Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. General terms
2. Resolution and chiralpool synthesis
3. Auxilaries
4. Ligands and chiral reagents
5. Organocatalysis
Asymmetric Synthesis
Stereoselective Reaction:
A reaction in which one of a set of stereoisomers is formed predominantly. This may
be further specialized into diastereoselective or enantioselective depending upon
whether it is a diastereomer or an enantiomer that is being produced selectively.
Stereospecific Reaction:
A reaction in which there are two (or more) starting material stereoisomers and two (or
more) product stereoisomers. One of the starting material isomers produces one product
isomer, while the other starting material isomer produces the other product isomer.
Once again, this may be further specialized into diastereospecific (not used that often)
and enantiospecific reactions.
It must follow that any stereospecific reaction is also stereoselective, as the former is a
more stringent test. An excellent example of a stereospecific reaction is the aldol
condensation feature, where lithium or other enolates of Z- geometry tend to form syn
diastereomers of products, while the E- enolates form anti- products.
Stereospecific reaction
A reaction in which the configuration of the substrate influences the
configuration of the product,
or
A reaction in which only a specific isomer reacts, in such a way that its
configuration influences the configuration of the product.
Stereodifferentiation
• Enantiodifferentiating reaction
– Differentiation is provided by the reagent or reaction environment,
and refers to the reagent’s ability to differentiate between
enantiofaces, enantiotopes, or enantiomers.
• Diastereodifferentiating reaction
– Reactions are influenced by chirality in the substrate and form
diastereomers in unequal quantities. May differentiate between
diastereofaces, diastereotopes, or diastereomers.
Enantioselective Catalysis –
Probably the most elegant and desired form of asymmetric synthesis.
But enantiomerically pure reagents are not cheap. These involve catalysts
(present in small amounts, i.e, 20 mol% or less, and the smaller the better),
which are enantiomerically pure, and which bias either the orientation of the
substrate or the reagent, allowing the reagent to be delivered in an
enantioselective manner.
This catalyst must then dissociate from the product or reagent by-product, so
that it can encounter the next substrate (or reagent) molecule. The Sharpless
asymetric epoxidation is an excellent example of this type of asymmetric
synthesis.
Double Stereodifferentiation
If both the substrate and the reagent are chiral, there is the possibility for
double (dia)stereodifferentiation, where both effect asymmetric synthesis
-Note: There will be cases where the substrate and reagent’s chiralities
reinforce each other (matched pair)
Synergetic Effect. High diastereoselection results
-There will also be cases where they work against each other (mismatched
pair). A disaster in diastereoselection
Prior to asymmetric synthesis there were two ‘classical’ways of constructing
molecules as single enantiomers.
Resolution:This is usually achieved by formation of a diastereomeric mixture
of salts by the reaction of the racemate with an enantiomerically pure acid or
base. Followed by crystallisation of one of the diastereomeric salts. However,
this is not very efficient as the maximum yield of the desired enantiomer after
‘cracking’the salt is 50%.
Chiral Pool: Readily available chiral materials. Mostly naturally available
terpenes, amino acids, carbohydrates, tartrates, etc.
Central Chirality – Arises due to a centre of chirality. A chiral centre that could be R- or S.
Axial Chirality -Chirality due to restricted rotation about four groups substituted on an axis,
with the partners in each pair having to be different.
The most common examples are in allenes and in biaryls (with sizeable ortho substituents)
Planar Chirality - Chirality due to certain elements in a molecule forced out of a critical
reference plane of the molecule, so that the mirror image of the molecule is non-
superimposable. Examples are: cyclophanes
Helical Chirality -Chirality due to a molecule assuming a helical shape that it cannot
readily undo.
This is often seen in polyaromatics that are (for obvious reasons) called helicenes.
Substrate Control
This is a form of stereoselective synthesis where a chiral centre already
present in the molecule is responsible for selective generation of a new chiral
centre. These are stereoselective reaction, and examples include Felkin-Ahn
additions and (Cram) Chelate model additions to carbonyls.
A Retake at Stereoselective and Stereospecific Reactions