns are displacements.

• Equilibrium equations are written by expressing the unknown joint displacements in
terms of loads by using load-displacement relations.
• Unknown joint displacements are calculated by solving equilibrium equations.
• In the next step, the unknown reactions are computed from compatibility equations
using force displacement relations.

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Force vs Displacement Methods
 Force methods
 Choose redundant forces
 Use compatibility conditions or least work principle to solve these
redundant forces

 Displacement methods
 Choose degrees of freedom (DOFs: displacement or rotation angles)
 Relate internal forces to DOFs
 Use equilibrium to solve DOFs
 Obtain internal forces from DOFs

B

By
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