IRC:78-2014

STANDARDSPECIFIGATIONS
AND
GODEOF PRACTICE
FORROADBRIDGES

SECTION: Vtl
FOUNDATIONS
AND SUBSTRUCTURE
(RevisedEdition)
(lncorporating and Erratapublishedupto December,
allAmendments 2013)

I N D I A NROADSCONGRESS
2014
 tRC:78-2014
CONTENTS
Clause PageNo.
No.
Personnel
of BridgesSpecifications
andStandards
Committee
Background 1
700 Scope 3
701 rermrnotogy 3
701.1 Abutrnent 3
70'1.2 Afflux 3
701.3 Balancer 4
701.4 Bearing Capacity 4
701.5 BearingStress 4
741.6 Cofferdam 5
701.7 Foundation 5
701.8 Pier 5
701.9 Piles 5
701.10 Retaining Wall 6
70111 Substructure 7
701.12 WellFoundation 7
702 Notations 7
703 DischargeandDepthof Scourfor Foundation
Design I
703-1 DesignDischarge ot Foundation 9
743.2 MeanDepthof Scow '10
703.3 MaximumDepthof Scourfor Designof Foundations 11
704 Sub-surfaceExploration 12
704.1 Objectives 12
704.2 Zoneof lnfluence 13
704.3 Methods of Exploration 13
705 Depthof Foundation
705.1 General '13
705.2 OpenFoundations 14
705.3 WellFoundations 14
705.4 PileFoundations 15
706 Loads.Forces.Stability
andStresses 15
706.1 Loads,ForcesandtheirCombinations 15
IRC:78-2014
706.2 Horizontal
Forcesat Bearingt evel 16
706.3 BasePressure 17
707 OpenFoundations 19
707.1 General 19
707.2 Design 19
707.3 openFoundations
atSloped
BedProfile 21
707.4 Construction 22
WellFoundations 23
708.1 General 23
708.2 WellSteining 23
708.3 DesignConsiderations 25
708.4 Stabilityof Well Foundations 26
708.5 Tiltsand Shifts 27
708.6 CuttingEdge 28
708.7 WellCurb 28
708.8 BottomPlug 29
708.9 FillingtheWell 29
708.10 PlugoverFilling 29
708.11 WellCap 29
708.12 Floatingddissohs 30
708.13 Sinkingot Wells 30
;
708.14 Pngumatic
Sinkingof Wells 30
708.15 Sinkingof Wellsby Resodingto Btasting 31
PileFoundation 31
709.1 Generat 31
709.2 Requiremeniarli s.rallsior Des.blra.!d hj.atbjsr 34
709.3 GeotedlnicaCa:a-.i:: PiE 36
709.4 Struciuel DesQn :f ?ie 40
739,5 Desgn G:Ptb Ca 40
l:9,6 l1ltc,r€xiCgnstbais-, :.wiolp]:].gcrs;:r
D;=-a:T,.!=:f 3ie
41

n
 IRC:78-2014
710 Substructure 44
710]l General l 44
710.2 Piers .45
710.3 WallPiers 46
710.4 Abutments 46
710.5 Abutment Pier 47
7'10.6 DirtWalls,WingWallsandReturnWalls 48
710-7 Retaining
Walls 49
710.8 PierandAbutmentCaps 49
. 710.9 Cantilever
CapofAbutment andPier 5'1
710.10. PedestalsbelowBearing 51
Appendixes
1. Guidelinesfor CalculatingSilt Factorfor Bed MaterialConsistingof Ctay 53
2. Guidelinesfor Sub-surfaceExploration 54
3. Procedurefor StabilityCalculation 67
4. Precaqtions
to be takenduringSir kingof Wells 71
5. Capacityof Pile Basedon PileSoil Interaction 76
6. FillingBehindAbutments.'Wing
and ReturnWalls 82
7. Part-1-PileLoad Capacityby DynamicTest UsingWave Equation 84
, Part-2-standardTestMethodfor Low Strain Pile IntegrityTesting 93
 tRC:78-2014
PERSONNEL
OF THE BRIDGESSPECIFICATIONS
ANDSTANDARDs
coMMtiTEE
(Ason 6.1.2014)

1. Kandasamy, C. .Diiectot General

{RD}& Spl.Secy.to Go\,.t.
of india,Ministyof Road
(Convenor) Transport and Highways,
TransportBhavan,NewDelhi
2. Patanka4VL. Aoor.ulrecrorUenerat,Ministryof RoadTrenspo.tand Highways
lCo-Convenor) Transport Bhavan,NewDelhi
3. Pathak,A.P ChiefEngineer
{B)5&R,{Ministryof RoadTranspo.t
& Highr"yr,
(Member-Secretdry
) TransportBhavan,NewDelhi

. . M a m b e 6-
4. Agrawal,K.l!.. DG{W),
CPWD(Retd.}Ghaziabad
5. Aliinchandani,
C.R. Chairman& ManagingDirector,STUP (p)Ltd.,
Consultants
Mumbai
6. Arora,H.C. ChiefEngineer{Retd.)
MORTH,NewDelnr
7. Bagish,Dr B.P C-2/2013,
VasantKunj,Opp.
D.pS.New
Dethi
8. Bandyopadhyay,
Dr N. Director,StupConsultants{p) Ltd.NewDelhi
9. Bandyopadhyay,
D. T.K. ioint DirectorGeneral(Retd.)INSDAG,
Kolkata
10. Banerjee,
A.K. ChiefEngineer
(Retd.)
MORTH,
NewDelhi
11. lJanerlee, LB. ChielEngineer
(Retd.)
MORTH,
NewDelhi
12. Basa,Ashok. DirectortTactr.
) B. Engineers
& Buildersttd., Bhubaneswar
Bhasin,PC. AOG(B),(Retil.),MOSI NewDethj
14. Bhowmick,
Alok ManagihgDirector,Bridge& Structural€ngg.Consultants
(P)ltd.,
Noidd
15. Bongirwar,
PL. Advisor,L&I Mumbai
16. Dhodapkar,
A.N. ChiefEhgineer(Retd.)MORTH,NewDelhi
17. Gfioshal,A. Directorand Vicepresident,
STUPConsultants{p) Ltd. kolkaia
18. loglekar,S.G. VicePrgsident,
STUPConsultants
(p) Ltd., Mumbai
19. Kand,,CV ChiefEngineer Me pWDBhopal
{Rerd.),
20. Koshi,Ninari DG(RD) (Retd)MOSI NewDelhi
& Addl-Secy.,
21- KumatAshok ChiefEnginee
{Retd.),MORTH,NewDethi
22. Kumar,Prafulla DG(RD)& A5,MORT&H (Retd.)
NewDethi
23. Kumar,Vijay (Retd.)UP,pWD,
E-in-Chief
IRC:78-2O14
' '
24. Manjure,PY. Director,freissinet Prestressedcontiate Co. Mumbai

25. M.K.
Mukherjee, ChieJEngine€r {.Retd.)MoST, New Delhi

26. A.K.
Nagpal, Prof.llT,New Delhi

27-. Nqrain,
A.D. DG (RD)& AS,MORT&H,{Retd.).Ne}vDelhi
-chief Engineer(Retd.)'MORTHNew Delhi
24. Ninan,R.5.
R.K.
29_ Pandey, (Planning),
Ehgineer
Ch-ief NewDelhi
MORTH,
30. Dr.
Pararneswaran, (BAS),
ChiefScientist NewDelhi
CRRI,
Lakshmy
31. Pratap5.
Raizada, (Corporate
VicePresident Affairs)-GammonIndiaLtd.Mumbai
32. Rao,Dr MVB. SeniorConsultant, Pvt.Ltd.
lnfrastructure
Ms.SNCLAVALTN
33. Roy,Dr B.C. SeniorExecutive lnclia
Engg.Servic€s
Director,M/s. Consulting
(Pvl.)Ltd.Curgaon
34. Saha,Dr G.P DirectorConstruma
Executive (P)Ltd.Mumbai
Consultancy
35. Sharan,
6. (Retd.)
& Spl.secy
DG(RD) NewDellhi
MoRTH,

36. Sharma,
R.5. (Retd.)MORTH
ChiefEngini-.er , NewDelhi
37. Sinha,
N.K. & s5,{Retd.)MoRT&HNewDelhi
DG{RD)
Dr
38. Subbarao, Director,
& Managing
Chakman Construma Ltd.
Consultancy{P)
Harshavafdhan Mumbai
39. Tandon,
Mahesh ManagingDirector,TandgnConsultants(P) Lld.,NewDelhi

K.B.
40. Thandavan, (Reld.)MORH,New Delhi
.Chief.Engineer
41. V
Velayutham,, DG (RD)SS(Retd.)MORTH,New Delhi

42. T.
Viswanathan, 7046, Sector B, Pocket10, VasantKunj ,New Delhi

43. Director
TheExecutive Lucknow
RDSO,
(B&s)
44. The Directorand Head, Bureau NewDelhi
oflndianStandards,
(CivilEngg.),

Coftesponding Memberc
1. Raina,Dr VK. Consultant (W.8.)
2. Singh,R.B.. . . -Dirpctor,Projects Consllltinglndia (P) Ltd. New Delhi

Ex-officio Members
-1. C. DirectorGeneral(RD)& SpecialSecretaryto Govt.of
Kandasamy,
lndia;MoRT&Hand Fresident,lRC,New Delhi
Prasad,Vishnu SecretaryGeneral,IndianRoadsCongress,NewDelhi
Shankar
v l
 IRC:78-2014
FOUNDATIONS
AND SUtsSTRUCTURE
BACKGROUND
The"Standard Specifications and Codeof pracficefor RoadBridges,,
SectionVll _
Foundatjons and Substructure was firstpublished
jn July 19gOuJ p"n _
Featuresof Design.Lalerfirstrevjsi( , o"n"r",
Part andil;;,;; ;; "";;;ffiill,]:T: iHT:ff ?#::#:':lx'i::
of thiscodewas undertaken
by the Foundation
and Structure
Committee and
the initialdraftwas finalized 1S_a;
by the Committee underthe Convenor"n,f
Sarma. Subsequenfly, or rnr, * n.
ihe draftwasreconsidered anddiscussed in variousmeetings
by thereconstituted Foundatjon, Substructure protectjve
and WorksCommjttee (B_4)
underConvenorship ofShriS.AReddi.Thefinaldraftas approu"O
OfConuenoI. eSS
committeewas subsequenfly approvedby ihe Executive committeein its meeting
h€ldon 30.8.2000. lt was laterapproved by the Counciljn its 160thmeetinghetd
Kolkaiaon 4.11.2000 at
for publishingthe revisedIRCCodeSectjonVtt;tnC:
Sincethennumerous ZA:ZO0O.
amendments anderratawerepubljshed to thisCodebasedon
development in designandconstrucijon technoloov
The curreniRevisedEditionof IRC:78includes
all the amendments
and errata
published
fromtimeto iimeuptoDecember,2013. '
TheRevised
Edition of IRC:78'standardSpecifications
andCodeof practrce
Bridges" forRoad
SectionVll - Foundationin(
tirr
o-ate
was "oo.""oiu'i","0;T:T:"3,r"?il:lll?::"ilH,iil"Tj:f
Protective
Worksand MasonryStructures jn
'16.10.20'13. Committee (B_3) its meettngheldon
TheRevised
Ediiion
of tR
and
standards
committee
init","etillnffiTjil::Z *:?l"r"T::::l,T[::
h e i do n 0 9 . 0 1 . 2 0 if4o rp u b i i s h i n g .

The composition
of the B-3 Committeeis givenbelow:
BongiMar, pL.
Convenor
Joglekar,S.G. Co-Convenor
Kanhere,
D.K. Member-Secretary

1
IRC:78-2014
M e m b e r s . . i. . : . .
chonkar,Ravindra
" Deshmukh,
Dr.vV
Dr.VT.
GanPule'
(expircd
on 15.03.2013)

. RK
Jaigopal;

on30.12.2012)
(expired

Dr'SY
Mhaiskar'
JaYant
Nashikkar,
R.v S

ur' n
suDoarao,
Sinqh.
M.N.
V
Velyutham,

Members
CorresPonding

Basa,Ashok

Paul,Dipankar Dr'N'
Pitchumani,

R.H..
Sarma, ,. . Dr ZS'
Tarapore,
I
Viswanathan, ':' '

Ex-0fficioMembers

C.KandasamY Director (RoadDevelopment)

General & Special
lRc
MoRT&HandPresident,
Secretary,

VishnuShankarPrasad Secretary IRC

General,
 IRC:78-2014
700scoPE
withthe designand construction of foundations
.^::-i*
:3r 1*n
roadbridges. -"J,u
and substructure
Theprovisions of thjscode.," rn"uniio
:e designand consiruction engineerc, "u.Ju nuou ,o oo,n
Ort ,"r" i#u"*?'rnu provisions
s:ipulated
hereinwillnotrelieveth "nrpf
andsoundness **onsibirirv rorthesrabirity
orrhu dl:il;:j:lJ:|":LT:"
",,.,"r,,u
701 TERMINOLOGY
ihe following
definitions
shallbeappijcable
forthepurpose
ofthiscode.
701.1 Abutment

oJihedeck(superstructure)
of a bridge,vihic.h
1::i1 "rqO:T
appfoaches atsoretainsearth,fifl of
behind
Iullyof par y.

701,1.1 Boxtypeabutmentandretumwall

Whentheretumwallson twosidesareintegrated
withabutment anda backwa parallelto
abutmentis provjdedat theendof returnswjrhor without
addjri";;;i;;;, wa atongor
acrossiength,thisstructure
is calledboxlypu unO,"*" ,",], ,*n
"frrtr"nt "r'""0
701.1-2 Non-loadbearingabutment
Abutment,whicl.l
supportstheendspanof lessthan5 m.

I v r. r.r t\on_sptthrough
abulment
An abutment
structure
wherethesoilis notallowed
lo spjllthfough.
701.1.4 Spittthroughabutment

isallowed to spillthrough
gaps.arongrherength
il i::I:"]"h:'"
as.corumn "ojl ofaoutment,such
structurewherecolumns areplacedbetowoect<
frce.to spillearth.(Spilling ieams a-nJi"i ,no",*"un ia
of earthshoutdnotbe permittedabovea level;f 500mmbelow
iheboftom of bearings).
701.2 Afftux

Theriseinthefloodleveloftheriverjmmediately
ontheupstream ofa bridge asa resultof
obstruction
to naturalflowcausedby theconstruction
of thebriOg"unJ'ltsi!proa"f,e".
3
IRC;78-2014
701.3 Balancer

likestructure provided on embankmentto allowflowofwaterfromonestde

Abridgeiculvert up of wateron oneside
neaOing
to otn"' s'oe,ro' purposeof avoiOing
ofthe embankment
or for avoidingblocking the entryto theoiherside'

701.4 BearingCaPacity

as bearingstressis referredto as it bearing

powerof soil/rockexpressed
Thesupporting
capacty.

701.4.1 A owablebearingPressure

whichneitherthe soilfails..inshear'(after
It is the maximumgrosspressureImensityat bevond
i"t i""tor ot sateiy)nor there is excessivesetilement
""-"*'"t "oftp,iui" thestructure
to be detrimentalto
p"^""i|[ rit't., *nich is expected

701.4.2 ca4acit|
Netsafebearing
by a factor of safetyas per Clause
It is the nei ultimatebearingcapacitydivided
706.3.1.1.1.
7O1.4.3 Netultimatebearingcapactty
causingshearfailureoi thesoil'
It is the minimumnetpressureintensity
701.4.4 SafebearingcaqacttY
whichthesoilcal *'ry *"'*
rhemaximum pressure ""tull.Y]I:*:*,:::L"."
pressure ""0
i. ttu n"t capacity
bearing plus overburden
original
"ouuiio "ufe
grossbeaingcapacv
701A.5 lJllimate
at whichthe sorl
grosspressureintensityat {he baseof the foundation
It is theminimum
failsin shear.

701.5 BearingStress

701.5,1 lnfe'sitY
GrossPressure
combinations
on soildueto thepossible
at thebaseofthefoundation
It is thetotalpressure
of loadandtheweightof theearthflll'

7o1-5.2 intensw
NetPressure
 IRC;78-2014
oflhegrosspressure
: s::::€rence in intensities andtheoriginal pressure.
overburden
-!1.6
Cofferdam
I =J:iure temporary builtfor the purposeof excluding to permit
wateror soilsufficiently
::-s'J-dctionor proceedwithoutexcessive pumping and to supportthe surrounding
;-jrc.
701.7 Foundation
--3
oartofa brioge
in directcontacl.
withandtransmitting
loadto thefounding
stfata.

701.8 Pier

.iiermediate of thedeck(superstructure)
supports of a bridge.

701.8.1 pier
Abutment

Generallyusein multiple
spanarchbridges. Abutmentpieris designed
fora condition
that
it wouldbesafe.Theseareprovided
evenif onesidearchspancollapses afterthfeeor flve
spans.
701.9 Piles

701-9.1 Bearing/frictionpiles

A piledrivenor cast-in-siiu
fortransmitting
theweightof a structure to thefoundingstrata
bytheresistance developed at the pilebaseand by friction
alongits surface.lf it supports
the loadmainlybythe resistance developed at iis base,ii !s referredto as an end-bearing
pile,andif mainlybyfrictionalongitssurface,as a frictionpile.

701-9-2 Boredcast-in-situpile

A pilelormed withorwithouta casing a holeintheground

byboring andsubsequently
filling
it withplainor reinforced
concrete.

701.9.3 pile
Drivencast-in-situ

a permanent
A pileformedin thegroundbydriving or temporary
casing.
andfillingit with
plainor feinForced
concrete.

701.9.4 Divenpile

A piledrivenintothegroundbytheblowsof a hammerbya vibrator.

5
IRC:78-2014
701.9.5, Precastpile

or prestressed
A reinforced concretepile cast beforedriving,or installingin bore.arid
grouted.

701,.9.6 Rakeror bafterpile

A pileinstalled
at an inclination
to thevertical.
7O1-g.7 Sheetpite

One or a row of pjlesdrivenor formedin the groundadjacentto one anotherin a

continuouswall,eachgenerallyprovidedwitha connecting
jointor interlock,designed
to resistmainlylateralforcesand to reduceseepage;it may be verticalor at an
inclination.

701.9.8 pile
Tension

A pilesubjected is calledtensionpile.
to tension/uplift
70i.9.9 Testpile

Apiletowhicha loadisappliedto determine

and/orconfirm (ultimate
theloadcharacteristics
load/working
load)of thepileandthesurroundingground.
pile
701.9.10 Working

Oneof thepilesformingthefoundation
of thestructure.
70'1.10 Retaining
Wall

Awalldesigned
to resistthe pressure
of earthfillingbehind.

7O1.10.'l Returnwall

A walladjacentto abutmentgenerally
parallello roador flaredup to increased
widthand
raiseduptothetopof road.

701.10.2 Toewall

Awallbuittattheendoftheslopeofearthenent€nkner{ b g€vefltslippingof earthand/

or pitchingon embankment.

6
 IRC;78-2014
101.10.3 Wingwatl
: ,',alladjacent
to abuiment withitstopuptoroad.toplevelnearabutment
andslopingdown
-::3 gfound levelor a litileaboveattheotheiend.Thisis generally
at 4Soto theatignment
:'i3ad or parallelto theriverandfollows profile
or earthenbanks.
701.11 Substructure

Tre bricjge
structure,
suchas,pierandabuimentabovethefoundation
andsuppontng
the
su0erstructure.
lt shallinclude
returns
andwingwallsbutexclude
bearings.
701.'12 WellFoundation

Aiypeoffoundat;on
wherea partofthestructure whichjs generally
is hoilow, bujltin parts
andsunkthioughgroundor waterto ihe prescribeddepthby removing
earththrough
dredge
hole.

7'10.12-1 Tiltof a well

Theinclination
oftheaxisofthewellfrom thevertical
expressed
astheiangent
oftheangle
betweentheaxisof thewellandihe vertical.

701.12.2 Shiftof a wetl

ThelTorizontal
dispracement
of thecentreof thewel at its basein itsfinarpositionfromits
position.
designed

702 NOTATIONS

Forthepurpose
of thiscode,thefoilowing
notations
havebeenadopied;
A, Dispersedconcentric area
A2 Loadedarea
B Width betr,veen outer faces of pile groupin plan parallelto the directionof
movement
C Theallowable bearing pressurewithnearuniform distribution
onthefoundingstrata
c Cohesion
C The perrnissibled;rectcompressive stressin concreteat ihe bearingareaof the
base
D Diameterof pile
IRC:78-2O14
Db Dischargein cubicmetre/sec, (cumecs) permetrewidth
d External
diameter ' : " .well
of circular . . in metre
d, Weightedmeandiametelin mmof bedmaterial
d Meandepthofscourin metrebelowfloodlevel
Fb Longitudinal
forcedueto braking
Centdfugalforce
Fd Deformationeffects.
Horizontalforce"
Earthpressure
Seismicforce
F trrecnon
eITecIS
Ff Frictional
forceat bearings
F lmpactdueto floating
bodies
Secondary effects
WaterCurreni
Temperatureeffecta[SeeNcite(i)]
Wavepressure ISeeNote(ii)l
G Deadload
Buoyancy
G Snowload
h Minimum thickness of steining
in metre
K of activeearthpressure
Co.efficient
K of passiveearthpressure
Co-efficient
K"f Siltfactor
L Lengthbetweenouterfaces of pile groupin plan parallelto the direction
movemenl
Movement of deckoverbearinqs,
otherthandueto appliedforce
Depthof well
Deothof wellin metre.uDto MSL.
Standard penetrationtestvalue
Totalactive.pressure _.,
Po Totalpassivepressure
o Liveload
 IRC:78-2014
R Deadloadreaction
R Liveloadreaction
v Shearratingof elastomeric
bearing
w Windload
G Reduction factor.
F Ratioof longsideto theshortsideof thefooting
s, Undrained shearstrength
tt. Undrained chohesion
p Co-efficient
of friction
.D Angleof internalfriction
t Settlementof pile
6n Settlementof pilegroup
f,OIES; i) Temperature eflects(Fb)inthiscontextis notthefrictionalforce
dueto the movement
of bearingbutthatwhichis causedby ribshortening, etc.
ii) Thewaveforcesshallbe determined by suitable
analysisconsidering
drawingand
inertiaforces;etc.,on siirglestructu€lmenibeisbasedon rationalmethodaor
modelstudies.In caseof groupof piles,piers,etc.,pfoximity
effectsshallalsobe

703DISCHARGE
AND DEPTHOF SCOURFOR
. FOUNDATIONDESIGN

703.1 DesignDischarge
of Foundation

703,1.1 Toprovidefor andadequatemarginof safety,the scourfor foundatjon shall

be designed
for a largerdischaigeover:thedesigndischarge as per IRC:5as
determined
givenbelow:

Increaseover design
Dischargein percerit
0 - 3000 30
3000- 10000, 30-20
10000--40000 20-10
Above- 40000 '10

r\IOIES: i) For inlermediatevaluesoJ catchmentarea, linear interpolationmay be

adopted.

9
t
IRC:78-2014
ii) Theminimum vertical
clearanceabovetheHFLalreadydete.mined IRC:s
as-per
neednotbeincreaseddueto larger
discharge above.
calculaied

703.2 MeanDepthof Scour

ThemeanscourdepthbelowHighestFloodLevel(HFL)for naturalchannelsflowingover
bedcanbe calculated
scourable fromthe following
theoretically equation:
1
ct*=134(!K)3

Where
Thedesigndischarge permeiiewidthoi effective
{of foundation
waterway.

K,,= sampleof bedmaterial

Siltfactorfor a representative obtained.upto
thelevelof anticipateddeepestscour.
703.2.1 The valueof D6 may be determined by dividingthe designdischargefor
foundation linearwaterway
andactualeffective
by lowerof theoretical as givenin IRC:5.

703.2.2 'K"r'is givenbytheexpression

t.76u[. d, beingtheweighted
meandiameter
in millimetre.
703.2.2.1 The valueof K",for virious gradesof sandybed are givenbelowforready
andadoption:
reference
Typeof bed mate al K
Coarsesilt 0.04 0.35
SilVfinesand 0.081to 0.'158 0.5to 0.7
Mediumsand 0.223to 0.505 0 . 8 5t o 1 ' 2 5
Cggl-qe sand o.725 1.5
Finebajriandsand 9 ' 9 8 8. . 1.75
Heavysand 1 . 2 9t o 2 . 0 0 2.Olo 2.42
703.2.2.2 No rationalformulaor data for determining
scourdepthfor bed maierial
consisting
of gravels
andboulders(normallyhavingwelghted
diametermoreihan2.00mm)
In absenceof anydaiaon scourfor suchmaterial,
andclayeybedis available. the mean
scourdepthmaybe calculated theguidelines
following givenin Appendix-l-

703,2,3 lf thereis anypredominant of flowin anypartof waterway

concentration dueto
bendofthestreamin immediateupstreamor downstream or foranyotherreason, wide
like,
acrossthewidthof channel.
oftypeoi bedmaterial
variation thenmeanscourdepthmaybe
10
 IRC:78-20'14
= Illated bydividing jntocompartments
thewaterway as pertheconcentration
i5 offlow
i03.2.4 ln caseof bridgemainly
adopted themeanscourdepth,4,,,may
as balancer,
:e iakenas (Highest
FloodLevel-Lowest
BedLevel)dividedby .j.27.
)r 103.2.5 Scourdepthmaybe determined by actualobservationswhereverpossible.
-is.is particularly
requiredfor clayeyand bouldery sirata.Soundings,whereverpossjble,
srall be takenin the vicinityof ihe sjte for the proposedbriOgeand for any structures
:earby.Suchsoundings are bestduringor jmmediately aftera floodbeforethe scour
r'rcles
havehadtimeto be siltedup.Themeanscourdepthmaybe fixedbasedon such
observationsandtheoretical calculation.
703.3 MaximumDepthof Scourfor Designof Foundation
703.3.'lThemaximumdepthof scourbelowtheHjghest
FloodLevei(HFL)forthedesign
of piers
andabutments
havingindivjdual
foundations
without
anyfloorproiectton
maybe
considered
asfollows.
703.3.1.1 Floodwithoutseismiccombination
i) Fofpiers - 2.0cl,^
ii)For
abutments')
13]k,X[iril,iJ#:L'::11'"L*'"'*'
b) 2.00d".withscourallaround.
703.3.1.2 Floodwith seismic
combnation
Forconsidering
loadcombination
offrood andseismic (together
roads wiihotherappropriate
combinations
givenelsewhere)
ihemaximum depthofscourgivenjn Clause703,3..1
.1may
be reduced
by multiplying
factorof 0.9.

7433.1.3 Fotlowwaterrever(wirhoutfroodconditions)combined
withseismiccombination
m€ximum levelof scourbelowhighfJoodlevelcanbe assurned
as 0.gtimesscourgivenin
Clause703.3.1.
NOTE: In respect
of viaducURoBhavingno possibility
of scouf,resistance
of soilmaybe
consideredbeJow depthof excavation
for servicesconstruction,
or 2.0 m below
groundlevelwhichever
isgreater.
703.3.2 For the designof floor protectionworksfor raft or openfoundatjons,
the
following
valuesof maximum
scourdepthmaybeadopted:
i) Ina siraightfeach 1.27d
ii) ln a bend '1.50d"-
or onthebasisof concentration
of flow
11
"RC:?&z014
maybe 0.7timesof tl-tesameon downstream
Thelengthof apronon upstream

703,4 Specialstudiesshouldbe underlaken the maximum

for determining scour
in allsituations
depthforthedesignof foundations whereabnormal such-as,
conditlons,
areencountered;
the[ollowing

i) a bridge beinglocated ona bendof theriverinvolving a curvilinearflow,or

excessive shoalformation, or
ii) a bridge beinglocated at a sitewherethedeepchannel intheriverhugstq
oneslde,or
iii) a bridgehaving verythickpiersinducing heavylocalscours, or
iv) wheretheobliquity offlowin theriveris considerable,or
v) wherea bridgeis required to be constructedacrossa canal,or acrossa
riverdownstream of storageworks,with the possibility of the relatively
clearwaterinducing greater scours. or
vi) a bridgeinthevicinityof a dam,weir,barrage or otherirrigationstructures
whereconcentration of flow aggradations/degradation of bed,eic. are
likelyto affectthe behavior of thestructures.
vii)An additional tow-lane bridge whenlocatedneartotheexisting bfidge,on
majorrivers.

NOTET Thesestudies discharge

fortheincrease
shallbeconducted videClause
calculated
703.1.1.

703.5 lf a riveris of a flashynatureand bed doesnot Ienditselfreadilyto the

formulafor dsmandmaximum
scouringeffectof floods,thetheoretical depthof scouras
recommended shaltnotapply.Insuchcases, themaximum depthshallbeassessed from
actualobservations.

EXPLORATION
704 SUB-SURFACE
704.1 Obiectives
exploration
of thesub-surface
Theobiectives are:

i) DuringPreliminaryInvestigationstage
process
As a partof siteselection geological
to studyexisting mzipsandother
information, previouslypreparedand availablesite investigationreports,
knowndataof nearbystructures, aboutriverbed
if any,surfaceexamination
andbanks, etc.,whichwillhelpin narrowingdownofsitesunderconsideration
4a
 lRCt78-2014
forfuriherstudiesfor projectpreparation
stage.
ii) DetailedInvestigationStage
Todetermine thecharacteristics
of theexistinggeo-materials.
like.soil.rock.
of the prooosed
bedmaterialin watercourses,etc.in the zoneof influence
bridge
sitesinsucha wayastoestablish thedesignparameterswhich influence
thechoice
anddesign details
ofthevarious structural
elements, especiallythe
foundation
type.
iiD DuringConstructionStage
of geo-materials
Tocodfirmthecharacteristics in stage(ii)based
established
onwhichthedesignchoices
aremadeandto re-confirm thesameor modifyto
suittheconditions
metat specificfoundation
locations.

704.2 Zoneof Influence

Zoneof influence mentioned in Clause704.1(ii) is definedas the full lengthof the bridge
including portion
of wing/returnwallandpartof approaches covering,(butnotrestricted to),
thefullfloodzoneforwatercourses, anduptodepthbelowproposed foundation levelswhere
influenceofstressesduetofoundation islikelytoaffectthebehaviourofthestructure, including
settlement,subsidence undergroundflowof watef,etc.Thewidihof thelandstripon ejther
sideof the proposed structureshouldinclude zonesin whichthehydraulic characteristicscf
riverwaterarelikelyto be changed flowpatterns,
affecting scour,etc.

704.3 Methodsof Exploration

A largevarietyof investigative
methodsare available.
A mostsuitableand appropriate
combination of theseshallbe chosen. Guidelines
for choiceof typesof investigations,
propertiesof geo-materialsthat needbe established, the in-situtesting,sampling,
laboratorytestingare given in Appendix-2.This may be furthersupplemented by
specializedtechniquesdepending on theneed.
.
705DEPTHOF FOUNDATION
705.1 General
Thefoundation shallbedesigned towithstandtheworstcombination of ioadsandforces
evaluatedin accordance withthe provisionsof Clause706.Thefoundations shallbe
takento suchdepththattheyaresafeagainst scouror protected fromit.Apartfromthis,
the depthshouldalsobe sufficientfromconsideration of bearingcapacity,
settlement,
potential,
liquefaction stability
andsuitability
of strataat thefounding
levelandsufficient
depthbelowIt. In caseof brldgeswherethe meanscourdepthdsm'iscalculated with
13
IRC:78-2014
CIause 703,2,thedepthof foundation structures
sfiallnotbe lessihanthoseof existing
in ihe vicinity.
705.2 OpenFoundation
705.2.1 tn soit
Theembedment in soil.shall
of foundations of anticipated
assessment
be basedoncorrect
givenunderClause
thevalues
scourconsidering 703.

Foundationmaybe iakendownto a comparatively shallowdepihbelowthe bedsudace

is proiected
andthefoundaiion
pfovidedgoodbearingstratumis available, againstscour'

Theminimum shallbeUptostratum
depthofopehfoundations having capacity
safebearing
bul notlessthan2.0m belowthescdurlevelor theprotected
bedlevel.

705.2.2 ln rocks
Foropenfoundaiions restingonrock,thedepthofrock,whichintheopinion ofthegeological
expertisweathered shallbeexcluded
orfissured, in deciding thedepthofembedment into
the rockexistingbelowWherefoundations areto reston crediblerocks'cautionshallbe
exercised.toestablishthe foundationlevelat sufficientdepth,so as to ensureihat they
do notgetundermined, keeping in viewthecontinued erosion of the bed.Afterallowing
forconditionsstipulaiedabovetheminimum embedment of theToundationsintotherock
belowshallbeasfollows, whichin caseof slopingrockproiile canbeprovided byproperly
benching thefoundat;ors.

Typeof Rock Embedment depth

For rocks of moderatelystfong and above in table 2 of 0.6m
of rock(underclause8.2of appendix
classificaiion 2) having
UCSof morethan12.5IVIPA or whereit is noipossible
to take
coreio get the UCS but extrapoiatedSPT N valueis more
than500
o ) Forrockof moceraiely weakandbelowin table2 of classifi- 1 . 5m
cationof rock(underclause8.2of appendix 2) having
UCS< 12.5MPAbui: 2.5MPAor whereit is notpossible
to takecoreto getthe UCSbutextrapolated SPTN valueis
morethan100butlessthan500

705.3 WellFoundations

705.3.1 ln soit
 IRC:78-2014
,',= ':Jrla onsshallbetakendownto a depihwhichwillprovide
a minimumgripof i/3'dthe
-:r: -rrm depthof scourbelowthedesignscouf
levelspecified
;nClause703,3.
;05.3.2 ln rccks
:s :aras possible,thewellsshallbetakenbyallthemethods of sinkingincludrng pneumatic
: :krng(where considered necessary),d6watering,
etc.tofoundationlevelandshallbeevenly
s::ied all aroundthe periphery on soundrock(i.e.,devoidof fissures,
cavities,weathered
-:re. likeiyextentof erosion,
etc.)by providing
adequate embedment. Theextentof seating
::J embedment in eachcaseshallbedecided bytheEngineer-in-charge keepjng inviewihe
'::iors n]entioned
aboveto ensureoverallandlong{ermsafetyof thestructure.lt is advisable
:r .irakea sump(shearkey)of 300mmin hardrockor 600mmin softrockinsidethewellby
:i;seling/blasiing.
Diameter ofsumpmaybe1.5to2 m lessthaninnerdredge_hole subject
toa
- n,mJnsizeof i.cm. Sixdowel barsof25mmdiadeformed ba|smaybeancl-ored 1.5m in
-Jckandprojected '1.5m above.These maybeanchored inminimum 65mmdiaboreholes and
l:outed with1:11,cement mortar.

705.4 PileFoundations

705.4.1 Insoil,theminimum
depthoffoundations belowthepojntoffixityshould
bethe
minimumlength
required
fordeveloping
fullfixityascalculated
byanyrational formula.
705.4.2 In rocks,the pjle shouldbe takendownto rockstratadevoidof anv likelv
extension
of erosionandproperly
socketedas requiredbythedesign.

706 LOADS, FORCES, STABILITY AND STRESSES .

706.1 Loads,Forcesand their Combinations
706.1,'l Theloadsandforcesmaybeevaluated as perIRC:6andtheircombinatjons
ior thepurposeof thiscociewjllbe asfo||ows:

l): G + fQ or G) + F* + Fr + Fb + c b+ F,,t+ F.e

Combination
ll):i) + W + F^"
Combinat;on

or
ii)

iii) : G + Fwc+ Gb+ Fep+ F*+ Fr + (W or F.s)

Combination

15
a

tRc.Tei-2014
706.1.2 The permissible increasein stiessesin the variousmemberswill be 331/3
of wind(W and50 percentfor the combinalion withseismic
p"ri""t
'F t"t tn"
""toination increaseiRallowable
t ot F,). The permissible' basepressureshouldbe 25 percent
ioin"rr Jofr'oinu,tn"exceptcombination i) However,when temperatureeffects(FJ'
foranymembers
effects(fd)arealsoto beconsidered in
secondarv effects(FJ deformation
increasiinstresses
*iin ii,ri"npermissible members
invarious andallowable
""rii.",il"
bearing pressure willbe 15percent.
706.2 HorizontalForcesat BearingLevel

706.2.1 SimPIYsuqqorledsqans
beadngs(other than
706.2.1.1 For simply supportedspan with fixed and free
bearinglevel in the
Elsiomerlt type) on stiff supports,horizontalforces at the
direction
longitudinal below:
shallbe as.given

FixedBearing FreeBearing

1\ Fh-u(R s+ Rq) p(Rn*R)

ii') iRs+Rq) p(R"+R")

++p

Fh

wnere
= Appliedhorizontal force
Rn = Reactionat thefreeenddueto deadload
Rq = Reaciionatthefreeenddueto liveload
lJ of frictionat the movablebesring\vhichshallbe
= Co-efficient
assumed to havethe allowable values:

i) Forsteelrollerbearings : 0 03
ii) Forconcreterollerbearings : 005
beadngs:
iii) Forsliding :
a).Steeloncastironor stedonsied : 04

16
 lRCtTB-2014
b) Greycastironolt greycastjron : 0.3
(Mechaniies)
c) Concrete
overconcrete ; 0.5
) d) Telflonon stainless
steej : 0.03aod0.05
(whichever
is governing)
-15.2.1.2 Incaseof simply
supported
smallspansupto10m andwherenobeaflngs are
:.oyided,horizontal
forcein thelongitudinal
direciion
ai thc ltearingieveishallbe
F
; or /t(Rg) whicheveris greatei
106.2.1.3 Fora strnply
supported
spansiitingon identical
electrcmeirjc
bearings
at
eacnendand.resting
on unyielding
supports.

Forceof eachend=
z n v,t,"
4 = Shearratingcfthe e,ectrontetric
beafjflgs
/b = Movement of deckabovebearing,
otherthandueto appiied
iorces
706-2.2 Simplysuppartedanclcantinuousspanon flexible supaorts
7?6.2?1..ThedistributionofappliediongiiudjnathoflzontdItbrce(e.g.,braking
',,,,ind,
etc.)depends solelyonshearratingofthesupporis anCmaybees,,-imatec tnproponron
:o the fatioof individual
shearratingof a suppoftto the sumci fl]e shearratjngso, all the
supports. Shearratingof a supportis ihe horjzontalforcerequiredto moveihe iop of ihe
suoportthrougha unitdistancetakinginio accounthorizcntal defcfmstiorjcf rhe hr;.r.a
iexingofthesupport androtationoftheiouncjaiion.
706.3 Basepressure

The a owabiebearingpressureand the seftiementcharacteflstics

19-63.1 under
dii€fent loadsancjstressesmay be determined on the basisof sub_sort
exptoration
and iesting.Thoughthe help of reievantindianSian.dardCode of pfacticernay be
:aken,the allowablebearingpressuremay be calculatedas gfoss
so ihai rne gross
rfessure at thebasewithout
deducting
thesoiidisplaceo.can
becomputed.

706.3.1.1 Factoraf safety

706.3.1.1.1Foropen foundations
ancjwellfoundaiion
resiingonsoil,theallo!.rabie
bearinc
!ressureon ultimate
bearingcapacitymaybetakenas 2.5fcr soil.

17
IRC:78-2014
andwellfoundation restingon rock'theallowablebearing
706.3.1.1.2 Foropenfoundations
of parent,rockbutalsoon
pressure on rockmaybe decideduponnotonlyon thestrength
iverattcnaracteristics particularly like,joints,beddingplanes,faults,weathered
deflciencies,
the valueof
.onua, In absenceof suchdetailsor analysisof overallcharacteristics'
",".
Llto, ot s"tetylas"d on unconfined compressive strengthof theparentrockmaybe taken
indicaiedon the basisof localexperience Theallowable bearing
as 6 to 8 unleisotherwise (i)
is to be{urtherrestrictedto notover3 MPafor loadcombination
fressure,thus,obtained the clause7093 2
ioo.'t.t. ror.Factorof safei1,in caseof pilefoundation
;;;ilbi";;;
shallbe referred

likedisintegrated
geo-material
Theintermediate orverysoftrockmaybetreated
weathered
as soll.

706.3.2 settlement
Allowableselflement/differential

setilementbetweenthe foundationsof simpiy

706.3.2.1 The calculateddifferential
notexceed1 in4OO ofthedistance thetwofoundations
beti4/een from
"uiport"O"pu*.n"ll hasbeenmadeior rectification
ridingqualityunlessprovision
oftolerable
theconsideration
ofthissetilement.

settlement'
to differential
sensitive limithas
thetolerable
706.3.2.2 In caseof structures
to be flxedforeachcaseseparately

706.3.3 tensionat thebaseof foundation

Permissible

of loadson soils
underanycombination
706.3.3.7 Notensionshallbe permitted

706.3.3.2|ncaseofrockiftensionisfoundtobedevelopedatthebaseoffoun
thebaseareashouldbe reduced to a sizewhereno tensionwilloccurandbasepressure
Tnemaxtmum
is recalculated. pressure on suchreducedareashouldnotexceedallowable
area
bearingpressure. Suchreducedareashallnot be lessthan67 percentof the total
seismic,or impactof barge'and 80 percentfor otherload
including
for loai combination
combinations.

706.3.4 Factorof safetyfor stability

andslidingaregivenbelowThesearemainlyrelevant
ofsafetyagainstoverturning
Factors

18
 IRC:78-2014
ftr openfoundations:
Wthout With Seismic
SeismicCase uase
i) Againstoverturning 2 1 q
ii) Againstsliding 1.5 1.25
iii) Againstdeep-seated
failure 1.25 1.15
Fd€lional
co-efficient
between concreteandsoilirock
willbeTanO,@beingangleoffriction.
Foundingsoil in foundationof bridgebeinggenerallyproperlyconsolidated.
following
Elues mavbe adopted:

Flictionco-efflcient
betweensoilandconcrete 0.5
Fdctionco-efficient
betweenrockandconcrere 0.8forgoodrockand0.7
forfissuredrock
706.3.5 Pilefoundations
Theallowable
load;the allowable
settlemenvdifferential
setflement
andthe proceoures
ro
determine
thesamefor pilefoundations
aregivenin Clause709.
707 OPEN FOUNDATIONS
707.1 General
707.1.1 Provision of the Clauseunder707 shallapplyfor designof isolatedfootings
and,whereapplicable,
to combined footings,andrafts.
707.1-2 Openfoundatioirs may be providedwherethe foundations can be taidin a
sfatumwhichis jnerodible or wheretheextentof scourof the bedis reliablyknown.The
foundationsare to be reliablyprotectedby meansof suitablydesignedaprons,cut_off
wallsor/andlaunchingapronsas maybe necessary
7O7-2 Design

707.2-1 Thethickness
of thefootingsshallnotbe lessthan300mm.

707.2.2 Bendingmoments

707.2.2.1 Forsoljdwalltypesubstructure
wlthone-wayreinforcedfooting,the bending
momentscan be determinedas one-wayslab for the unit widthsubjectedIO WOTST
mmbinationof loadsandforces.
707-2.2.2 Forlwo-wayfooting,bendingmomentat anysectionof the footingshallbe
d€termined by passinga verlicalplanethroughthe footingand computing the moment
of theforcesactingoverthe entir€areaof footingsone side of the verticalplane.The
19
IRC:78-20'14
criticalsectionof bendingshallbe at thefaceof thesolidcolumn.
or polygonal
footings
707.2.2.3 ln caseof circular fooiings,the bendingmomenisin
in accordance
thefootingmaybe determineci withanyrationalmethod.Methodsgivenby
Timoshenko andRowefor PlateAnalysisafe acceptable.
707.2.2.4 Fot cambined footingssupporting thecriticalsections
twoor morecolumns, for
bendingmomenisalongtheaxisof thecolumnsshalibe at thefaceof the columns/walls.
of criticalsectionsfor bendingmomentsbetweenthe column/
Further,for determinaiion
walls,anyrationalmethodof analysisbe adopied.
707.2.3 Theshearstrengthofthefootingmaybe checkedat thecriticalsectionwhich
'd'
is theverticalseciionat a distance fromthefaceof thewallfor one-wayactionwhere
'd' is theeffective
depthof thesectionat thefaceof thewall.
707.2.3.1 For two-wa1,actionior slab or footing,the criiicalsectionshould be
perpendicular
to planof slabandso locatedthaiitsperimeter
is minimum, butneednot
approachcloserthanhalfthe effectivedepthfromthe perimeter loador
of concentrated
reaclionarea.

707.2.4 To ensureproperloadtransfer,a limitingvalueof fatioof depthto length/

widthof footingequalio 1:3 is specified.Basedon this,for slopedfootingsthe depth
depthattheenCplusl/3'dofihedistance
atthecriticalseciionshallbeiherninimum
effective
betweentheextremeedgeofthefootingto thecriticalsectionfoi designof thefootingfor
aI purposes.

707,2.5 The criticalsectionfor checkingdevelopmentlengthof reinforcementbars

shouldbe takento be the samesectionas givenin Clause747.2,3and alsoali other
Verticalplaneswhereabruptchangesin sectionoccur.

707-2-6 Tensilercinforcement

707.2.6.1 fheEnsilereinfo;cementshallprovidea momentof resistance

ai leastequal
withClause7S7.2.2.
in accordance
to thebendingmomenton thesectioncalculated

shall be distribuiedacfossihe corresponding

7o7.2.6.2 fhe tensilereinforcement
sectionas below:
resisitino

a) ln one-v,/ay
reinforcedfooting,the reinforcementshall be same as
forcritical
calculated unitwidthas mentioned in Clause707.2.2.1.
squarefooting,ihe reinforcement
b) In two-wayreinforced extendingin eadr
shallbedistributed
directlon acrossthefullsectionofthefootirE!
uniformly

20
 IRC:78-2O14
c) ln iwo-wayreinforced rectangulaffooting,the reinforcementjn the long
directionshallbe distributeduniformlyacross{hefullwidthof thetboting.
Forreinforcement in the shortdirection,
a centraibandequalio theshort
sideof the footingshallbe markedalongthe lengthof ihe footingand
portionof ihe reinfofcement determined in accorclancewiththeeq.uaiion
givenbelowshellbe uniformly distribuiedabrossthe centi"al
bancl:
Reinforcement
in centralband 2
lbtal Reinforcement
in shortdifection B+1

WhereB = theratioof thelongsideio ihe sho( sideof thefooting

The remainderof the reinforcement
shallbe uniformly
distdbuted
in the
outerportions
of thefooting.
Inthecaseofa circuiarshapedfooting,ihe reinforcementshallbeprcvided
on the basisof the criticalvaluesof radialand circumfefential
bending
momenisin the form of radialand circumferential steel.Alternatively,
equivalent grid
orihogonal canbe provided.
707,2.7 Theareaof tensionreinforcement
shouldas per IRC:112,Clausenumber
16.5.1.1

707.2.8 All facesof the footingshallbe providedu/iiha minimumsteelof 250 mmr/

metrein eachdirection for all gradesof reinforcemeni.
SDacing of thesebarsshallnotbe
|norethan300mm.Thissteelmaybe considered to be actingas tensilereinfofcement
on
ihatface,if required
fromthe designconsiderations.

747,2,9 ln caseof plainconcrete.brickor stonemasonryfooiings,the loadfromthe

pierorcolumn shallbetakenasdisDersed
ihrough thefooiing
atananglenotexceeding 450
io vertical.
7Q7.3 OpenFoundationsat SlopedBcd Profite

707.3.1 Openfoundationsmayreston slopedbedorofileprovideci

the stabiliiyof the
slopeisensureC.
Thefootings
shallbe located
ona horizonlal
base.

707,3.2 Forthe foundations adjacent to each-othe( the pressurecomingfromihe

icundations laidon the higherleveJshauidbe dul_v considered on thefoundaiions at th_.
ii'"verleveldueto the dispersionsof the pressure fromthe foundation at the higlrerlevel.
Thedistance between thetwofoundations at dillerentlevelsmaybe decidedin sucha way
:f,minimize ihiseffecttakingintoaccount thenature of soij.
IRC:78-2014
707-4 Construction

707.4.1 Theprotective beforethefloodssothatthefoundation

worksshallbecompleted
doesnotgetundermined.

i07.4.2 on openfoundations
Excavation safety
shallbe doneaftertakingnecessary
forwhichguidance
precautions maybetakenfromlS 3764.

707.4.3 Whereblastingis requiredto be donefor excavation in rock,and is likely

'to endangeradjoiningfoundations necessary
or otherstructures, precautions,suchas,
blasting,providing
controlled suitablemat coverto flyingof debris, shallbe
prevent etc.
takento preventanydamage.

707.4.4 Conditionfor laying offoundations

707.4.4.1 Normally,theopenfoundations shouldbelaiddryandeveryavailable method

by pumpingor depression
of dewatering of waterby wellpoint,etc-.maybe resortedto.A
levelling
courseof 1OOmmthicknessin M 10(1:3:6)shallbe provided belowfoundation.

707.4.4.2 ll it is determined before-hand that the foundationsconnotbe laid dry or

the situationis suchthatthe is too heavyfor keeping foundation
percolation the dry the
foundation concreiemaybe laidunderwateronlyby tremiepipe.In caseof flowingwater
or artesiansprings,theflowshallbe stoppedor reducedas far as possibleat the timeof
placingof concrite.No pumpingof watershallbe permitted fromthe time of placingof
concreteupto24 hoursafterplacement.

707.4.5 All spacesexcavated andnotoccupied pieror otherpermanent

by abutments,
worksshallbe refilledwithearthuptothesurfaceofthesurrounding ground,withsufficient
allowancefor settlement. mmpactedandin general,its top
All backfillshallbe thoroughly
surfaceshallbe neatlygraded.

707.4.6 In caseof excavation aroundthefootingshallbefilled-up

in rock,thetrenches
of M 15gradeuptotopof therock.
withconcrete

707.4.6.1 lf thedepthof fill requiredis morethan1.5m in softrockor 0.6m in hardrock

abovethefoundationlevel,thenconcrete maybefilleduptothislevelby M 15concreteand
portionabovemaybefilledby concrete groutedwithcement.
or by boulders

the designloadsandforces
on rockin riverbridges,
707.4.6.2 Fot designoffoundation

22
 IRC:78-2414
uptoihebottom
:rall beconsidered Theloadoffiiling
offooting. in
neednotbeconsidered
::abiitycalculations
708 WELL FOUNDATIONS
708.1 General

708.1.'l Foundations supporting the supersiruciure locatedin deepwatercannels

shallcompriseof propedydimensioned caissons preferablyhavinga singledredgehole.
',1,/hile the shape,sizeand typeof well,the sizeof abutment
selecting and pierto be
accommodated, streamline
needforefiecting flow,thepossibilityof theuseof pneumatic
sinking, depthoffoundation
theanticipated andthenaiureof datato be penetrated should
3e keptin view Theminimum dimensions of dredge-hole shallnot be lessthan3 m. In
:asethereis deepsiandingwater,properlydesigned floatingcaissons maybe usedas per
Clause 708.12.

tlowever,in caseof;argerbridgesacrossriversin widefloodplainsproneto scour,delta/

:ldalrivers,
channelswithinlandwaterway trafficandbridges locations,
in coastal/marine
:i'renumber shallbe reduced
foundations
of intermediate as faras practicable.

708.1.2 lf theexiernal
diametef of singiecircular 12 m thenEngineef-
wellexceeds
n-charge
maytakerecourse to anyof thefollowing:

shallbeevaluated
a) Stressin steining FiniteElement
using3-Dimensional
N4ethod(3DFE[i) or anyothersuitable
anal]4ical
method.

b) Stiffening
by compartments well.
maybe donefor the singlecircular
Designof suchstiffened designand
wellsshallcallfor supplemenial
construction
specifications,

c) wellmaybe adopted
TwinD-shaped
-08.1.3 shouldbe duly
arisingout of sand blow,if anlicipated,
The conditions
:cnsidered whencircular
wellis analysed methodor
analytical
using3D FE|\4/suitable
siiifened wellsareused.
cifcular

708.1.4 Bottomplugof wellshouldbe suitably designedto resistmaximum upward

':'ce actingon it duringconstruction plugging
following as wellas duringlifespanof the
S:atlCiUre.
708.2 WellSteining
708.2.1 Thickness shouldbe suchsc thatit is possible
of the steining io sinkthe
'.elt\vithoui
excessive
kentledge andwithoutgettingdamaged duringsinkingor during
lRCiTB-20'14
.ec|'ilingtheexcessive
iiltsandshifts.Thesieiningshouldalsobe ableto resistdifferential
eaithpressure developed duringsandblowor otherconditions,like,sudden drop. I
Siresses shouldbe withinpermissible
at variouslevelsof the steining limitsunderall
conditions
for loadsthatmaybe transferred
to thewell.

708.2.2 Useof cellular steining

witfltwoor moreshellsor useof composite
material
in
wellsteiningshallnotbe permitted
forwellsupto12 m diameter.
708.2.3 Steiningthickness

708.2-.3.1fhe minimum thickness

of thewellsteining
shallnotbe lessthan500mmand
saiisfythefollowingrelationship:

h = Kd''F

= minimum
thickness
of steining
in m
d = external
diameter
of circular
wellof dumbbellshaped
wellor in caseof
twinD wellssmaller in planin metres
dimension
= depihof weilsin melrebelowtop of v,/ellcapor LWLwhicheveris more
(forfioatingcaisson'/ ' may-be takenas depthof wellin meiresbelow
bed level).

= a ccnslalti

Valueof K shallbe as follows:

i) \A/eliin cementconcrete K = 0.03

ii) U/ellin brickrnasonry K = 0.05
iii) T\,vin
D wells K = 0.039
708.2.3.2 the minimumsteiningthickness
may be vafiedfrom ebove in following
conditons:

$trata Va!'iationfrom the Recornrnended

minimurn varialionupto
a) Veil/softclavstrata Reduced 1A%
b) Harcjclaysirata Increased lAa/.
c) Boulderstraiaoi-wellrestingon Incieased 104/a
iockinvolvingblasting

24
 RC:78-2014
-:,.2.3.3
However,
following
aspects
mayalsobeconsidered
depending
on thestrata:
a) Verysoft clay strata;l\,4ain
criteriafor reduction
in steiningthicknessis
to preventthewellpenetrating by its ownweight.Whenthe thickness is
so reduced, thesteiningshalibe adequately reinforced,to getsufficient
strength.
b) Hardclay strata:Depending on tite previousexperience, the increase
in steining
thicknessmaybe morethan10percent.
c) Boulderystrataor well restingon rock involvingblasting:higher
gradeof concrete,
higherreinforcement,
useof steelplatesin the lower
podions,etc.,maybe adopted.
-J8.2.3.4
fhe recommended valuesgivenin Clause709.2.3.2
can be furthervaried
:=sedon localexperience
andin accordance
withCecision
of Engineer_in_charge.
-i3.2.3.5
lf specialised
methods suchas,jacl(clownmethod,
of sinking, areadopted
:-3r'rihe steiningthicknessmay be adjustedaccordingio designand construction
=:uirements-
-i8.2.3.6
Anyvariaiion as proposed
fromdimensions in Clause708.2.3.1
shoutdbe
:::ided before theproposai.
framing
--.8.2.3.7
Whenthe depthof wellbelowwellcapis equalto or morethan30 m, the
---cknessof the
steiningof lhe lvellcalculatedas per Ciause709,2.3maybe reduced
::JVe scourlevelin a slopeof t horizontal
to 3 verticalsuchthat ]e reducedthickness
of
'--esteining
shouldnotbe lessthanrequired as perClause708.2.3 forthedepthof well
-:io scourlevelwiththereduced diameter.

:e reduction
in thickness
shallbe donein theoutersudaceof thewellThedtameier
ot
-ier dredge
holeshallbe keptunifom.
-:e
minimum steelandtheconcrete
gradein theslopeportion
shallbe sameas forthe
::::.lingbelolv
scourlevel.
l,"rlmumdevelopmentlengthof all the vertical
steelbarsshallbe provided
beyond
ihe
- .imumsectionas shownin theAppendix-3(Fig.
1).
-- stressin ihereduced
secijon
of steining
shailalsobe checkeci.
-:3.3
D?sign
Considerations
-:3.3.1
Theexieinal
Ciameter
cf thebrickmasonry
wellsshallnotexceed
6 m. Brick
25
IRC:78-2014
wellsfor depthgreaterthan20 m shallnotbe permitted.
masonry

708.3-2 Forbrickmasonry wells,bricknotlessthanGrade-Ahavingstrength

notlessthan
TlMPa-
conforming usedin cementmortarnotleanerthan1:3
to lS 1077shall,be

708.3.3 Forplainconcrete wells,vertical (whether

reinforcements mildsteelor deformird
bars)in thesteiningshallnotbe lessthah0.12percentof grosssectional
areaofthe actual
thickness provided.
Thisshallbeequallydistributed
onbothfacesofthesteining.Thevertical
reinforcements shallbetiedup withhoopsteelnotlessthan0.04 percentof thevolumeper
as shownin the4 ppendix-3(Fig.2).
unitlengthof thesteining,

708.3.4 ln casewherethewellsteiningis designed as a reinforcedconorete element,

it shallbe consideredas a columnsectionsubjectedto combined axialloadandbending.
However, the amountof verticalreinforcementprovidedin the steiningshallnot be less
than0.2percent(foreithermildsteelor deformed bars)of the actualgrosssectionalarea
of the steining.On the innerface,a minimumof 0.06 percent (of grossarea)steelshall
be provided. Thetransverse in thesteiningshallbe provided
reinforcement in accordance
withtheprovisionsfora columnbutin nocaseshallbelessthan0.04percentofthevolume
perunitIength ofthesteining.

Thehorizontalannularsectionofwellsteining
shallalsobechecked
forovalisation
moments
by any rationalmethodtakingaccountof sideearthpressures evaluatedas per Clause
7.O8.4.

708.3.5 Thevertical bondrodsin brickmasonry shallnotbelessthan0.1percent

steining
areaandshallbe encasedintocementconcrete
of the cross-sectional of M 15 mixof size
'150mmx 150mm.Theserodsshallbeequally distributed
alongthecircumference inthemiddle
ofthesteiningandshallbetiedupwithhoopsteelnotlessthan0.04percent ofthevolumeper
Thehoopsteelshallbe provided
unitlengthofthesteining. in a concretebandat spacing of4
timesofthethicknessofthesteining or 3 metres,
whichever RCC
is less.Thehorizontal bands
not
shall be less
than300 mm wide and 150 mm high,reinforcedwithbarsofdiameter notless
than10mmplacedai thecorners andtiedwith6 mmdiameter at 300mmcentres,
stirrups as
shownin theAppendrx-3 (Frg.3).

708.3.6 Thestressesin wellsteiningshallbe checkedat suchcriticalsectionswhere

tensileandcompressive stresses arelikelyto be maximum
andalsowherethereis change
in theareaof reinforcement
or in theconcrete mix.

7OA.4 Stabilityof Well Foundations

7O8.4.'l anddesignofwellfoundations
Thestability shallbedoneunderthemostcritical
26
:
 lRc.78-2014

:crbjnationofloadsandforcesasperClause706 Thepfessure shallsatisfy

onfoundations
--^eprovisions 706
of Clause

708.4.2 Sideeafthresistance

108.4.2.1fhe sideearthresisiance as per guidelines

may be calculated givenin
in
The use of provisionsIRC:45rnay be usedfor pier well foundations
Appendix-g.
soil.
:ohesionless

rc8'4.2'2rhesideearth|esistanceSha|IbeignoredinCaseofwe||foundations
then
bearingpfessureis lessthan1 l\'4Pa'
:n rock.lf rockstratais suchthattheallowable
::resideearthresistance maybetakenintoaccount

708.4.3 Earlhpressure
on abutments

708.4.3.1lf the abutments are designed to retainearthand not spilling in front'the

'3undations of suchabutments shallbe designed to withstandthe earthpressure and
:orizontalforcesfor thecondition of scourdepthin frontof 1.27d", withapproach reiained
.nJ z d",*lth ullaroundln caseof scourallaround' liveloadmay nol be considered'
""ort
708.4.3.2 HoweYer, whereearthspillingfromthe approaches is reliablyproteciedin
afont,reliefdue to the spillingearthin frontmay be considefed frombottomof well cap
iownwards.

708.4.4 Constructionstage

708.4.4.1Stabilityofthewellshallalsobechecked fortheconstruction stagewhenthere

andthe wellis subjected dueto water
to designscour,full pfe-ssure
s no superstructure
fulldesign
:urrentand/or earthpressureas in thecaseof abutment wells

7A8.4.4.2 Dwingthe construction of wellswhenit has not reachedthe foundinglevel

cr hasnotbeenpiugged, to fullpressuredueto water
thewellsare likelyto be subjected
,urr"ntuptofrtt Thismayresultin tilting,slidingandshiftingAs a partof thesafety
""oi,;this shouldbe considered
juring construction, and safetyof well mustbe ensuredby
sultablemethods, whererequired

708.5 Tilts and Shifts

-:8.5.7 As faras possible,thewellsshallbe sunkplumbwithout anytiltsandshifts'
- c'.vever, '150mmduetotranslation ina direction
(bothadditive)
a tiltof I in80anda shiftof
..,IlchWillcausemostseve|eeffectShalIbeconSideredinthedesignofwelIfo
27
IRC:78-2014
T0B.S.2lftheactualtiltsandshiftsexceedtheabovelimits,thentheremedial
havetoberesorted to bringthewellwithin thatlimit.lf it isnotpossible theniiseffectonbearing
pressure,steiningstressind othersiruciural elements shailbe examined, andcontrolledif
necessary by resorting
andfeasiLrle, to changein spanlength.TheEngineer-in-charge may
themaximum
liketo specify tiltsandshiftsuptowhichthewellmaybeaccepted subject the
to
bearing presiureandsteining stressbeingwithinlimiis,bychanging thespanlengthif needed'
andbeyondwhichthewellwillbe rejected irrespective of theresultof anymodification'

708.6 CuttingEdge

708.6.1 Themildsteelcuttingedgeshallbestrongenoughandnotlessthan40 kg/mto

faciIitate'sinkingoftheWellthroughthetypesofstrataexpectedtobeejcodntered
to the wellcurb Forsinkingthrough
anyd;mage.lt shallbe properlyanchored
suffering
rock,cuttingedgeshouldbe suitablydesigned

708.6.2 Whenthereare two or morecompartments in a well,the loverend of the

cuttingedgeof the middlestemsof suchwellsshallbe keptabout300 mm abovethat
of theouterstemsto preventrocking,as shownin theAppendix-3(Fig' 2)'

7gA.7 Well Curb

708.7.1Thewel|curbShouldbesuchthatitWil|offertheminimumresistance
loads
wellis beingsunkbutshouldbe strongenoughto be ableto transmitsuperimposed
fromthesteiningto ihe bottomplug.
708.7.2 Theslrapeandlhe outlinedimension of thecurbas givenin Appendix'3(Fig'
'as'
Theinternalangleof thecurb as shownin Appendix-3
2) maybetakenfor guidance.
or decreasedbasedon
ftg- , shouldbe keptat about30"to 37' andmaybe increased
andgeotechnical
pastexperience data.

7A8.7,3 The wellcurbshalllnvariably be in reinforcedconcrete of ''nixnot ieaner

than M 25 with minimumreinforcement of 72 kglcumexcludingbondrods The steel
shallbe suitablyarrangedto preventspreadingand splittingof ihe curbduringsinking
andin service.
708.7.4 ln case blasiingis anticipated, the innerfaces of the well curb shall be
proiectedwith sieel platesof ihicknessnot less than 10 mm uptothe top of the well
curb.lf it is desiredto incieasethe steelliningabovethe well curbtllen the thickness
can be reducedto 6 mm for that increased height.In any case'this extraheightof the
steel shouldnot be morethan 3 metresunlessihere is a specificrequirementThe
curb in sucha caseshouldbe providedwith additionalhoopreinforcement of 10 mm
dia mild steelor deformedbars at 150 mm centreswhichshall also extendupto a
heightof3rnintotheWe||steiningabovethecurb.Additionalreinforcement

28
 ^sightupiotvrotimesthe ihicknessof steinrng
shouJd be provided," :t;:::;
ar-lsing
ouioi sudden
change inlheeiiective
section
dueio curtailflent
oi "::
plete.
703.8 BottornPlug
708.8.1 Thebottompiugshallbe provided in ali ureilsandihe topshallbe keptnot
.o\,/erihan300 mm in the centfeabovethe iop of ihe curbas shownin the Appendix_3
fFE.4. A suitablesumpshallbebelowihelevelofthecuiting ecge.Beioreconcerting
the
!ctom piug,it sha'lbeensuredthatitsinsidefaceshavebeencleaned thoroughly.
708.8.: Theconcrele mixusedin boiiomplugshallhavea minimum cement content
.i 330kg/m3 anda slumpof abcui'150rnrnto perrnjte6syflowof concfetethroughtermieto
3iacefi{!upallcavilies.
concreteshailbeiaidinoneconiiruorrs opeiationtilldrecige
holeis
iliedto requiredheight.
Foruncier
waterccncreting, iheconcfete shallbeplaced bytremie
JnCer stiliwaterccndilion
andthecemeni conienio{ rnixbeincreased by 10percent.

708.8.3 In casegrouiedcolcfete, e.g.,ccncreieis used,tite groutmjxshallnot be

:eaner
itan -l:2ancjil silalibe ensuredby suitable
means, suchas,contfoliing
therateof
pumpingthatihegrcutfiiis-up aliinierstices
uptothetopof theplug.

703.8.4 lf anydewaiering
is required
it shallbe carried
outafter7 da],shaveeiapsed
aftefbottornplugging.
708.9 Fillingthe Well

708.9.iThefiilingoftheyreii,if considered
necessary,
abovelhebotrom
plugshallbedone
',vitnsandor excavated
materiaifree frornorganicmatier.
708.10 PlugoverFitting

708.10.1 A 300mmthickpiugof &115cement

concrete
shall.beprovioed
overthefilling.
708.11 WellCap

708.1!.1 Thebottomof wellcapshalibe laidas lowas possible

butabovetheLWLin
ineactivechennel.
Wherethebedlevelis higherthanLWLthebattom oi we| capmayoe
suitably
faised.

708.11.2 As manylongitudinal
barsas possible
coming
fiomihewellsteining
shailbe
anchored
intothewellcap.

708.1'1.3 Thedesignof theweiicapshallbe basedon;anyaccepied

raiionat
method,
:onsidering
the\{orst
combination
of loacis
andforces
as perCtause
706.

29
IRC:78-2014
708.12 FloatingCaissons

708,12,1 Floating caissons maybeof steel'reinforced or anysuitablematerial

concrete
Theyshouldhaveat least1.5metresfree boardabovethe waterleveland increased' if
considered necessary, in casetherejs a possibility
of caissonssinkingsuddenlyowingto
reasons,suchas,scourlikelyto resultfromlowering effectofwaves'sinking
of caissons,
in verysoftstrata,etc.

708.12.2 Well caissonsshould be checkedfor stabilityagainstovefturningand

whilebeingtowed,andduringsinking,dueto the actionof watercurrent,wave
capsizing
pressure,
wind,etc.
as part of foundationunless
708.12.3 The floatingcaissonshallnot be considered
is ensured.
sheartransferat the interface
oroDer

708.13 sinking of Wells

708.13.1 Thewellshallas far as possible be sunktrueandverticalSinkingshould

not be startedtill the steininghas beencuredfor at least48 hours A completerecord
of sinkingoperating includingtilt andshifts,kentledge' etc done
blasting,
dewatering'
duringsinking shallbe maintained

guidance
Forsafesinkingof wells,necessary as given
maybetakenfromtheprecautions
inAppendk4.

708.14 PneumaticSinkingof wells

708.14.1 Wheresub-surface sinking,it will be

data indicatethe needfor pneumatic
necessaryto decideihe methodand locationof pneumatic and its supporling
equipment
adapter.

708.14.2 ln case if concretesteiningis provided,it shall be renderedair tight by

the tensionin concretewhichwill not exceed3/8d'ofthe modulusof rupture'
restricting
Forthecircularwells.thetensionin steiningmaybe evaluated it to be a thick
by assuming
walledcylinder.
708.14.9 The steiningshallbe checkedat differentsectionsfor any possiblerupture
strengthened'
againstthe upliftforceand,if necessaryshallbe adequately
708j14.4 The designrequirements of the pneumatic equipment,safetyof personnel
and the structureshallcomplywiththe provisions of lS 4138"SafetyCodefor Working
in Compressed thatthe heightof the workingchamberin a pneumatic
Aii'. lt is desirable
caissons shouldnotbe lessthan3 metresto providesufficient headroomwhenthecutting
30
 IRC:78-2014
edgeis embedded a shortdistancebelowthe excavated leveland in particular
to allow
forblowingdown.Thelimitingdepthforpneumatic sinkingshouldbe suchthatthedepih
of waterbelownormalwaterlevelto the proposed
foundatjonleveluptowhichpneumatic
is proposed
sinking shouldnotexceed 30 .
708.15 SinkingofWetts by Resortingto Btasting
Blastingmaybeemployed withpriorapproval
of competent
authofity
to helpsinkingofwell
forbreakingobstacles,
suchas,bouldersorforlevelling
therocklayerforsquare seating
of
wells.Blasting
maybe resorted
to onlywhenothermethods arefound,ineffective.
709 PILE FOUNDATION

709.1 ceneral

709.1.'l Pilestransmitthe loadof a structureto competeni sub-surface strataby the

resistance
developedfrombearingat thetoeor skinfriciionalongthesurfaceor both.The
pilesmaybe fequired
to carryupliftandlateralloadsbesidesdirectverticalload.

709,1.2 Theconstruction of pilefoundaiion

requires
a careful choiceof pjlingsystem
depending uponsubsoil conditionsandloadcharacteristics
of structures.
Thepermissible
limitsof totalanddifferential
setflement,unsuppoded lengthof pileunderscourandany
otherspecial requirementsof projectarealsoequally
irnpo(ant criteria
foradopnon.
709.1.3 Designandconstrucfion : Fordesignandconstructjon
of pjlesguroance
may
be takenfromlS 2911subjectto limitations/stipulations
givenin thiscode.Appendix-s
givestfredesignformulae
andtheirapplicability.
709.1.4 For pilesin streams, creeks,etc.,the followingcriteriamay be
followed:

Scourconditions
areproperly
esiablished.
ii) Permanent steelliner shouldbe providedat leastupto maximumscour
level.In caseof marine clayor softsoilor soilhavingaggressivematerial,
permanent steellinerof sufficient
strengthshallbe usedforthefulldepthof
suchstrata. Theminimum thickness of linershouldbe6 mm
Forbridges located in land,steellinersof minimum thickness
of 6 mmshall
be provided in casesgivenbelow. Thelinershallbeprovidedupto depihup
to whichfollowing situationsprevail.
Whileconstructing
thepilefoundation
ihroughverysoftclay(N< 3) ,veryloose
sandystrata(N< 8),boulderyformationandartesian
conditions,wherein the
IRC:78-2014
cannotbestaDilized
wallsof boreholes bybentonite
circulation.
b) Wheresewageleakageis commonphenomenon
as well as siles with
aggressive environment
soil/watef
709.'1"5 Spacingof pilesandtolerances

709.1.5.1 Spacingof piles

a) Wherepieris supported on multiplepiles,connected

byframestructure or by
solidpilecap,thespacingofpilesshould beconsideredinrelationtothenature.
of theground, theirbehaviorin groups andtheexecution convenience. The
spacing shouldbechosenwith regard heave
totheresuliing orcompaction and
shouldbelvideenough to enable thedesirednumber of pilesto be installed
to thecorrectpenetration
withoutdamageto anyadjacentconstruction or to
thepilesthemselves.
b) Foriandbridges, piermaybesupported onsinglepilehaving diameter sufficiently
largeio accommodate constructioir
tolerances of pile withreference
installation
lo locaiionof piersas wellas having skengih as required by the desiEnThe l
pileshouldbe designed to cateifor themaximum eccentricity of verticalload
pile
in suchcase.Alternatively, shaftcan be continued to aci as a pierandget
connecied io piei'cap
whichisdesigned to accommodate lheeccentricities due
toconsiruciion icierances.
Thesizeof a capcatrying to thepileheads,or the sizeand
the loadfromthe structure
effectivelengthof a groundbeam,mayinfiuence type,sizeandspacingof piles.
by manyaspectsmeniioned
Thespacingof pilesv/illbe detemi:'red aboveTheworking
ruleswhichareggnerally, areas iollows:
thoughnotalways,suitable,
of ihe pileof
Forfrictionpiles,the spacingcentreshouldnoi be lessthanthe perirneter
pile,threetimesthediameter.
for circular Thespaiingof pjlesderiving theirresistance
mainlyfromend bearingmaybe reducedbutthe distancebetweenthe surfacesof the
shaftsof adjacentpilesshouldbe notlessthanthe leastwidthof the piles.
toletances
709.1.5.2 Permissible for pilesshallbeas under:
pilesT5mmat pilingplatform
i) Forvertical 1 in
ievelondtiltnotexceeding
150;
ii) Forrakerpilesioleranceof 1 in 25.
7 0 9 . 1 . 6 Themaximum in piieshallnotexceedthefollowing:
raketo be permitted
i) 1 in 6 forallboredpiles:
piies:and
;i) 1 ;n6 ior drivencasFin-situ
32
 IRC:78-2O14
iii) '1in 4 for precastdrivenpites.
tvr.t.t rne minJmumdiametershallbe 1.0m forrjverlmarjne
bridges.
Fof brjdges
3eyond thewaterzoneandforbridgeson land,thediameter
maybe reduc"ed
upto750mm.
709.1.8 Settlement,differentialseftlementand pile capacitv

TheDifferential
setflement betweentwo successive foundationstakenat pitecaplevel,
:naybe esiimated
fromthe maximurn setflement
expected at twofoundations for thedead
:cad,superimposed loads,liveloadandscoureffect.Theincrease in set ementwjthtime
in cJayey
soilsshallbe accounted for.in acsence
of detailedcalculaiions,
forrnepurpose
ef preliminary
design, it canbe takenas notmorethanthemaximum settiement of anyof
:hetwofoundations.

The differential
settrement
sha be rimiteddepending
uponthe fofiowingfunctionar
and
structural
consideraUons:

a) FunclionalJy,
acceptable differenijal
settlement
betweentwo neighboring
-comfortl
piersshallnotbegreaterthanj ih400of ihespanto ensureriding
as specified
in Clause 706.3.2.1.
o l Theallowable
settlement
of a singlepileconsidered thepile
for estimatino
capacityshallbe arriVedfromcbrrelatioioftheset ementof pitegroupto
thatof sjnglepile.as pefClause709.3.4.
c) rr rs tunherprovided
thattheworking
loadcapacity
ol pilebasedon the
sub-clauseb) shallnof exceed40 percentof the loadiorrespondjng to
thesettlementof.10 percentof pilediameter(i.e.safetyfactor of 2.5 on
ultimaie
loadcapaciiy isensured).
709.1.9 ForbothPrecast andcasFin-situpiles,thevalues
regarding
gradeofconcrete,
i?alercementfatio,slumpshallbe asforlows:
ConcreteCast-in-situby PrecastConcrele
Tremie
urade ot concrete M35 t\,135
l,4in.
cementcontents 400 kg/m3 400 kg/mr
l.'lax.W.C.ratio 0.4 0.4
Stump(mm '150-200
50-75
NOTE:i) Forimproving
resistance.to
penetration
of harrnfillelements
fromsoiluseot rnineral
33
tRC.78-2014
(tlyash,silicafume,GGBSconforming to respective Bls/lnternational
admixtures
standards)andas perIRC:112 is recommended
protectlon
'' In marineconditions
ii) andareasexposedto actionof harmfulchemlcals'
ii piielaps witttsuitaotecJing ;uch as bituminous based'coal{arepoxvbased
Liting muyo" consioered aluminacements(i e quicksettingcement)shall
.Hiqh- whenbothchlorides andsulphatesarepresent
notbeusedInmaflneconottron!Also
useof sulphate-resistantcementis notrecommenoeo

7Og.2 Requirementand Steps for Design and Installation

7og'2.lTheinitialdesignofanindividua|pile,confirmationofitscapacityb
if y e i t h
of actualsoil parameters' of design'
modiJlcation
t"sior uv re-coniirmation
in-it-iJlo"o
shouldpassthroughfollowingstepsof investigations' deslgn
requireO, anOtinataOoption
andloadtesting:
and detailedsub-sui{aceinvestigation for piles lo
i) comprehensive
thedeslgnparameters ofendbearingcapacity'frictioncapacity
determine
andlateralcapacityof soilsurroundingthe pile
for specifiedbearing
ii) Designof pile and piie groupbasedon i) above
strata.
loadtestingl
iii) Initial
testonpileofsamediameterasdesign conlirmation
pilefordirect
lnitialload
of design.
Theinitialloadtestis a parlofthedesignprocess conflrmingtheexpected
properties of bearingstrataandthe pilecapacity
.iv) Stepsii) andiii)shouldbe repeated typesof stratametat site'
fordifferent

709.2.2 Thestepsfor designandconfirmation by testsaregivenbelow:

i) Sub-soilexploration to reconfirmsoilparameters assumedin thedeslg|

on tentative
ii) Providefor the requireddesigncapacityof pilegroupbased
numberanddiameterof pilesin a group'
iii) Theallowable settlement
total/differential of singlepileshouldbebasedon
asperClauses709'1'8and709'3'4'Capacity ofsingle
theconsiderations
considering groundcharacteristios'
fit" i. to o" basedon stalicformula
Thisstepalongwithstepii) maybe iterative'
designof Piles.
tv) Structural
7092 1 iii) isforaxialloadcapacity
in CIause
v) lnitialloadtestasmentioned
34
 lRCi78-2014
including
uplifteapacity,if requjred,
on trialpilesof thesamediameter as
thedesignpile.Theiestingshallbedoneas pertheprocedure laiddownin
lS:2911, part-lvThisloadtestsha be conducted
for nottessthan2,/_
iimesthedesignload.Theiniiialloadiestshallbe cyclicloadtestfor pile6
'
derivingskengthfromendbearingandsiOetriction.Tnemaintained load
testcanbe performed forendbearingpileswithoutrelyingon frjction,and
forthesocketed pilesin rock.
vi) lf theinitialloadtestgivesa capacity greaterthan25 percentof thecapacitv
calculated by st€tjcformula,andif ii js desired
to takebenefitof thehighe;
capacity, anothertwo loadtestsshallbe car ed outto confimthe earljer
valueandminimum ofthethreeshallbe consideredasinitialload
testvalue.
Thenumberof initiaitestsshallbe determined by the Engineerrn_cnarge
takingintoconsideration theborelogand-soil profile.
jt js important
709.2.3 For abutment, to consider
overallstability
of the structure
and abutment.
The pilesshouldalso be designedto sustainsurcharge effectof
embankment.

709.2.4 Routinetoadtest

r) Rouiineloadtestshouldbe doneat locations

of alternate
foundations
of
|.:"olf]T or modifythe a owabtetoads.Verricat andhorizonrat
lr'Og:. lo
loadtestsshouldbe properly designed to coverparticularpilegroup.The
lateralloadtestmaybe conducted on twoadjacentpiles.However, results
of routineloadtesisshallnotbeusedforupwafdrevision of designcapacity
of piles.Theminimum numberolteststb beconducted is asgivenbelowfor
confirming pilecapacity.
Totalnumberof Pilesfor the Bridge
Upto50
ijpto 150
3eyond
150

YOTEi Thenumberof testsmaybejudiciousJy

increased
depending
uponthevariability
of
loundatrons
strata.

ii) Permissible
OverLoad
Whileconducting
routineteston oneof thepilebelonging
to a pjlegroup,if
35
IRC:78-2014
criteriaat 1.5
the pile is foundto be deficient(basedon the settlement
'10
upto percentofthe capacity
timesthedesignload)anovedoad reduced
maybe allowed.
iii) Foraquickdssessment of pilecapacity, dynamictestsmaybe
high-strain
conducted afterestablishingco{elationsusingthe resultsof loadtests.
However, resultsoflhe straindynamictestsshallnotbe usedfor upward
revisionof designcapacity guidelines
of pile.Detailed areat Appendix-7
Parf t- Thesemethodscanbe follovred-
iv) Tohavea fairlygoodideaaboutthequality-of concreteandconstruction
etc., pile integrity tests are
defects like voids, discontinuities,
extensivelyconducted-Detailedguilelines and referencesare at
'
. Appendix-7Part2.
709.3 Capacityof Pile
Geotechnical
709.3.1 Resistanceto verTicalloads
For calculatingdesignedcapacityof pile for load combinationI of Clause706.1.1,
recommendation of pilegroup,
of Appendix-sshouldbe dlovted-Forcalc latingcapacity
referclauses709.3.3 and709.3.4 setbnEntcliteriaasperClause709.1.8'
andtheallotv"abb
Forpurpose oftheseClausesthefollowingdefinitixtswillapply.
a) Cohesivesoil (clayor plasticsiltwithS" < 0.25MPa);
b) Gianularsoil (sand,gravelor noGpbslicsittwith N (average withinlayer)
< 50 blows/o,3m (50 blo$rsBocms);
c) IntermediateGeomaterial
Cohesive:e.g.clayshalesormuddones with0.25MPa(2.5tsf)< S,<2.5MPa.
. Cohesion less:e.g.granulartilb, granularresidualsoilsN>50blows/o.3 m
(50blows/3o cm);
d) Rock: Cohesive,CementedGeornaterial with Su : 2.5MPa(25 tsf) or'
guZ 5.0MPa.
709.3.2 Factorof Satuty
The minimumfactorof safetyon ultimateaxial capacitycomputedon the basisof
staticformulashallbe 2.5for loadcombinationI of Clause706.1.1for pilesin soil.For
pilesin rock,factorof safetyshallbe 3 on end bearingcomponentaqd 6 on socket
sideresistancecomponent, for loadcombinationI of clause706-1.1sijbjedtto further
limitsas stipulatedin Appendix-s.

36
 IRC:78-2014
709.3.3 Capacityof piles/groupaction
The axiaicapacityof a groupof pilesshouldbe determined by a factorto be appliedto
'le capaciiy pilesmultiplied
of individual bythenumber of pilesofthegroup.
i) Factormaybetakenas I incaseof purely endbearing pileshaving
minimum
spacingof2.0timesthedjameterof pileandforfrictional
pileshaving
spacing
of minimum3 timesdiameter
of pile.
ii) Forpilegroups
in clays,thegroupcapacity
shallbe iesserofthefollowjnq:
a) Sumof ihecapacities
of theindividuat
pilesin thegroup.
b) Thecapacityofthe groupbasedonblockfailure
concept,wheretheultimate
loadcarrying capacity
oftheblockenclosing
thepilesin estimated.
709.3,4 Settlementof pile group

709.3.4.1 fhe capacityofa pilegroupisalsogoverned byset ementcriterion.

Setflement
ri a piJegroupmaybe coniputedonthebasisof following
recommendations or bv anvother
?tionalmethod.

749.3.4.2 Seftlement
ofpilegroupin sands

, nesettlement ofa pilegroupisaffected

bytheshapeandsizeofgroup, lengih,
spactng and
:ethodofinstallation of piles.
Meihods givenin tS8OO9 (parill)ofanyotherrational method
-raybe used.Thesetilement group piles
of of in sandscanbe calculated by assuming that
:'reloadcarriedbythepilegroupis transferred to thesoilthroughan equivalent raftlocated
.i onethirdof thepilelengthupwards fromthepileioeforfriction piles.Forendbearingpiles
:re settlement canbecalculated byassuming ihe raftplacedat thetoeof thepilegroup.
-Cg.3.4.3
SettlemenL ot pilegroupin clays

-e
l e s settlementof pilegroupin homogeneous claysshallbe evaluated usingTezaghiand
-:cK Approach whtchassumes thattheloadcarried bythe pile groupis hansferred to the
-.cilthroughan equivalent fooiinglocatedat onethifdof the pilelengthupwardsfronrihe
: le toe.Theloadundertheequivalent footingis assumed to spread intosoilat a slopeof
2 ivertical) :1 (horizontal).

:3 settlement
tor equivalent
footingshallbe evaluated with lS g009
in accordance
tart-ll).
-:9.3.4.4
ofpilegroupin rock
Seftlement

37
IRC;78:2014 the
rockmaybe as
computed per1S8009(Partll) considering
in
of pilesfounded
Settlemeni

709"3.5 to lateral/oads
Resistance

where
D = Diarneter of Pile
to
in plahPerPendicular
L =r r LengthbetweenouterJaces
of movement'
direction

''-r-i.

lateral of.pile-sroT.l1"l^1"'j^:,1,:"':li[:;H"::fl
resrstance ohthe
70s.3.5.2Ihesafe piredepends
rl""o"'"Ji**i"oividuar
l*';1;1i ffi ffi .Hlil;ilffi "i aswellasthestructural
t"t"tial
"lli
ofhorizontal
modulus reacrro'ioltn"louno"tion

{**run*i#ii:,':d
"ub-graoe
H:qv;:'i,;#i."'Jr:.;rti':',rffi
r":',";;":;;i,1i4*
t',.:r;i1i:l:ffi
:ll:#il"tffi i
i*,n,",J o*". f ?lI"'1
9".11*qijl:t*:*my":ln'":T1
"i"".o",
:;ffi:f"i*:T":",''"T#lllTifl:|:ilt5i:xt*:s g'lil*1fi ;:*:l:
::'
:ffi ';,ii$lll""J:"':f
i{iti*j'tiT#:i='f }*llh1ll','"';:",
';[:ftlinT'"',il"tt,1;::t',t;""i'lH#;'t'u]tu'ui orrixitv
thepoint
rrom
*ntir'u'' by
or calculated
forth')design'
point
of can
fixity oeuten tromtnl aiaiysisperformed
Tie
method
simoiified inlS:2911'
gjiven

naturewhen
oriemporary
of permanent
may
Piles be requiredto reslstupliftforces
709.3.6.1 in strucrures
as anchorages
mornentg'or
foundationssubjectedto largeoverturning
usedin
uplifipressure'
iiJ. uno"ro""""" .ubjectedto hydrostatic
38
 IRC:78-2O14
149.3.6.2 fhe ultimateupliftcapacitymay be calculated with the expression of shaft
-ssistance/skin
frictiononly,of the staticformulaefor compression loadsand applyinga
'eductionfactorof 0.70on thesame.In caseof rock,thesocketlengthshallbe measured
-om 0.3 m depthto actualdepthof socket.The weightof the pile
shallalso be taken
as actingagainstuplift.Pullout testshallbe conducted for verification
of upliftcapacity.
iactorof (2.5/0.7)= 3.5on theultimate strengthshallbe used.
109.3.6.3 Theupliftcapacjtyof pilegroupis lesserofthe twofollowingvalues:
- thesumoftheupliftresistance pilesinthegroup.
of theindividual and
- the sum of shearresistance
mobilisedon the surfaceperimeterof the
groupplusthe effective
weightof the soiland ihe pilesenctosed
in this
perimeter.
surface
709.3.6.4 Pilesshouldbe checkedfor structural
adequacy
againstupliftforcestogether
,rithotherco-existent
forces,if any.

709.3.6.5 Theminimum
factorofsafetyon ultimateupliftloadcalculated
ontheaforesaicj
:asisshallbe2.5.

709.3.7 Pilessubjectedto downwarddrag

.'/hena soilstratumthroughwhichpileshafthaspenetrated intoan underlying
hardsiratum
lompresses dueto its ownweight,or remoulding, or surfaceloadetc.,additional
vertical
.ad is generated alongihe pileshaftin suchstratum.Suchadditional
loadcomingon pile
-ay beassessed onthefollowingbasis:
i) In the caseof pile derivingits capacitymainlyfrom friction,the value
of downwarddragforcemay be takenas 0.2 to 0.3 timesundrained
shearstrengthmultiplied by the surfaceareaof pileshaftembedded in
compressiblesoil.
ii) In caseof pilederiving
itscapacity mainlyfromend beadng. the value
of downwarddrag force may be considered as 0.5 limesundrained
shearstrength multiplied
by the surfaceareaof pileshaftembedded in
compressiblesoil.
iii) Fora groupof piles,the dragforcesshallalsobe calculated considering
the surfaceareaof the block(i.e.,perimeterof the grouptimesdepth)
embedded jn compressible soil.In the eventof thisvaluebeinghigher
thanthe numberof pilesin the grouptimesthe individualdownwarddrag
forces,thesameshallbe cosidered in thedesign.
iv) Thisreduction of pileis in theultimate
in capacity capacity

39
lRC.78-2014
709.4 StructuralDesignof Piles
. ' :
membershallhavesufficient strengthto transmitthe lqad
7o;g.4.1 Arpileas a structural if any,
i., .tru"trr" io."oit.Thepileshallalsobedesigned tqwithstandtemporaryJtresses,
permissible
to *ni.n it maybe subjected to, suchas, handlinganddrivingstressesThe
stresses shouldbeas PerIRC:112'
to thefoundation
Thetestpiteshallbe separately designed !o carrytesl loadsafely
all the loadeffectsand
709.4.2 The pilesmaybe designedtakinginto consideration
capacityexamined
theirstructural as a columnTheselfloadof pileor lateralloaddueto
earthquake;.water'curr"niforc",etQon the portionof freepileuptoscourlevelandupto
levelif applicableshould bedulyaccounted lor'
ootentialliquefaction
loadsthqmqments in pileshaftca! bqcalculated asdescrjbed
709.4.3. Eorthehorizontal
ror piteson tand,ifthepilegroupis pror/ided withrigidcap,thenthepiles
in ciau"ezog.s.s.z.
as havingfixedheadin appiopriate forthispurposeHorizontal
direction
mavbe considered
forcemavbedistribqtedequallyin allpilesin a groupwitha rigidpilecap

709.4.4 Reinforcements p'ies

for casFm-slfu

beprovided complying Withtherequiremenls of IRc:1,12,

Thereinforcements in pi|eShou|d
areaof longitudinalreinforcemeni shallnot be less
ua p"r rn" designrequirements-"The
2 5 percentoftheactualareaof cross-section in all cast-
mul o.+p"t""ninot greaterthan
i"oitu pilesiTheclear'spacing between-verticalbarsshallnot be lessthan100
"on"t"t"of not morethantwo barstogethelcan be madefor achieving the same
mm.Grouping
in theformof spiralswithminimum I mmdiameter
l"tur"t r.uintoi""t"ntshallbe provided
separate linkstying
ap"aingnottore than150mm Forinnerlayerof reinforcement'
"t""t,
themtoeachotherandtoouterlayerSSha||beproVided.

709.4.5 Forpre-castdrivenpiles,the reinforcement shoild complywiththe provision

dueto lifting,stackingandtransport,anyupliftor bending
oi rncrl z, tor r".l.ting stresses
andbenJingdueto bnysecondary effecisTheareaof
transmitted fromthesuperstructure
shallnot be.iessthanthe following percentages of the cross-
t"giirol.;l reinforcemeni
sectional areaof thePiles:
a) Forpileswitha lengthlessthan30 ii|:nes the leastwidth- 1 25 percent;
- percent;and
b) Forpileswiiha length30to 40 timesthe leastwidih I 5
-2 percent'
c) Forpilebwitha lengthgreaterthan40 timestheleastwidth
.
709.5 Designof PileCaP
taking inio
709.5.1 The pile caps shall be'of reinforcedconcreteof size fixed
,40
 tRC:78-2014
theallowable
consideration tolerance
as in Clause709.1.5.2.
A minimum ofisetof 150mm
shallbe providedbeyond pilesin thegroup.lf the pile
thdouierfacesof the ouier-most
capis in contact
withearthatthebottom, a levelling
course
of minimum 80 mmthickplain
cement concreteshallbe provided.

709.5.2 Thetopofihe pileshallproject50 mmintoihe pilecapandreinforcements

of
p;ieshallbefullyanchored
in pilecap.

709-5.3 In Marine conditions

or in areasexposedto theaciionof harmful
chemicals,
thepilecapshallbe pfotecied
witha suitable paint.Highalumina
anti-corrosive cemenii.e.
quicksetting
cernentshallnotbe usedin marineco''rsrfuclions.

709.5.4 Theminimum thickness of pilecapshouldbe '1.5timesthediameter of pile.

Sucha pilecapcanbeconsidered as rigid.Thepilecapmaybedesigned asthickslabor,
byusing 'strut
& tie'method.Allreinforcement in pilecapshallhavefullanchoragecapacity
beyond pointat whichit is no longerrequired.
tl^re lt shouldbe specially
ascerta;ned ior
pilecapdesigned by'strut& tie'method. Wherelafgediameter barsareusedas main
thecorners
reinforcement, ofpilecapshavelargelocalcoverdueto largeradius of bending
of mainbars.Suchcorners shallbeprotected bylocally placing bars.
smalldiameter

709.5.5 Castingof pile cap shouldbe at levelhigherthan wate. levelunless

functionally to be belowwaterlevelat whichtimesufficient
it is required precautions
shouldbe iakento dewater,thbformsto allowconcietingI dryconditions.

709.6 lmportanlConsideration,lnspection/PrecautionsforDifferentTypes
of Piles
709.6.1 piles
Diven cast-in-situ

siatedinthiscode,guidance
709.6.1,1Exceptotherwise fromlS2911
isto be obtained
(Part1/Section
l).

709.6i.2 fhe pileshoes

whichmaybeeiiherof castironconicaltype
orof mildsteelflat
havedoublereamsforproperseating
typeshould of theremovablecasingtubeinsideihe
spacebetween
thereams.

70g.6.1.3 Beforecommencement of pouringofconcrete,it shouldbeensured thatihere

is no ingressof waterin thecasingtubefromthebottom. Furthef adequate controlduring
withdrawal of the casingtube is essentialso as to maintainsufflcientheadof concrete
inside thecasing tubeat allstagesofwithdrawal.
41
IRC:78-2014
709.6.1.4 Concrete in pilesshallbe castuptoa minimumheightof 600 mm abovethe
designed eitherbefore
toplevelof pile,whichshallbe strippedoffto obtainsoundconorete
finalsetor after3 days.

709-6-2 piles
Boredcast-in-situ

709.6.2.1 fhe drillingmud,suchas,bentonite be maintained

suspension.shall at a level
abovethe surrounding
sufflciently groundwaterlevelto ensurethe stabilityof the strata
whichis beingpenehated theboringprocessuntilthepilehasbeenconcreted
throughout

709.6.2.2 fhe boresmustbe washedby freshbentonitesolutionflushingto ensure

andafterplacingreinforcement.
cleanbottomat twostagespriorto concreting
of piles
709.6.2.3 Concreting

Concreting requirements
Intremiemethodthefollowing
shallbedonebytremiemethod. are
particularly
applicable.

a) Whenconcreting is carriedout for a pile,a temporarycasingshould

be installedto sufficientdepth,so that fragmentsof groundcannot
dropfrom the sidesof the holeinto the concreteas it is placed:The
temporarycasingis nol requiredexceptnearthe top whenconcreting
underdrillingmud.
b) Thehopperandtremieshouldbe a leakproofsystem.
200mmshallbe usedwith20 mmdiameter
of minimum
c) Tremiediameter
downaggregale.
d) Thefirstchargeof concreteshouldbe placedwitha siidingplugpushed
chargeto prevent
downthetubeaheadof it orwitha steelplateofadequate
andwater.However,
mixingof concrete the plugshouldnotbe left in the
concreteasa lump.
e) The tremiepipeshouldalwayspenetrate well intothe concretewith an
adequatemarginof safetyagainstaccidentalwithdrawal ofthe pipe The
tremieshouldbe alwaysfullof concrete.
f) Thepileshouldbeconcretedwhollybytremieandthemethodof deposition
shouldnotbe changedpartway up the pile,to preventthe laitancefrom
beingentrappedwithinthepile.

cleanedatteruse.
g) AIItremietubesshouldbe scrupulously

42
 IRC:78-20.14
h ) As tremiemethodof concreting
is notunderwatefconcreting,
theseis.no
needto add 10 percentextracement.
t) Normallyconcretingofthepilesshouldbeuninterrupted.
Intheexceptional
caseof interruption
of concreting;
butwhichcanbe resumedwithin1 or
2 hours,thetremieshallnotbe takenout of the concrete.
Insteadit shall
be raisedand loweredslowly,fromtimeto timeto preventthe concrete
formsetting:Concrefing shouldbe resumedby introducing a littlericher
concretewith a sldmp.of about200 mm for easydisplacement of the
partlysetconcrete.
lf the concreting
cannotbe resumedbeforefinalset of concret6already
placed,thepileso castmaybe rejectedor accepted
withmodifications.
' l

r), In caseof withdrawalof tremieoutof the concrete,eitheraccidentally

or
to removea chokein the tremie,the hemiemay be reintroduced in the
followingmannerto preventimpregnation of laitanceor scumlyingon the
topof theconcretealreadydepositedin the bore.
k) The tremieshall be gentlyloweredon to the old concretewith very
littlepenetrationinitially.
A vermiculiteptug/surfaceretardersshouldbe
introduced in thetremie.Freshconcrete of slumpbetween150mmto '175
mmshouldbefilledin thetremiewhichwillpushthe plugfoMardandwill
emergeoutof thetremiedisplacing the laitance/scum.Thetremiewill be
pushedfurthefin stepsmakingfreshconcrete sweefiawaylaitance/scum
jn its way.Whentremie.isburiedby about60 to 100cm,concreting may
be resumed.
l) The'L bendsinthereinforcements ai thebottomofthepilesshouldnotbe
provided to avoidtheformation of softtoe.
709.6.2.4. Removalof concreteabovecut-offlevel

It is deshablethatthe concreteabovecui-offlevelis removedbeforethe concreteis sei.

Theconcretemaybe removedmanually or by specially
madebaileror otherdevice.Such
removal of concrete
helpsin preventing
thedamages of thegoodconcrete belowthecut-off
levelwhichresultsfromchipping by percussion method.

Theremovalof concretecanbe withint 25 nlmfromthespecifiedcufofflevelpreferably

on the G)side.On removalof thesuchconcrete,
the concreteshouldbe compacted with
rammerwithspikes.or .
it shallbe vibrated.

In casethe concreteis not removedbeforesetting,a grooveshallbe madeon outer

perimeter
by rotaryequipment beforechippingby percussion
method.
43
IRC:78-2014
709.6.3 Drivenprecastconcretepiles

fromlS 2911
statedin thiscode,guidanceis to be obtained
709.6.3.1 Exceptotherwise
(Partl/Section
3).

709.63.2 fhis typeof pilesfor bridgesmaybe adopted whenlengthof pileas per

designrequirement is knownwithreasonable degreeof accuracyExtralengthof pile
maybe castto avoidlengthening of pilesas faI as possible.
Whenunavoidable, the
for lengthening
splicing of steelmaybe usedonlyafterthemethodof splicingis tested-
andappfoved earlier.

Thelongitudinalreinforcement shallbejoinedbywelding or by mechanicalcouplers.The

concreteat topof originalpileshallbe cutdownio sufficient by heat
lengthto avoidspelling
of welding.Location of mechanical couplersin neighboringreinforcementshallbe suchas
to permitconcretingbetween thebars.

of pilesper blowof
oi piles,the finalset or penetration
709.6.3.3 Duringinstallation
'100
hammershouldbe checked takingan average of last blows

710 SUBSTRUCTURE
710.1 General
710.1.1 ln caseof plainconcretesubstruciure, surfacereinforcementat ihe rateof
beprovided
2.5kg/m'zshall i.e.,bothhorizontally
ineachdirection, Spacing
andvertically of
suchbarsshallnoiexceed200mm.Incaseof substructure in severeenvironment (asper
of 112or as perclause302.6table5 of IRC:21)
Clause'14.3.1 thesurface reinforcement
canbe dispensed allowedbutthedimension
with,if specifically of thesubstructureshould
be so proportioned
to keepthestresses onlyupto 90 percentof theallowablestress
7'10.1.2 Foi thedesignof subshucturebelowthelevelof theiop of bedblock,the.live
bythefactorsgivenbelow:
loadimpactshallbe modified

i) Forcalculating the pressureai the bottom

surfaceof the pier/abuimentcap 0.5
pressure
ii) Forcalculating on thetop3 m of Decreasing from
uniformly
belowpier/abutment
substructure cap 0 5 to zero
 IRC:78-2014
iii) Forcalculating
thepressure
on ihe portjo
n Zerc
ofthesubstructure,
at morethan3 m below
thepier/abutment
cap.

710.1.3 Structuresdesignedto retatnearihfllj

shall be proportioned to withstand
.i'essurecalculated jn accordancewithanyrationaltheoryNostructure
j-^srgned snltt,however,be
to withstand a horizontal
pressurelessihanthaiexerteO ly a nurOweigning+AO
kg/m3,in additionto the ljveloadsurcharge,
if any.

710.1,4 ThebackfiJj behindthewjngandreturnwallsshallconform

in Appendix-,withprovision to thespecifications
for properoratnage.
710.2 Piers
710.2.1 piers in streamand channelshould
be locatedto meet navrgational
r::uiremenls and give a. minimuminterference
:l::li?c€
prers to flood f-to-wln generat,
shourdbe pracedpara[erwiththedirectionofstream
cuir"ni"ino-oo pi"r.
inothertocations, tike,viaductsorland "tugu.
L" u""oriinn*io'ii"r."0r,r"."n,
of the obstacles to crossover. "pun""norrJ
710.2.2 necessary pjersshallbe provjded
.Where at bothendswithsuitabty shapedcut
watersas given jn IRC:6.However, cut andeasewaterwhereprovided
affluxed H.F.L. shallextend upto
or higher,if necessary
fromconsideration
of localc"iOiOnr,fif.",
,^10^_1-t,,r, maybe inpSC, RCC,pCCor "*"r, ",..
, masonryOnlysoli rd section shouldbe
adopted for masonry'piers. o"''n"ormasonry
Thedesi piers
#::::::"i shourd be based onpermi issible
ilfi'rJ,lift ill
710.2.4 Thelhickness
ofthewallsof hollow concrete piersshouldnotbelessthan300mm.
712.2.5 Themulii-column piersofbridgesacrossriverscarryingfloating
.
ortimbershoutd debris,trees
bebracedthroughout t ot .,upi;by dilin"rugil*u,,
thef.,uigt
ynbraced muttipte column piers,rvU" o""o"no,ng",inirm
uoon,n"
::i::Tg:" of similar
penormance structures "rr"ri"l
in si of rivet However,ivpeandspacjng
of suchbracing,whenadopted, [';i"lTlrt ",l"
"n",,
shaltbe designed to withstand the toadandforcestransferfed
i!! ^1:! .Piers
rnesuperstructure from
andthe loadandforceson the pieritself,apartirom
self-weight. itte
" ettectot its
ln generat,
piermaybe sotjd,nottow or frameostiuJi;;;;.-
7.10.2-7 rn caseof pierconsisting of iwo or morecolumns,
thebearingbe distributed the horizontar torcesat
on columnsas required by appropri","
710,2.8 lf thepiersconsisiof eithermultiple """iV"i..
pilesor tres e columns spacedcloser
IRC:78-2D14
than three times the width of piles/columns acrossthe directionof flow, the group
shallbe treatedas a solidpierof the sameoverallwidthand the valueof K takenas
1.25for workingout pressure due to watercurrentaccording to relevantClause213.7of
lRc:6.lf suchpiles/columns arebraced thenthegroupshouldbe considered a solidpier
irrespectiveof thespacingofthe columns

710.2.9 Hollowpiersshallbe providedwithsuitablylocatedweep-holes of '100mm

diameter for enabling freeflowof waterto equaliiethewaterlevelson insideandoutside;
considering rate of rise/fallof Jlooditidewater.The pier walls shouldbe checkedfor
expecteddifferential water-head/wave pressureand silt pressure.In absenceof detailed
difference of '1.5m in waterlevelson twosidesshallbe assumed
calculations,a minimum
Rcc piershallnotbeless
ofthewallsof hollowcircular
710.2.10 Thelateralreinforcement
than0.3percent areaofthewallsofthepier.Thislateralreinforcement
ofthesectional shallbe
onouterfaceand40 percent
60 percent
distributed on innerface.

710.3 WallPiers

it shallalso
710.3.1 Whenthelengthof solidpieris morethanfourtimesitsthickness,
asa wall.
be checked

710.3.2 Thereinforced vertical

wallshouldhaveminimum equalto O3
reinforcement
percentof sectional
area.
axialload,the wallshouldbe designed
710.3.3 For eccentric for axialloadwith
be
momerit.The momentsand the horizontalforces shoLrld distributedtakinginto
by anyrational
thedispersal
account method.

710.3.4 Theverticalreinforcement neednot be enclosedby closedslirrups,where

is notrequiredfor compression.
verticalreinforcement However, horizontalreinforcement
shouldnotbelessthan0.25percentof the gross (or
areaandopenlinks Sloops)with hook
plicedaround thevertical
bafshouldbeplaced at therateof 4 linksin onerunningmetre

710.3,5 Whenwallsarefixedwithsuperstructure, thedesignmoment load

and.axial
of thewholestructure.
shouldbeworkedoutby elasticanalysis
710.4 Abutments

710.4.'l Theabutments fromoneside.lt shouldbe designed/

willcarrysuperstructure
to retainearthfronitheapploachembankment.
dimensioned

710,4-2 The abutmentsshouldbe designedto withstandearthpressurein normal

to loadandforcdstransferred
conditionin additicih In addition,any
fromsuperstructure.
46
 IRC:78-2014
loadactingon theabutment
itself,including
self_weight,
is to be considered.
710.4.3 In caseof spillthroughtypeabutment,
the activepressurecalculated
on the
widthofthecolumnshallbeincreased
by50percent
wheretwocolumns haveoeenprovided
andby 100percentwheremorethantwocolumnshavebeenprovided.

710.4.4 All abutments and abutment columnsshallbe designed for a tive load
surchargeequivalent
to 1.2m heightof earthfill.Theeffective
wjd iotthe cotumns need
notbe increased
as in Clause7i0.4.3for surcharge effectwhenspillthrougnabutment
adopted. is

710-4,5 Abutmentshouldalsobe desjgned forcesduring,scourall

forwaiercurrent
roundcondition.

abutment maybeof ptainor reinforced

concrete
or of masonry
The
113;11^. ]rl
aourmentmay be eithersolid type,buttressedtype,counterfort
type,box type or spiJl
throughtype.Forspillthroughabutment,columntypeorwalltype,analysis maybecarried
outas for piers.Counterfod
typeabutment maybetreatedas T or L tyie as thecasemay
be andtheslabmaybe designed as continuous
overcounterforts.
710.4.7 Fullyeafthretaining abutmentsshouldbe desjgnedconsiderjng
submerged/
saturated
unitweightofearthasappropriate
duringH.F.L.
orL.W.L.
condition.
Incaseoftootings,
thesubmerged unitweightof soirwhereconsidered
shalnotbeJessthan1000ko/m3.
7.10.4.8 Theweightof ea(h fillingmaterialon heelmaybe
considered.
ln caseoftoe,
theweightmaybe consjdered
if the bedis protected.

710.4,9 In caseof spillthrough typeabutment,

it shouldbe ensuredthatthestopejn
fronlof the abutmentis wellprotected
by meansof suitablydesignedstonepjtchingand
iaunching aprons.

710-4,10 In caseof abuiments havingcounterfort,

the minimumthickness
of the front
lvallshouldnotbe lessthan200mmandthethickness
ofthecounterfort
shoutdnotbe less
ihan250mm.

710.4.11 In case of boxtypeabutments,

weepholesshallbe provided
similarto
hollow
piersasperClause
710.2.9.
710.5 Abutmentpier
710.5.1 Abutmentpiersmayhaveto be providedat locations
wheretheremaybe a
L7
IRC:78-20'14
needof increasing waterwaysubsequently. The designof suchabutmentpiersshallbe
suchihat it shouldbe possibleto convertthemto thesimilarshapeas piersin the active
channel.

710.5.2 Formultiplespanarchbddges,abuimentpie|sshallbe providedafterevery

'r,\aieYgnii archon onesideof it collapses,
for condition
fifthspanor closer.Ii is designed
theoierandarches onothefsidewillremain s€fe.

710.6 Dift Walls,WingWatlsand RetumVJaIs

710.6.1 Wingwallsshallbe of sufficieniietE= :3 .eein lhe roadwayto the required'
extentandto provideprotection
againsierc'3'6,r:-

710.6.2 A dirtwallshallbe provided:c ;"s's:::re earthfromapproaches spillingon

the bearings.A screenwallof sufficieni ce9:' '-E ciei ior at least500mmdepthintothe
fill)to preventsiippingof the backfiliin case:E ar.et b of thespillthroughtype,shall
be provided.

7'l1j.3 The wingwallsmay':€ :: soi: :-.ae.l'E :etumwallsmay be of solidor

'JSE"ia-i 3e cbi :' t€iqlcrced
type.Thematerial
counterfort concrete
or masonry'

$"& a-c s€tesrr3{ vaf :€ :{oYiCed

710,6-4 Dirtwall,ballast thickness
withminimum
of 200mm.

710.6.5 Thev,iing.,,a:ss.c,-"a:e j*n= :.t?ai.i'-t'.orvithstand

theearthpressure
in
additionio setf-weighL

710.6.6 Thetopof theving ta::: *als s-al - larEC abovethetopof embankment

by at least 100 mmto preventanysoI frct" ser€ sit*:r or \Y"shedawayby rain overits
top.A drainage arangementforreiljqllt?[rip rd nay-beprovided similarto thatforthe
abutment in Appendix-6-
specified

71A.6.1 #rec
retums'r.,]^z=
Thecantilever gDi^\i ..oibe morethan4 metreslong.

710.6.8 In caseof openfoundaiicrE, &irrgand tetumwallsshouldbe providedwith

witha jointat Lhe:tjur€iic{!.i!'iihire abutment.
foundations
separate

710.6.9 Wingwallsmay be la-rdai any suilabbangleto the abutment.In caseof

riverbridges,thesearenormallysplayedin ptran ai 45'-Thereturnwallsmaybe provided
at rightanglesto ihe abutment.Retumvalls shallbe designed 10withstanda live-load
surcharge equivalentto 1.2m heightof earthill.

48
 IRC:78-2014
714-6:10 rhe boxtypereturnwa atrightangres atbolhendsoftheabutments connected
bywalltypediaphragm maybe,adopted wherefoundsuitable, jn
Howevel suchcases,no
reduciion in the earthpressure
forlhe designof theabutment shourdbe considered. The
iop of diaphragm shouldslopeinwardsto the.centre
of carriageway
for facilttatjng
proper
rollingof theembankment behindtheabutmeni
710.6-1'l Solidtype of wing/returnwallson jndependentfoundationscan be suitably
steppedup towardsthe approaches d-epending uponthe patteinof Scour,tocatground
conditionsandits profile;safe
bearingcapacity,
etc'
710.6.12 Incaseof wjngwallsor return walls,thefoundationshallbetakenadequately
intothefim soil.
710.7 RetainingWalls
710.7.1 Themjnimum
thickness
of reinforced
conireteretaining
wallshallbe200mm.
710.7.2 The retajningwallsshallbe designedto withstandea(h pressure
Inctuding
anyliveloadsurcharge and otherloadsactingon it, including
self_weight,
in accordance
g:i"::] specified
rorabutments.
Stone masJnryandjain concretewa s
:,ll,l: lr'r"iples
.o,'o,Vp" Reinforcedconcretewa s maybe of sotid,counterfort,
buttressed
or
:l:.,1,:::l
- UtaIruOe_
710,7.3 Thevertical stemsof caniilever wallsshallbe designed as cantrtevers
flxed
,i the base.The verticalor facewallsof counterfort
typeandiuttressedtypesha be
:esrgneoas continuous.slabs.supported.
bycounterfortsor buttresses.
Thefacewallsshall
:e securelyanchored,tothe supporiingcounterfodsor buttressesby meansof adequate
--inforcements.

710.7-4 Counterforts shallbe designed.as T_beams or L-beams.Buttresses shallbe

:'-"ignedas fectangurarbeams.rn connection with the,maintensionreinlorcement of
iunterforts,thereshallbe a systemof horizontal
and vertical
barc
':ce wallsand orstirrupsto anchorthe
baseslabto thecounterfort.
Thesestirrupss.hallbe anchored as neafto the
:risidefacesof thefacewallsandas neaito thebottomof thebaseslab practicable.
as
T10.8 Pier and AbutmentCaps
-1C.8.1
Thewidtl"r
of theabutment
andpiercapsshallbesufficient
to accommodate
:
i) thebearings
leavingan offsetof 1Sommbeyondthem,
ii) Theballastwall.
iii) Thespace.forjacksto Iiftihe superstructure
for repair/replacement
ol
bearings.
etc.

49
IRC:78-20'14
iv) Theequipmentfor prestressing
operations overand
wherenecessary'
abovespacefor endblockin castin-situcases'
v) Thedrainage arrangement forthewateron thecap'
vi) Seismic if Provided
arfestor'
vii) Toaccommodate ladders
inspection
should
of capoverthe hollowpieror cotumntypeof abutment
710.8.2 Thethickness
notbeIessthan25ommbutincaseofSolidplainorreinforcedconcretepiera
canbe reduced
thethickness to 200mm'

capsshouldbe suitablydesigned and reinforcedto takecare

710.8.3 Pier/Abutment
pointloadsdispersing in pier/abutmentCapscantileveringout fromthe
of concentraied
the liftingof
supportsor restingon two or morecolumnsshatlbe designedto caterfor
of bearingsThelocaiions
on jacksfor repair/replacement
superstructure ofjacksshallbe
predeterminedandpermanently markedon the caps'

ihe widthof
7'10,8.4 In case bearingsare placedcentrallyover the columnsand
is locatedwithinhalfthe depthof capfrom any externalfaceof the
bearings/pedestals
to havebeendirectlytransferredto
the loadfrombearingswill be considered
column's,
columnsandthecapbeamneednotbe designed forflexure

710.8.5 Thethickness of thecapovermasonry shallnotbe less

piersor abutment
than5OOmnt.Theminimum of slabandgirder
widthat thetopof suchpiersandabutments
bridgesjustbelowthecapsshallbe as givenbelow:
3m 6m 12m 24m
Span in metres
. A
Top width of Pier carryingstmply u.5u r.u
supportedspansin m
O'75 4 n
iop *iOtn of abutmentand of piers 0.40
carrying spansin m
continuous

710.8.6 Excepttheporiionunderbearings, thetopsurfaceofcapsshouldhavesuitable

slopein orderto allowdrainageof water'

Tlo.S.TReinforcementinPierandAbutmentcapswherethebearingsa
square-rootformula statedin Clause307'1of IRC:21, lhe piercapsshallbe reinforced
witha totalminimum of 1 percent steel,assuming a capthickness of 225mm Thetotal
steelshallbe distributedequallyand providedbothat lop and bottomin two directions'
The reinfofcement in the directionof the lengthof the piershallextendfromend to end
 IRC:78-2014
of thepie;capwhirethereinforcement
at rightanglesshatextend
pierscapandbe jn the formof stirrups. forthefuJr
widthof the
ln addition,
two iayersof meshreinforcement
oneai 20 mmfromtopandtheotherat 100mmfrom
t"p p;;.i;;;r; er capeach
consisting
of 8 mmbarsat 100mmc)entres "1 shall provided
in bothdireciions be directly
underthebearings.

710.9 Cantilever
CapofAbutmentand pier

710.g.1 Whenihedistance betweentheloaci/centre

lineof bearingfron:^: ,::. .: ihe
a *,tessthanrhedepthofrhecap(measured att;; r'";;". :-: .:: s:arl
::oj^"jl:-"::",
ceoestgned as a corbel.

710.9.2 Theequivalent squareareamaybe workedoutfor circularpier

ihefaceof support ic
forcalculating
ben0rng
moments

710,9.3 ln caseof wall pier and the pier cap

cantjleverjngout all arc_::
'neasurementof distance
forpurpose of thedesignas bracketanotrr-e oireciionoi :.:.
rf reinforcement
shouldbe parallelto the linej;ining tf,]"."nt ot-fo"jlO"urtng
learestsupporijng .,,,,_
faceof pier "

*1"r" of thebearing
tiesdirecily
overthepjer,calcutation
]^r.!;1:1 ?.pa( oi s_:-
beresrricted
onryfortheporrion
which
i" ori.io"inJi" 0,,," .,_-
,;:l"l::::-.] "1*,0
rhearea
ofcrosed
horizontar
stirrups
mayouriritJio zsp=..=-,
-lil"""]ll:'1,.::p"es
:ithe areaof primaryreinforcement.

710.10 PedestalsbetowBearing

7'1010 1 Thepedestars shourdbesoproportioned

':e edges thata crear
offsetof 150r. m :..,,:.3
oI bearings
is avajlable.

110.10.2 Theheighiofthepedestal shouldbe between 150mmandsCC_::. .,,i,nefe

:^3 depihsof superstfuctures from two adlacenispanson a commonorar-riier
':quireuse pedesials and
of of moreheightbelovr'one of the ap"na,-,n"
: - ihe djaphragm ai"r" oi piercap
of superstructure
stia be modifie;;o;e-s;;,n" n"",ni,
: -:Cmm.Forpedestats whoseheight o"o*,un ,o
islessthanitswidth,
rherefrir", uni "i tongitrOin"r
''oi.i"
-:rnforcement
as specified
forshortcolumn neednotbe insisted
";;;.
-10.10.3
Thealowabre bearingpressure withnearuniform disiribution on theloaded

c l
IRC:78-2014
the following
bearingor columnshall be givenby
area of a footingor base undera
equatlon.
t ,
C=C"x\A > u.
wnere
the permissible directcompressive stressin concreieat the
C. =
bearingareaof thebase
areawhichis geometrically similarto the
At = disperseoconcentric in
'o"o"o u'"" 'q' unO thelargestaieathatcanbe coniained
"lso beyondtheloaded
tn" pfun"or e] it'"mum widti of oispersion
areatacesnalibe limitedto twicetheheight)
projectionof thebases.or footingbeyondthe
A, = loadedareaandthe
faceoftheoearingoicoiumnsupported onit shallnotbelessthan
150mmin anydirection'
mesh reinforcement - oneat 20 mmfromtop andthe other
710.10.4 The two layers of
or pierlf eacnconsisting of I mmbarsat 100mmin both
at 100mmfromtopof peOestat
Oi*",i""", .nar o" provided directlyunderthe bearings

52
 IRC:V8-2014
. Appendix-1
(Ctause703.2.2.2)

GUIDELINESFOR CALCULATINGSILT FACTORFOR BED

MATERIALCONSISTINGOF CLAY

In.ab.se.n:e
of.anyfo.rmul?K"r,maybe determined as perClause703.2.2 anomayoe
adopted basedon siteinformationandbehaviour historyof anyexistingstructure.
The
clayeybedhavingweighted diameter normalyressthan0.04mm ofiersinre resistance
scourthansandthoughmeandepthof scouras pertheformula givenin Clause703.2
indicates
morescourInabsence of anyacceptedrational
formulaor anydataof scourat
thesiteoftheproposed bridge;
thefollowing
theoretical
calculation
maybeadopted:

Jn case.of soil having6 <1S" and c (cohesionof soil) > 0.2 kgy'cm,
'Kecalculated
as follows:
xd = F (1 + !c) wherec in kg/drt
wnere
= 1 . 5 0f o r@> 1 0 ' a n d< 1 5 "
= 1.75for @> 5"and< 10'
= 2.00for @< 5'
ii\ Soilshavingo >15'will be treatedas sandysoil even if c ls morethan
2N/mm,andsiltfactorwillbe as perprovisions
of Clause203.2.2.

53
IRC:78-2014
APPendi&2
' (Clausa704:3)'

. .GUIDELINES FOR' SUB-SURFACE EXPLORATION.

I GENERAL

is to iletermine
exploration
of sub-surface of the soilor rock'
th-esuitabiliiy
Theobjective
oibridgesThesub-surface for bridges-is
exploration carriedoutin tvvo
for tneiounOation
anddetailedlt mayreguireadditionali
p*rimina-ry confirmatory exploration
"irg""
duri-ng "";"fy
construction stage.
maybeiakenfromthefollowing:
Guidance
for Folrndationsmaybe
i) lS 1892- Codeof Praiticefor SiteInvestigation
uiilisedfor guidance regarding andcolLection
investigation of data'

ii) Teston soilsshallbe conducted in accordance with relevantpartof lS

2720- Methodsof Testfor Soils The testson undisturbed samplesbe
conducted fieldconditions
as far as possibleat simulated to get realistic
values.
iii) lS 14g8-Classificationandldentificationof Soilsforgeneral engineering
purposes

Forpreliminary anddetailed sub-surface onlyrotarydrillsshallbe used The

invesligation'
casinoshallalsobe,invariablyprovided notlessihan150mmuptothelevelof
with'didmeter's
useof percussion
ioll, it unu.However, or washboringequipment shallbe permitied onlyto
p"n"tr"t"it rougtboulderyor gravelly theboringbutnotfor collection
siratafof progressing
ii l"tpf".. Wliileconductingdetailedborings,thtresistanceto the speedof drilling'i e '
coreloss,etc.shallbecarefullyrecordedandpresented chart
in "Borelog
rateof penetration,
thedifferenttypesof sirataanddistinguish sandffom
specially
ani daiastreet'to evaluate
sandstone. claYkomshaleetc

Forpreliminaryand detailedsub-surface onlydoubletubediamonddrilling

investigation'
tubediamond
methodshallbe used.Insoftandweakrockssuchiuffs,softshalesetc ' triple
shallbeused
drilling
2 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

2.1Pre|iminaryinvestigaiionshal|inc|udethestudyofexistinggeol
geological
information,previoussite reports,geologicalmaps, etc ' and surface
 IRC:78-20i4
examination.Thesewill helpto narrowdownthe numberof silesundefconsideration
andalsoto locatethemostdesirable
location
fordetailedsub_su-€ce
rnvestigatjon.

3 DETAILEDINVESTIGATION

3-J Basedon dataobtained afterpreliminaryinvestigaiicls. :.: r-riae stre,

ihe typeof struciurewithspanarrangement andthe locatjon anc i;.: :. --_-:aiions.
:re orogramme of detaileC
;nvestigations.etc.shallbe tentarively _:.)...e.
::::::
:he scopeof detailed investigation
including the extentof explor;iic.-_.,:.- :, 33.e
roles,typeof tests,numberof tests,etc.shallbe decidedin closeljais:^,,,:- :-: ::s ci
3ngineer and the exploraiionieam,so thai adequate dataconsider-e: -.,_.r=.-. :..
Jetajleddesignandexecutionareobtatned.

3.2 Theexploration shallcovertheentirelengthof thebridgear... _. ._.. ..-.-

end a distance of zone of influence, i.e.,abouttwicethe dept; be!.,, ... .._-_
3st mainfoundation to assessthe effectof the approach embankrnei:
'oundaiions. __ :-: :-:
Generally, the sub-surface shouldextendto a .j=:-- :::,.,
investigaiions
:re anticipatedfoundation levelequalto aboutone and a halftimesi.e .,,::- :. _:
'oundation.l-iowever, wheresuchinvestigations end jn any unsuitable
o: :_:::--:::
:cundation material, the exploration
shallbe extended ce:,- - _ j-_
to a sufficient
:nd stablesoilsor to rock.

3.2.1 Additionaldrill holesiWherethe data madeavailableby deta:le: ..

-dicateappreciable variationspecially in caseof foundations restinqai ::r_.
-:cessary io resortto additionaldrillholesio establish a completeprofle.. :. : ,
,r:-ata.
Locarion anddepthof additio.tat drillholes\\/illhaveto be decidec t:: , _
--':eextentof variation
in localgeologyandin consultation wjthdesignengine_..

i.3 Thescopeof thedetailed

sub-surface
exolofationshallbe fixe: as ---: a::C
: para3.1and3.2.However, guidejt shallbe comprenei's
as a general ,: a.:_E:i io
:"rabJe
thedesigner
to estimate
or determine
thefollowinq:
engineering properties
of thesoil/rock;
locationandextentofweaklayersandcavities, ifany betr.,,j.iard
founding
slrata;
thesub-surface geological condiiion,
suchas,typeof fock.structure of
rock,i.e.,folds,faults,flssures,sheafs,fractures.joinis,dykesand
subsidence dueto mining or presence
of cavities:

55
IRC:78-2014
iv) . groundwaterlevel;
v) artesianconditions; if any:. . .: '
vi) qualityof waterin contactwiththefoundation;
l':: :1 : i: r: :
vii) " ' r .
depthandextentof scour;
foundaiion
viii) suitable level; l
stfatum;.
ix) safebearingcapacityof foundation
x) settlement
Drobable andorobable
differential of thefoundations:
settlement
xi) likelysinkingor drivingeffort;and

the following
and the likely

6.2 FoundationsRequiringShallowDepthof Exploration(OpenFoundation)

is notlaageanditis possible
Theseshallcovercaseswherethedepthof exploration to take
pits
samplesfromshallow or conductdirecttests,li(e, plate loadtests,etc.Thiswill also
, :,
generally
cover thefoundation
soilfor approach-embankments, protective
works,etc.

56
 IRC:78-2014
6.2.1 The prrmaryrequirements
are stabilityand setflement.
for whrchshearing
strength
characteristics,
Ioadsetflement
characteristics,
etc.needdeterminatron.

6.2.2 Tesls shall be conductedon undisturbedrepresentalive

samptes,which
may be obtainedfrom openpits.The use of prateroadiest (rs
18g8-t,lethod
-or"ssure
of Load
Teston Soils)is considered desirablefor ascertaining
tne Oe"ring and
settlementcharacteristics.A few exploratory bore hoLs or""fe "s:at:
soundir:gs be made
u9"'*1 presence of weakstrata undertying
the foundatjonl
t-:ls
l! :uf"9J"rg srat,extend
to a depthof abouti 1/,timesihe proposeOwlOthofiounOation.

NorE: Forbetterinterpretation,it wi||bedesirabre

tocorrerate --e = !,,,-n
therabc.a:::_, ihe
in-situ
tests.like.plateloadlests.penetratjon
testresutts.
.Thetestsio be conducted for properties of soilaredifferenlic:.::::s .: and
cohesionless soils.Theseare indicatedbelow.Whileseleciingthe tests
a-_ _-:_-:,i.-
the
t h a results,.
rac' 'l+-
limitations
of qpp,&qsr.y
applicability
of urunt
e, chosenll iestsshallDe
belaken
res6 sna intoaac:*a:4
laKen tnto a^e*:: . TJsi
suitable andappropriate combination ofthese shafibechosen, dep"noin_. *:.= .-..e-..s
neededfor designandconstructional aspects.
l) Cohesionless
Soil
a) LaboratoryTests
i) Classification
tests,indextests,densitydeterminatio
j.r.e::.
ii) ShearStrengths
by triaxial/direct
shear,.etc.
b) FieldTests
i) PlateLoadTest.(aspertS 1808).
ii) Siandafdpenetration
Tests(asperlS 2.131)
iii)DynamicConepentration
Test,(asperlS4968pad i .: ==: it,.
iv)StaticConepenetration
Test,(asperlS 496gparilli..
NoTE: is. expecred,
permeabiliry
tests .lle.; :€ acnducted
It,: ^o:y^11,rq...
(aspeftS 2720partXV ).
ll) CohesiveSoil
a) LaboratoryTests
i) Classification
tests,indextests,densitydetermiration
etc.
ii) Shearstrengths bytriaxial/direcr
shear.etc.
iii) Unconfinedcompression test{lS2720partX)
iv) test(tS2720partV)
Consolidation
57
IRC:78-2014
b) FieldTests
i) PlateLoadTesi,(asperlS:1BBB).
ii) VaneShearTest,(asperlS;4434)
Test.(asperl5:4968Partlll).
iii) StaticConePenetration
iv) Standard Test,(asperlsr2131)
Penetration
v) Dynamic Test,(asperlS:4968PartI or Partll).
ConePenetration
NOTE: Where dewateringis expected,permeabilityiesis may be conducted
(asperlS:2720
PartXVll).
6.3 FoundationsRequiringLargeDepthof Exploration
6,3.1Inthisgrouparecoveredcasesof deepwells,pilefoundations,etc.,wheretheuseof
boring equipment,
special
techniques
of sampling,
in-situtesting,
etc.become In
essential.
additiontotheproblems foundation
ofsoiland interactionanimportant consideration
canbe
thesoildatarequired
fromconstruction
considerations.Oftenin the caseof cohesionless
soils.undisturbedsamplescannotbe takenand recoursehasto be madeto in-situ
fieldtests.
Boringand sampling tendsto causeremouldingof sensitive
clays.Alsofor fissured
or layeredclays,the samplemay not trulyrepresent the in-situproperties,due to
disturbance andstresschanges causedbyboringandsampling activity.
Insuchcases,
in-situtestsshallbe performed.
6.3,2 Thesub-surface
exploration
canbe dividedintothreezones:

i) betweenbed leveland upto anticipated

maximumscourdepth(below
H.F.L.)
ii) ffomthemaximum scourdepthto thefoundation level,and
leve'to about'11l,
iii) fromfoundaiion timesthewidthof foundation
belowit.

6.3.3 Sampling andtesting(in-situ

and laboratory)requirementwillvaryin each
caseand henceare requiredto be assessedanddecidedfromcase-to-case. The sub-
soilwatershallbe tesiedfor chemicalproperties
to evaluatethe hazardof deterioration
to foundations.
Wheredewatering is expected permeability
to be required, characteristics
shouldbe determined.

6.3.4 Forthedifferent zonescategorised in para6-3.2.,thedatarequired,methodof

sampling, testing. etc.are given in Table1.Samples of soilsin allcasesshallbecollected
at every'1to 1 r/, metreor at change of strata.
 tRC:7e-20i4
Table1 Sub-SoilDataRequiredfor DeepFoundations
Zones Dala/Charactedstics
Required SamplingandTesting
Bedlevel1oanticipaied i) SoilClassilicatjon Sampling-
maximum scourdeplh ii) Particles
sizedistrjbution Disiubedsamplesmaybecotleie,J.
iii) Permeabilily,
where LaboraloryTests-
dewatedng
isexpected. Classilication
Tdsis, p€dich
including szedsiibuUon_
In"situTests:-
Permeability
tests.
l\,4axim!m
anticipated i) SoilClassificalion- Samplingfor LaboratoryTests-
scourlevel
tothe ij) Particlessizedistribution Undistuloedsamples shallbe co:!€c=.r:€sa :"-Ss.
foundalion
level iii) I\4oisture
content,
density, Aqal excepdon.'or (i dnd( ).ds:-.f,?:s€-: = -;,
voidntio. bepermilted.
iv)Shearstrcngth. LaboratoryTests-
a)Classitcaiion
festsincJuding pal.i:€s.::
v) Compressibility. dislributron.
vi)PenneabiJity where b)l,loislure
conlent,density,
voidGit
dewatering isexpected. c)Shear strength- Tdaxialleslstob€d.-€.r
vir)Chemical analysis
ofsoiland undjslurbed
samples_ [Jnconfi
nec
ground water(foraggessive compressionteslslo bedonecn!i: s_--:
elernents ).' and/orremoulded samples
d)Consoiidationtests.
In'situ Testsfor Cohesionlesssoils-
a)DynamiiCone PenetElion Tesl
b)Siandard Penetralionlest.
c)Down hole/Crcssholeseismicsu..:,s
d)Permeabillty
iests.
In-situTestsfor CohesiveSoils -
a) Dynanic ConePenetralion Tesi
b) SlaticCone Penehaljon Test - co.€zr: s;:.
restslance
c) FieldVane Shear Tesl.
Pefineability
tests.
Down hoie/Crossholeseismi. s-:,e,s
Foundation
levello
about i)SoilClassilication Same
asabove
1.5limes
olthewidthof ii)Shear Strenglh
foundation
andbelow it. iii)Cornprcssibility

Notes:
-r
Lrboralofrleq.,o oe coloLcleddlcod n9 to l-e rptevrnrpdis o tS /2.0.
2l use ofsophisli@tedequipmenttike,pessufe melefmay be rnade,iisuitabteco{etationstor inle4€:-i. -:,l€ded are
available
3) Downhole/Cos. ho e -"r.nic sLruey,sratrb" d) pqA5IM a42OlD428lV
4) Se'smic Methods and/or EJectdc€tResisiiviry l4elhod €n ]re ,sed ior soit/rock proliting. DM h&a.s hcie se<rhic suryeys
could.beusedfor eslablishing
etasljcmodutiandrockprontjng at greaierdeplhs
t) r".':m c sutueys are usefu lor rons bridses (i.e. oi lhe order or I km and abo.=; an i.:r redudno t}le numbef
l1,c,T" jl" "
.?,":ln 'i*":.r m6lolon. tha.a e oen es ) LnderwrFr .o- the<e ,poticrtions. cr:6 obiarn; oy seisin,c
T.: s€rs_6J
hemodssr.rr be€librdled/o. fmodwith a, ruatp.o|es ta(er by bo€s i.ir Fmed:ale t@irE

59
IRC:78-2O14
6.4 Fill Materials
.:'- :-: ronowpitareas.Laloratory
samples
disturbed s::a :E =:+:=:
Represenl.ative -- :^ 1:
for detem:r':; :-:
tesisshallbe conducted
andPar.i3 s::
i) classification
ii) moisturecontent
vs.moisiure
iii) density €i::-: ==':is':
v) shearing strengln
v) permeability
-r:E to the
.=nsirycorresponding
NOTE: The shearingstrengthsh:r :E ::ia-'"'
ihe:
Proposeddensityfor
FOUNDATION
7 DETAILSOF EXPLORATIONFOR
RESTINGON ROCK

7,1 BasiclnformationRequir€dirsTt E4'oi'atixrs

sys:er:
i) Geological
''-- :-: s':
ii) Depth oi rcck a-: -- 'i?-=r:i :
-a-si: -'t:'i :: ilaiion;
iii) lyneiiel :s3.a:.1 :€r-'::-::r
^ez:'''=::'- '
iv) E)Gei: a:: :.22j-?'"
::"n?s faulis' etc ;
v) t-ne s---:--€ :i ='::-':-L::-'-: :'=:': -
formation'etc ;
r' ::=-'t-- S"clogical
vi) Prop€ra-sc: =':{ .e::'a
:-' and
vii) Oualhyancicta::a :'=--:': "'?:3:
i',i3re relevant
viii)Erodibiliiyo; ra:{ :: :; :r:3-: :':ss :"s

Exploration Programrn€
nave t3\';=: :-'+<i":te ci iock within levels where the
lf preliminaryinvestigations
-lt to collectnecessary
i"l"J"iil" iJt" *.t, io ieke;3 :e= 3r ::'rvsstigation
is essential
mentionedin the preceding!€:a-
information

7..2.1 The extentof exploration sha: :€ aJ3ouateenoughto give a cdmBlete

channelwidth'for assessingthe
oi"ir* ,n" ..n pr"file,bothin depthanda5(}3sihe
"f trreloundaton
in reaching
difficulties levelsKeepingthisin view'itshatlbe
consiructional be adopted'iora
metnoO.to
possibleto decidethe typeot t"'na"i["""iL" *nsruuion
intorockoflhe fiJundations
particularbridge,the extentol evenseaiingandembedment
per pterand abutmentand oneon eachside
lll" o"ir"or"i" ta* a easione dritthote
beyondabutments.
60
 tRC:78-2014
7.2.2 Thedepthof boringin rockdependsprimarily on localgeology,erodibjlity
of
therock,theextentofstructuralloadsto betransferred
to foundation,etc.Normally,
it shall
passthroughthe upperweathered or otherwise
weakzone,wellintothesoundrock.The
minimum shallbeas perpara3.2above.
depthofdrilling

7.3 DetailedInvestigationsfor Rockat Surfaceor at ShallowDepths

In case of rock at shallowdepthswhich can be convenieny reached,test pits or

trenchesare the mostdependableand valuablemethods,sincethey permita direct
examination of the surface,the weatheredzone and presenceof any dismnlinuities_
For guidance,lS 4453- Codeof Practive bypits,trenches,
forexploration draftsandshafts
maybe referredto. ln caseof structurally
disturbedrocks,in-situtestsmay be madein
accordance -
withlS 7292 CodeofPracticefor in-situdetermination of rockproperties
by
flatjack,lS 7317- Codeof Practicefor Uni-axialJackingTestfor Deformation Modulus
irnd,ls7746- Codeof Practicefor in-situShearTeston Rock.
7.4 DetailedInvestigationfor Rockat LargeDepths

7..4:.2'':t: .fhe investigation

of the overburddn
soil layersshallbe doneas per details
given,forlhefoundations restingin soil.However,
in caseof foundationsre$ingon rock;
testson overburden shallbe carriedoutonlywhennecessarye.g.,foundatbnlevellower
thanscourlevels.

7.4.3 Thecoreshallbestoredproperlyinaccordance withl5:4078- Codeofpractice

for Indexingand Storageof DrillCores.Wherevertripletubecorebanelin used,inner
mosttransparenl'plastic
tubeshallbe storeddirec y in coreboxwithsample-
.' -'.',. :
'.':' :.
7.4.4 Therockcoresobtainedshallbe subjected
to teststo getnecessary
datafor
designas follows:

i) Visualidentification
for
. ::':1 ,..'a) Texture
..

61
IRC:78-20'14
. b) ' Struciure
' c) Composition
d) Colour
e) Grainsize
'f)
Petrography
tesismaybe donefor
ii) Laboratory
' a) Specificgravity
b) Porosrty
c) Waterabsorptlon
strength
d) Compressive
restswillsumcefordesignpurposesOthertestsmayneed
NOTE: shea'strength
Generally,
caseTheshearstrength testscanbe doneas unconfined
to be donein special
compression, iriaxialcompression or directsheartest'

tjse of in-situtestsfor measuring strengthand deformation.,characterisiics.

7,4.5 of
ooreirotepnotograptry wiltoe oesiraoteto evaluaiethe presence
r"U * t*J. u* rock'where
"t in weakand/orhighlyweathered
iu,ift.,n."ur"" or cavities,etc Particularly Test
core barrel is usedto' o'irrinf in-"itu testssucha:
triple tube .Stan:1:,::.netrationzone
t""r testshallbe conducted at every1 5 m intervalin the influence
,tidl*"*r*
ottoottng or Plle.
wherewaterlossis recordedduringdrilling'
Thesein-situtestsare alsousefulin zones
theselests have to be donejudiciously and plannedalongwith
However selections of
drillingoPeratlon

7.5 SpecialCases
7.5.1 lnvesligationfotconglomerate
-or samplescollected to
shallbe subjected
A drillholeshallbe madesameas tr rock'The the
to ascertain
suitabletestsdepending uponfhe materialspecialcareshallbe taken
of the matrix.
credibility

7.5.2 tnvestigation for laterites

shall be
generally to
slmilar that requiredfor cohesivesoils ln caseof
The investigation
hard|aterite'recoufsemayhavetobemadetocoredri|lingasforsoftrocks.
62
 IRC:78-2014
8 GLASSIFICATIONAND CHARACTERISTICSOF ROCKS

8.'l ldentification
and classification
of rocktypesfor engineefing
purposesmay,
in general, be limitedto broad,basicphysical condition
in accordancewithaccepted
practice.strengthof parentrockaloneis of limitedvaluebecauseoverallcharacteristics
dependconsiderably on character,spacingand distributions of discontinuities
of the
rockmass,suchas,thejoints,bedding, faultsandweathered seams.
8.2 Classification
of Rocks

Rocksmay be classified
basedon theirphysicajcondition
and Unconfined
Compressi,/e
as perTable-2.
Strength

9 Presentation
of Data
ThePresentation
of Datacollected in SheetNo ,l and 2
shallbe as doneas illustrated
Table- 2 Classificationof Rocks
Rock Type Description unconfined
Compressive
Strength(UCS)
in MPa
Extremely Cannotbe scratchedwithknifeor sharppick.Breakingof >2AA
Strong specimencouldbe doneby sledgehammer only.

VeryStrong Cannotbe scratchedwith knife or sharppick. Breaking

of specimensrequiresseveralhard blowsof geologists'
prcK.
Strong Can be scratchedwith knife or pick with difficulty.Hard 50 to i00
blowof hammerrequired to detachhandspecimen.

Moderately Canbe scratched withknifeor pick,6mm deepgouges'12.5to 50

Strong or groovescan be madeby handblowof geologjsts'
pick.
Handspecimencan be detachedby moderateblow.
Moderately Canbe grooved or gorg"d 1.sr. d""p by fir"'lr""olr" 5 t o 1 2 . 5
on knifeor pickpoint.Can be brokenintopiecesor chips
ofabout2.5mmmaximum sizebyhardblowsofthepoints
of geologists'
pick.

63
IRC:78:2014

Cin be groovedor gou!'eOeasitywitn knifeor pickpoint. 1 . 2 5 l o5

Canbe breakdownin chipsto piecesseveralcm'sin size
by moderate blowsof pickpoint.Smallthinpiecescanbe
brokenby fingalrpressure.

Veryweak Can be carvedwith knife.Can be brokeneasilywith point < 1 . 2 5

of pick.Pieces25 mmor morein thicknesscanbe broken
by fingerpressure.Canbe scratchedeasilyby fingernail

Nole:
1) TheUnconfined Compressive Strength
valuesareas in BritishStandard
BS-5930 {C|.44.2.6).
2) Table-2shouldnot be usedto infefthe UnconfinedCompressive Strengthof rock.Actual
laboratory
testvalueof rockcoreshouldbe used.
 RC78-20'14
Appendix-3
(Clauses708.2,708.3and 709.4)

PROCEDURE
FOR STABILIry CALCULATION

1 FORMULAFORACTIVEOR PASSIVEPRESSURE
IN SOIL

The activeand passivepressureco-efficient (K" & Ko respectivety)

shallbe calculated
according to Coulomb's
formulatakingintoaccountthewallfriction.Forcohesive soils,the
'c'
effectof maybe addedto thesameas perprocedure givenby Bell.Thevalueof angle
of wallfrictionmaybe takenas 2/3dof s the angleof reposeis subjectto a limtlot 22112
degrees. Boththevertical
andhorizontal components shallbe considered in the stabiliiy
calculations.
2 SKINFRICTION

Thereliefdueto skinfrictionshallbe ignoredunlessspecifically

permitted bytheEngineer-
in-charge.
However, in caseof highlycompressive soils,skinfriction,if any,maycause
increasedbearingpressure onthefoundation andshallbedullyconsidered.

3.FACTOR OF SAFETY OVER ULTIMATEPRESSURES

Thefactorof safety.inassessing.theallowable passiveresistance shallbe 2 for load

combinationswithoutwindor seismicforcesand 1.6for loadcombinations with windor
seismicforces.Themannerof applyingfactorof safetyshallbe as indjcated
Detow:
i) Pierwellsfounded
in cohesive
soils
. Thefactorof safetyas stipulated
for the typeof soilshallbe appliedfor
viz.,(Pp- P") wherePeand P, are total
, the net ultimatesoil resistance,
passiveand activepressurerespectively mobilised
belowthe maximum
scourlevel.
ii) Abutment
wellsin bothcohesive
andnon-cohesive
soils
In the caseof abutmentwells,the activeoressureon soil abovethe
maximum scourlevel(triangular of pressure)
variation shallbeseparately
evaluated and considered as loadcombined withthe oiherloadsacting
on the abutmentand no factorof safetyshallbe takenior the above
components of activepressure.
Effects
ofsurchargedueto liveloadshould
be restricted
onlyuptotheabutment portion.

67
IRC:78-2014
iii) However, the lateralresistanceof soil belowthe scourlevelat ultimate
valueshallbe dividedbytheappropriate factorof safety,viz , (P - P ) as
statedin the caseof Pierwells.
iv) Pointof rotation
Forthepurpose of applyingtheaboveformulae, that
it maybeassumed
thepointof rotation ofthewell
liesattheboLtom

oUIER <- .- INNEROREDG€

HOLE
SURFACE
=Kd n-
hl =xdrm
dl - OUTER
WHER€ DIAOFWEII
AFTER REOUCIION IN
s'IFNlt{GfilClfiESS

lS ,' OEPIH0F WElf

UPTOMSL
H = 3 (h-hl)
r1 &, t2 ARgfiE
DEVELOPITENTLF{CTTiS
FORI}IE STEEL,8T}INO
lr4ElrtNilduusEclloN

Fig.1 Sketchfor Reduction Thickness

of Steining

68
 IRC:78-2A14

B
!
Ui

o
z 3i
(jj
z.
=l

6r
U:
o-i
trI -l
E
t 5
cr p 6
,d
I
s
R
tr
EI ,l
fi q
L!
H
@
I
s
(J
g
2
f,

z
<t = I
<l =
I v, o
zl F
<t .s;
o-l
j
<l
zl =
t!
F-l
14 E
@l z
e.

69
IRC:78-2014

I
9
I o
I
I l.E
::-
rg o)
t!
= r 9:
! l r
I : !3 E
!. It (J

i;l:i o/
H
(_)

<l =
>l
JI 2
irl
.I
o
:l
IF ol .s)
LL
u ul
ct ;l

F:5{i{s#{
 tRC:78-2014
Appendix-4
(Clause
708.13)

PRECAUTIONSTO BE TAKEN DURING SINKING OF WELLS

1 CONSTRUCTION
OFWELLCURBANDSTEINING

1-1 Cuttingedgeandthetopof thewellcurbshallbe placedtrulyhoizonial-

1.2 The methodsadoptedfor placingof the well curbshalldependon lf|e site

andthecuttingedgeshallbe placedon drybed.
conditions,

1.3 Wellsteiningshallbe builtin liftsand the first lift shallbe laidaftersinkirE

thecurbatleastpartially
for stability.

1.4 The sieiningshallbe builtin one skaightlinefrom bottomto top and shd
alwaysbe at rightangleto the planeof the curb.In no case,it shallbe builtplun|bh
stageswhenthewellis tilted.
intermediate

1.5 In soft strataproneto settlement/creep,

the construction of the abubrErfr
wellsshallbe takenup afterthe approachembankment for a sufficientdistancens
the abutmenthasbeencomoleted.

2 SINKING

2.1 A sinkinghistoryrecordbe maintained

at site.
2.2 shallbe madeto sinkweLls
Efforts andin plumb.
trueto Dosition
2.3 Sumpsmadeby dredgingbelowcuttingedgeshallpreferably
not be rse
thanhalfthe internaldiameter.
2.4 Boringchartshallbe referred to constantly
duringsinkingfor takingad€quate
carewhilepiercingdifferenttypesof strataby keepingthe boringchartat the site and
plottingthe soilas obtainedfor the wellsteiningand comparing it with earlierbo{edata
to takepromptdecisions.
2-5 Whenthewellshaveto be sunkcloseto eachotherandthe cleardistance
is lessthan the diameterof the wells,they shallnormallybe sunkin sucha manner
that the diffdrencein the levelsof the sumpand the cuttingedgein the two wellsdo
not exceedhalfthe cleargap betweenthem.

71
IRC:78-2014
careis neededto ensurethat
2.6 Whengroupofwellsareneareachothel special
alsodo noi causedisturbance to wellsalready
it iy oo *t r"ir in t," courseof sinkingand
i{ells shallbe half the extemaldiameter'
sunk.The minimumclearanceoelweenthe
dredgingholesof all the
iirrn""*". leveldredgingshallbe carr€doui in the
"rl of allthe\/ellsbe coxeiogether-
i,"ri. in tn" gtoupundplugging

-the
2.7 Duringconstruction sunkY'elssheilbe takento € safedepthbelow
partlally
levelsto ensuretheirsafeiyculingensuingfloods'
sco-ur
anticipated
shatlnotbe Ce;3G:* uqevenly aroundthewell
2,8 Dredgedmaterial

3 USE OF KENTLEDGE
sinkingeffori'
provideadditional
3.1 Wherea well is loaded$'iih K3-ei:e':c
suchloadshallbeplacedevenlycn'-r€cai-:€$ztform'leavingsufficientspacein
themiddleto femoveexcavatedmate:-ei

the position
welldevelopinglilt'
3.2 Wheretiltsarepresenlo{ ilse s a -"rger oJ
oftheloadShallberegulated|nSudla-a:-EfaStoprovidegreatersinkingefforto
sideofthewell'
thehigher

4 SAND BLOUIS IN WELLS

Dewatering : ='i ' J\ts are expectedAny equipment

shail be a€';j€d -:qr'4ti
4.1
cJt of the well as soonas thereare
lno t"n *oifing insidlethe we;isk: 'e
anyindicationsof a sand-blow'
the ievelof water
by keeping
4,2 Sandblowingin wellscanoi€a be rnrntmized
kentledge.
aisobyaddinghearry
inl,ou,n" *"u n,nn".tha;the waiertabteand
DIVERS
5 SINKING OF WELLS WTTHUSE OF

in well sinkngbothfor sinking- purposes'IrKe'

5.1 Use of diversmay be made
preTYti:ns
removalof obstructions, rockblastlng'etc. as alsofor inspectionlll safety
."n"ii'0" as per anyacceptablJsafetycodefor sinkingwithdiversor anystatutory
"0""
fegulations in {orce
shall be employedThey
5.2 Only personstrainedfor the divingoperation
and otherequipments shall be of an
shallwork underexpertsupervlslonThe diving
standardltshallbewellmaintained forsafeuse'
acceptable
72
 tRC78-2O14
5,3 Arrangennent for amplesupplyof low pressureclean cool air shall be
ensuredthroughan armoredflexiblehose pipe.Standbycompressor plantwill have
to be provided
in caseof breakdown.

5.4 Separatehigh pressureconnection for use of pneumaticicals shall be

made.Electric lights,whereprovided,shallbe at 50 volts(maximum). Tne raisi.gor
the diverfrom the bottomof wellsshall be controlled
so that the decompress:cii
r;:e
fordiversconformsto theappropriate
rateas laiddownin theregulation.

5.5 All menemployedfor divingpurposeshallbe certifiedto be fit for divinc3v

an approved
doctor.

6 BLASTING

6.1 Only.lightchargesshallbe usedunderordinary circumstancesandshould

be firedunderwaiefwell belowthe cuttingedgeso that thereis no chanceof the curb
beingdamaged.

6.2 Thereshallbe no equipment insidethewellnorshallthereby anylabourin

theclosevicinityof thewellat thetimeof explodingthecharges.

6.3 All safetyprecautionsshall be taken as per lS 4081 "safetv Code for

Blasting and RelatedDrillingOperations",to the extentapplicable,
whenever blasting
is resortedto. Use of largecharges,0.7 kg. or above,may not be allowedexcepi
underexpertdirectionand with permission from Engineer-in-charge.
Suitablepattern
of chargesmay be arrangedwith delaydetonators to reducethe numberof charges
frredat a time.The burdenof the chargemay be limitedto 1 m and the spacingof
holesrnaynormally bekept0.5to 0.6m.

6.4 lf rockblastingis to be donefor seatingof the well,the damagecauseooy

the flyingdebrisshouldbe minimisedby provisions of rubbermatscoveredover iire
blastingholesbeforeblasting.

6.5 Afterblasting,
the steiningshallbe examined
for any cracksand ccr'€3:,:
*shallbetakenimmediately.
measures

7 PNEUMATICSINKING

7.'l The pneumatic sinkingplantand otheralliedmachinery sira. .:: :.;.' !:

of proper
designand make,bui alsoshallbe workedby competeni anj i,,3. tr2r:"J
personnel.
Everypartof the machineryanditsfixturesshallbe minuleiyexa:r.:.3c:€icrg

73
IRC:78-2014
installationanduse.Appropriatespares'standbys, safetyof personnel
as recommended
in the lS 4188forworkingin compressedair mustbe keptat site Safetycodeforworking
in andotherlabourlawsandpractices in thecountryasspecified
prevalent to providesafe;
efficient sinkingshallbefollowed.
andexpeditious

7.2 Inflammable shallnot:betakenintoair looksandsmokingshallibe

materials
prohibited.

7.g Whenevergasesare suspectedto be oozingout of dredgehole'the same

shall be analysedby trainedpersonneland necessaryprecautlons adoptedto avoid
hazardto lifeandequipment.

7.4 Whereblasting is resorted-to, andall precautions

controlled
it shallbe carefully
shallbe observed
blasting
regarding Workers shallbe allowed onlywhen
insideafterblasting
person
andqualified
a compeient hasexamined thechamber andsteiningthoroughly'

7.5 Theweightof pneumatic if any'

plaiformand thatof steiningand kentledge'
to resistthe upliftfromair inside,skinfrictionbeingneglectedin this
shallbe sufficient
case.

7.6 lf at anv sectionthe totalweightactingdownwardsis less than the uplift

kentledge
of air inside,additional
pressure shallbe placedon thewell'

7-7 lf it is.possible "Blowing

to makethe well heavyenoughduringexcavation;
Down"may be used.The men shouldbe withdrawnand the air pressurereduceo'
The well shouldthen beginto movewith a smallreductionin air pressure"Blowing
Down"shouldonlybe usedwherethe groundis suchthat it will not heaveup insidethe
chamberwhenthe pressureis reduced.Whenthe well doesnot movewith a reduction
in air pressure,kentledgeshouldbe added Blowingdownshouldbe in shortstages
and the dropshouldnot exceed,0.5 m of any stage.To controlsinkingduringblowing
down,useof packsor packagings maybe made.

8 TILTS AND SHIFTS OF WELLS

8.1 Tilts and shiftsshall be carefullycheckedand recordedregularlyduring

sinkingoperations. For the purposeof measuring the tilts alongand perpendicular
to
the axis of the bridge,levelmarks6t regularintervalsshallbe paintedon the surface
of thesteining of thewell.

8,2 Wheneverany tilt is noticed,adequatepreventivemeasures,like' pufting

pulling,strutting'anchoringor dredgingunevenlyand depositing
eccentricKentledge,

74
 tRC:78-2014
dredgematerialunequally,
puttingobstaclesbelowcuttingedge,afterjettingetc.,shall
be adoptedbeforeany furthersinking.After conection,the dredgedmaterialplaced
unevenly
shallbe spreadevenly.

8.3 A pair of wellscloseto eachotherhavea tendencyto comedoser while

sinking.llmber strutsmay be introducedin betweenthe steininoof thesewells to
pi'event
tiltinO.

8.4 Tiltsoccurringin a well duringsinkingin dippingrocky strata can De

safeguarded
bysuitablysupporting
thekerb.

9 SAND ISLAND

9.1 Sandislandwhereprovidedshall be protectedagainstscourand the top

level shall be sufficiently
abovethe prevailingwater level so that it is safe against
waveaction.

9.2 The dimension of the sandislandshallnot be lessthenthreetimesthe

in planofthewellor caisson.
dimension

75
IRC:78-2014
APPendix-5 l
: ;: ,, . (Clause709.3.1)

CAPACITYOF PILE BASED ON PILE SOIL INTERACTION

1 AXIALCAPACITYOF PILESIN SOIL
Axialloadcarryingcapacityofthe pileis initiallydetermined
by calculating from
resigtance
frictionalongpilesurfaceor both.Based the
endbearingat toe/tipor wallfriction/skin on
loadcarryingcapacity(QJ is givenby:
soilda!a,the.ultimate

where
= Ultimatebaseresistance
&
Rr - = Ultimateshaftresistance'
1.',| R = Rai.e.,Ultimate fromthefollowing:
maybecalculating
baseresistance
Ru=Ap(1/zDY Ny+ Pat&) + ApN"Cp
where
Ao = Cross-sectional areaof baseof pile
D = Pilediameier in cm
y = Effective unitweightof soilat piletip in kg/cm3
/Vn& N, = B"ut'nn factorsbasedon angleof internal frictionat piletip
"rpacity
N" = Bearingcapacity factorusuallytakenas 9
ce = Averagecohesionat piletip (fromunconsolidated untrained test)
Pd - Effective overburdenpressure atpiletiplimited to20timesdiameter of
pile for pileshavinglengthequalto morethan20 timesdiameter
Rr,.e., Ultimate sideresistance maybe calculated fromthefollowing:

R = i K P . , t a n 6 A+, C [ e A
where
K = Coefficient
of earthpressure
Pdt = Effective overburden pressurein kg/cm'?along the embedment of
pilefor thelayerithwhereivariesfrom/ to n
6 = Angleofwallfrictionbetween pileandsoilin degrees. It maybetaken
equalto angleof internal frictionof soil
A"i = Surfaceareaof pileshaftincm'zintheithlayer,whereI variesfrom7to n

A, = Surfaceareaof Pileshaftin cm'

/o
 IRC:78-2014
a = Reduction
factor
c = Averagecohesionin kg/cm,throughout
theembedded
tengthof pjle
(fromunconsolidated
untrainedtest)
Whileevaluating
effective
overburden
pressure,
totalandsubmerged
of soilshallbe considered weight
aboveandbelowwatertablerespectivef
4 Theinitiarvarueof K maybe takenas i.5 whichcanbe furtherrnqeased
up to 1.8in particular
casesas specifiedin Clause709.2.2(v)
5 Thefollowing
valueofx maybeadopted
depending
uponconsjstencv
of soil:
Consistency N Value Bored piles Driven
Cast-in-situ case-in-situ piles
Softto very softcla <4 0.7 1
l\,4edium 4-8 0.5
stiff - - - 0 4o.7
8-15 o.4
Verystiff >15 0.30 0.3
For pilesin overconsolidated
soils,thedrainedcapacitymaybe evaluated-
Whenfullstaticpenetrationdatais available
for theentiredepth,then
Q =cono
* 1,n
gb = Pointresistance at baseto be takenas averageof the valueovera depth
equalto 3 timesthediameter of pileaboveanOon" fimetn" Oi"meter
of pile
belowthetip.
/, = Cross-sectionalareaof baseof pile
f" = Averagesidefrictionandfollowingco_relationmaybe usedas a guide:
Typeof Soil SideFriction,
f"
Clay
Soft ql25
stiff q"/15
Mixtureofsiltsandsandwithtracesof clay
Loose c"/50
Dense q"/100
g = Staticpointresistance.
I Wheresoftcompressible claylayeris encountered, anycontributron
towards
capacityof pirefrom suchsoirshaflbe ignoredand additionar
ro;d pireon accountor
downward dragon piledueto consolidation
of softsoilshallbe consideied.
IRC:78-2O14
NOTE: Forfactors of pilesinsoil,feierClause
ofsafety 709.3.2.
9 CAPACITYOF PILES IN INTERMEDIATE GEO.MATERIAL AND ROCK
9.1 Axial LoadCarryingCapacity:
Pilesin rocksandweatheredrocksof Varyingdegreeofweathering derivetheircapacity
by end bearingand socketsi.deresistance. The ultimateloadcarryingcapactymay
be calculatedfrom one of the two approachesgivenbelow:
Wherecoresof the rockcan be takenand unconfinedcompressive strengthdirecfly
established usingstandardmethodof testing,the approachdescribed in method1
shallbe used.In situationswherestratais highlyfragmented, whereReD is nil or
(CR+RQD)/2 is lessthan30 percent,or wherestratais not classifiedas a granularor
clayeysoil.or whenthecrushing strength is lessthan10l\.4
Pa.theapproach described
in method2 shallbe used.Also,forweakrocklikechalk,mudstone,claystone,shale
andotherintermediate rocks,method2 is applicable.
MEHTOD
1:
Q, = R" + qr = K"e.q.d| Ab+ A" C,"
O a//ow=(R.i3) + (R-fi6)
Wherc,
O, = Ultimatecapacityof pilesocketedintorock in NeMons
Q allow= AllowablecapacityoJPile
R" = Ultimate
end bearing
Rur = Ultimatesidesocketshear
Kp = An empiricalco-efficientwhosevaluerangesfrom0.3 to i.2 as
perthetablebelowforthe rockswherecorerecoveryis reported,
and corestestedfor uniaxialcomDressive strenoth.
(cR + RQD K
2
30% 0.3
1000/. 1.2
CR = CoreRecovery in perceni
RQD = RockQualityDesignation in percent
ForIntermediate
values. K,roshall
be linearlyinterpolated
Averageunconfined compressive strengthof rockcorebelowbase
of pileforthedepthtwiceihe diameter/least of pile
lateraldimension
in MPa
 IRC:78-2014
areaof baseof pile
Cross-sectional
d, = Depthfactor= 1 + 0.4x Diahetet af Sackel

However, valueof drshouldnoi betakenmore

than1.2.
= Surfaceareaof socket
= Ultimateshearstrengthof rockalongsocketlength,
0.225{q", butrestricted
to shearcapacityof concreteof the pile,to
be takenas 3.0MPafor M 35 concretein confinedcoudition, which
of concrete
forotherstrength canbe modified bya factor{(fcu35)
METHOD2:

Thismethod.is applicable or when

whencoresand/orcoretestingresultare notavailable,
geo-material Theshearstrengthof geo-material
is highlyfragmented. is obtainedfromits
correlation
withexu"polated SPTvaluesfof 300mmof penetrationas givenin tablebelow:
ShearStrength/Consistency ModeratelyWeak Weak VeryWeak
Approx.N Value 300-200 200-100 100-60
in MPa
ShearStrength/Cohesion 3.3-1.9 1.9-0.7 0.7-0.4
Q" = R" + qr =C,b N".Ao* C,"{
o dd = (Re/3)+ (RJ6)
wnere
C.,.=
* Average shearstrength belowbaseof pile,for ihe depthequalto
twicelhe diameter/least of pile,basedon average
lateraldimension
'N' valueof thisregion
C._= shearstrength
Ultimate alongsocketlength, fromtable,
to beobtained
basedon averagelN'valueof.socket portion.Thisshallberestricted
to shearcapacityof concreteol the pile;to be lakenas 3.0 l\4Pa
for M 35 concretein confinedcondition, whichfor otherstrengthsof
conqete can be rnodifiedby a f-actor
{(fcld3s) Intermediate
values
c,r,andc* canbe interpolated linearly.
L= Lengthofsocket.
N"=9.
. Q ar|N= Allowablecapacityof pile.
to 300whileusingthis
valuesof'N'greaterthan300shallbe limited
Theextrapolated
method.
notescommonto MethodI andMethod2:
General
1) Forthehingedpilesrestingon rockproperseatinghasto beensured.
Theminimum
socketlength
should be300mmin hardrock,and0.5timesthediameterofthe pile
79
IRC:78-2014
in weathered
rock.
4 afterdividjngby factorof safetyshallbe
fhe allowableend bearingcomponent
restricted
to 5 lVIPa.
3) Forcalculation thetoprock300mmdepthof rockshallbe
ofsocketfrictioncapacity,
Thefrictioncapacity
neglected. shallbefurlherlimitedto depthof sixtimesdiameter
of pile.
4t givenin sub-
of workingpilesin the rockystratameihodology
Forthe termination
clause10canbe usedas a qualitycontroltool.
9.2 Capacity
MomentCarrying of Socketed
Piles:
For the socketedpile,the socketlengthin the rock may be calculated
from following
equatron:

4H' +6M
- o,D c,"6" o,D
where
L = Socket
length
H = Horizonialforce
ai topof thesocket
M = l\4oment
at thetopofthesocket
D = Diameter
ofthepile.
. q = Permissible strengthin rockwhichis leaserof 30 kg/sqcm or
compressive
0.33q..
ln caseof socketedpiles,for the satisfactory performance of the socketas fixedtip, the
(e) shouldbe lessthanor equalto
rolationat the top of lhe socketfor ihe fixedcondition
5 percentof therotationforthepinnedcondition at thetopof thesocket(e)

CRITERIAAS A QUALITY
10 PILE TERMINATION
CONTROLTOOL IN ROCKS

Forestablishing
the similarity the pile-bore
of soilstrataactuallymetwhileadvancing with
theshataselected
iorterminatingthepileonthebasisof Nvaluesequivalent
energymethod
can oe useo.
Ratio(PPR)is usedin this method.
The conceptof Pile Penetration
The pile penetrationratio(PPR)reflectsthe energyin ton-meterrequiredto advance
ihe pile boreof one sq. metercross'sectional
areaby 1 cm.

80
 tRC:79-201.4
1) In caseof SPTtest its ppR can.beworkedout as follows:
Energy.E spentfor N blows= 63.5kg i 75 cm x N blows(inkg _cxnunits)=
E x 10_5
ton
meter.Areaof Famplesis 0.259xJ5.2f s9. cm.=2tr.24sq..cm,
penetratinglaocm.
HencePPR= 63.5x 75xN x105t(21.24x10rx30)
=0.747
N
PPRforN = 50 = 37.35tm/mrlcm
andfor N = 200=149.4lmlm2lcm

where

Whn
AP

Zt nlt
AP
Where

81
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-6
. (Clause
710.1.4)
FILLINGBEHINDABUTMENTS,WING AND RETURNWALLS
1 FILLINGMATERIALS
to be usedfor fillingbehindabutments
The tvpeof materials and otherearthretaining
shouldbe selected
structures, of soilsis givenin
withcare.A generalguideto theselection
Table1.

Table 1 General Guide to the Selection of Soils on Basis of

Anticipated Embankment Performance
Soil groupaccordingto Visual Max.dry Optimum lnticipiieO
lS 1498-'1970 description density moisture embankment
lvlostprobable Possible range kg/ content rangeperformance
m3 percent
GW, Ge GM, Granular 1850-2280 7-.15 Goodto
SW HP materials Excellent
SB, Sl\4, GM, Granular 1760-2160 9-18 Faf to
GC,SM,SC materials Excellent
with soil
SP Sand 1760-1850 19-25 Fairto Good
ML,l\,lH,DL CL.SN/].SandySill.s& 1760-2080 1O-2O fair to GooO
SB,SC SiItS
2 LAYINGAND COMPACTION
2.1 Layingof FilterMediafor Drainage
shallbe wellpackedto a thickness
Thefiltermaterial of notlessthan600mmwithsmailer
sizetowardsthesoilandbiggersizetowardsthewallandprovided overthe entiresurface
behindabutment,wingsor returnwallsto thefullheight.
Filtermaterialsneednot be providedin casethe abutmentis of spillthroughtype.
2.2 Densityof Compaction
Densities shallbe chosenwithdueregardto factors,suchas.
to be aimedat Incompactron
the soiltype,heightof embankment, positionof the individual
drainageconditions, layers
andtypeof plantavailable for compaction.
Eachcompactedlayershallbe testedin the fieldfor densityand acceptedbeforethe
for nextlayerare begun.
operations
g2
 tRC:78_2O14
3 EXTENT OF BACKFILL

Theextentof backfillto
beprovided
behind
iheabutment
should
beasillusiraiec
:r Fig.i

, o,0,",o..
r-EXE'tr
of F[t J- ".
t-| t-i-l -Ii-
ERIDGE
; ll=ill- I =l'r=lll=lll
F l= sorlusEDas B cr(FtL=
r -1AS PERSPECFlcTnOT
t;-l t*| - l REqUREIEI{f OF l00?l|m
xo*R^t- qArErES
PIPESSP CEDAT1.0m c/c
\ I =L!-.I!-- 1]J BoRIZO}{fAIYAID 1.0m
VERICALLIPTACED
DtoNEOn IlNo TAYERS
F'IIEi T€DIUI

Fig. I

l. Aclive wedgeofsoil mobilizedin d.veloping activep!€src haslo b. nt'ed bi stec|.d qnl,

2. In case.pioj.ction of f@dn8 row,rds eanb-fitr is lers rhan600 m, dr fi lr.. e[.] I be
slpponed &ar rhe

PRECAUTIONS
TO BE TAKENDURINGCONSTRUCTION

4.1 Thesequence of filling

behind
abutments. wingwallsandreturn wallssha,l
be so controlled thatihe assumptions madein thedesignarefulfilled.and theyshould
clearlybe indicated in the relevantdrawings. For example,if the earthpressurern
frontof the abutmentis assumedin the design,the frontfillingshallatsobe done
simulianeously alongwiththefillingbehindabutment, layerby,andin casethefilling
behindabutmentbeforeplacingthe superstructure is considered not desirable.the
fillingbehindabutment shouldalsobe deferred to a laterdate.In caseot tie bea':s
andfrictionslabs,specialcareshallbe iakenin compacting thelayerundernearn ar:
abovethemso thatno damageis doneto themby mechanical equipment.
4.2 Specialprecautions shouldbetakento prevent anywedging actio!.t
aga,-s:
structures, andtheslopesbounding theexcavation forthe structureshallbe s:e3:e:
or struitedto preventsuchwedgingaction.
4-3 Adequate numberof weepholesnotexceedingonemetrespae,r:.: :.::
directions
shouldbe provided
to preventanyaccumulation
of waterandb:j.: .g _: ::
hydrostatic
pressurebehindthewalls.Theweepholesshouldbe proyii3: a:,:..e:1e
lowwaierlevel.

B3
tRC:7a-2O14
APPendix-7
' 709.2.4)
(Clause

PART-1

BY DYNAMICTESTUSING
PILELOADCAPACITY
METHOD-1:
WAVEEQUATION

Thismethodjs basedon solvingwaveequation modelusingstratawise

by usingidealized
'set'forgivenpileload.Theforceandvelocityresponse of
soilparameters to arriveat pile
pileto an impactforceappliedaxiallyby dropof hammercausinglargestrainat topof pile
(oftheorderof magnitude of ultimatecapacity to arriveat theultimate
of pile)aremeasured
capacityof pile.
1 THEORETICALBACKGROUND
soil, the internal force and
For piles consideringresistancefrom sr-irrounding
displacementsproducedon segmentof prismaticbar subjectedto impactat one end,
Lhewaveequation canbe derivedas

#=e"xPJ.^
wnere
D = longitudinal position
of a pointof thebarfromitsoriginal
displacement
E = modulus of bar p = densityof barmaterial+ t = time
of etasticity
x = direction axis& R = soil-resistance
of longitudinal term

Theabdveequation maybesolvedforappropriate boundary andtherelationship

conditions
amongdisplacement, time,position
inthepileand usuallybynumerical
stressaredetermined
methods.Solutionrequires of modelconsidering
idealization loaddeformationdiagramfor
'Ru'the
eachsegment, the'quake'i.e. maximum thatcanoccurelastically,
deformation
soilresistance
ultimate andthedamping Theempirical
factor. valueof'quake',damping
factorandpercentsideadhesion as reportedby Forehand andReeseare reproduced for
in Table1.
reference

B4
 tRC:78.2014
Table 1 Empiricat Values of e,J, and percent Side Adhesion
a (in.) SideAdhesion
(%ofR,)

Sandgravelmixed
FineSand
Sandand clayor loam,at least
50 percentof pilein sand
Silt and fine sand underlain
bv
hardstrata
Sand and gravelunderlainbV
hardstrata

2 PILEANDTESTPREPARATION
1) Thetesting shourd be conducted byfixinginstrumentation thatshourd incrude srrarn
sensorsandaccelefometers tothesjdesofthepileat a depthof t.5 x pile - Jiameters
--
fromtopof pjleandthenconnecting themto themeasuring equipmeni.
2) Forthisit is desirable thatthe pileis exiended to suitablelengthafterchippjng
looseconcrete.This can be doneeitherusingformworkor permanent top
casing.
Alternativ,elyif jt is a linerpjle,twoopenings/winiows approxim"f"f gOd,rn , 300
mmanddiametrically v
opposite toeachothershallbemadeintotnetinerat i.S x prre
diameter fromtop.
In casepileheadis extended, jt shallbe axial,flatandhavesame
strengthas pile
concrete.Thepileheadmayevenbe onegradehjgherso as to attainearii ifrengrn.
The rebarsand helicalreinforcement sfrattatsoO-e t"-"uoiO
concrete ot
underhammer impact. "*t"nO"J "i*ilng
Referto Fig.'lfora sketchof reinforcenient jn.theextended pileandthediameter
barsshallgenerafiy of
bethe sameas pirereinforcement. rurtn"i i .o"crut"it tn"
sensorlevelshallbe smooihhardanduniform. "

AlldinmionseinIm
7. Clea .oYer lo nesh einfocnmr is 20 M
3 _ Diamerer.fsesh r€inforcementb6 is BI4
spacig ol msh ciafoEemftr b€s G lclo @

Fig-1: De'€ilsci Raa- =re:cr e;iteidedportionof pilefordynamiciesi

35
IRC:78-2014
4) A pile toi cushionconsisting of sheetsof pll,'voodwith iotalthicknessbeMeen
25mmtol00mmorasdeterminedbytheTestEngineershallbep|acedon
of thePilebefofe tesling
by theTestEngineer shallbe
5) Sieelhelmet25 mm-50mmthickor as determined
keptreadyat thetimeof testing
oftestloador5-7percent cf
ofthedeadwe;Qht
6I
"' A hammef weighl
ofsuitable l1-2percent
snalLOeusedfortesting othewise
thepileunlessspecified
,n" oif"-n"n"ver isnigfr"er)
bytheTestEngineef. Thefallheightgenerallyvariesfrom0 5 m to 3 m

essential,
Wherever to ensurea concentric
a suitableguideshallbe provided
7)
rall.

B) craneor equvareni
A suitable mechanism capable of freelyfallingthe required
withthetestengineer'
on sitein consultation
shallbe arfanged Referto
hammer
Fig.2 showing thesetuparrangernents'
G 6€ruP qfl^":3
ioc xtcx srR tx ovrrttc FL€ rEarlrtc

sl.dFq.|{db.e

fub']liFsnrfrpd

s'lr.dnr.dd&db(:Il<ls

Fig.2: Typicalsketchshowingsetupdetailsfor highstraindynamicpiletesting

86
 IRC:78-2014
A suitablepowersourcesupplyshallbe provided
for fixingsensorsandforihe test
equiPment.
PILEMONITORING

1) The testing may be conductedatleast '15 days after the pile is installed
and the concretepile as well as extendedporiionif any has achievedthe
required
strength.
2\ Dynamicpile testing(basedon wave equation)shouldbe conducteo 0y
attachingstrain transducersand accelerometers to the sides of the pile,
approximately 1.5timespilediameter
belowihe piletop.A pairof transducers/
needsto be fixedonto oppositesidesof the pile,so as to deiectbendingin/
thepileif any,duringtesting.
3) Thesetransducers shouldbe then connectedthroughthe cableto measuring
equipmentto record
strainandacceieration
measurementsanddisplaythemon an
oscilloscope
or screen.
4) Thetestingshouldbe conducted the pilewith blowsof ihe hammer,
by impacting
generally
startingwitha smallerdropof 0.5m. Foreachhammer blow,thestrain
transducersshouldmeasurestrainswhereasaccelerafions are measuredby
accelerometersconnected on eithersidesof ihe pile.Thesesignalsare ihen
converted
to digitalformbytheequipment andthenconverted to forceandvelocity
respectively
by integration.
For eachhammerblow,the test systemshoulddisplayimmediatefield results
in theformof the mobilized of the pile,piletop compression,
capacity integrity,
stressesetc.Theforceandvelccitycurveshallbe generallyas defined!nASTM
D4945.
Testingshouldbecontinued byincreasingheighi fallofthehammer byapproximately
0.5 m increment iill the time eitherthe pile set or the pile capacityreachesthe
requiredlimiting
values. Atypical forcevelociiyresponse is alsodescribedin Fig.3.
Thepilecapacity shallbegenerally
considered
tobefullymobilizediftheenergy levels
dueto hammer impact aresumcieni
soasto causea measurable netdisplacement
of aileast3-4 mmper blowfor a minimumthreesuccessiveimpacts.lf the pileset
is lessthan3-4mmperblowandthepileachieves required
capacity, thenit implies
thainotall thestaticpileresiatance
hasbeenmobilized andthatthepilestillhas
somecapacitytllat couldnotbe measured or was notrequiredto be measured at
thetimeof testino.

87
IRC:78-2014

E!
bE
H E^
6<
=

tracegenerated
Fig.3 : Typicalforce-velocity equipment
by measuring

8) : Usingstrainand acceleration
Analysisand lnterpreiation data in a suitable
of pile and soil stfata,the equivalentstatic
mod;I, b;sed on localparameters
the
load bearingcapacityshall be calculatedThe final reportshouldspecffy
parametersof soil and pile strataconsideredand the safe capacityarrlved
for SignalMatching
Atypicalblowis thenselected Analysis'

4l TESTLIMITATIONS
on a
1) Evaluationof static soil resistanceand it's distributioncan be based
variety of anal)'ticalmethodsand is the subjectof individualengineering
judgment. The inputinto the analytical methodsmay or.may not resultin
to
ine- aynami" evaluationmatchingstatic load test data lt is necessary
pile load
calibratethe resultof the dynamicanalysiswith those of a siatic
testcarriedoutaccordingto lS 2911.
friction
,\ Basedon above,it can be said that it is difficultto predictrock socket
and actualend bearingfor rock sockeiedpilesthat do not show substantial
netdisplacementundeftheimpacts
an
lJnlike static iesting, evaluationof dynamic pile test results requires
experienced engineer of theresults'
trainedin inteipretations

88
 IRC:78-2014
METHOD-2:PILE DYNAMICTEST METHODBASED ON
HILEY'SFORMULAE

(BY LASERYINFRARED
OPERATEDEQUIPMENT)

1 INTRODUCTION

Sincetheearlydaysof drivenpiles,thetermination criteriabasedon "Setsobserved", are

followed.Variousformulaeareavailable. The lS Code2911Part- 1 coveringdrivenpiles
provides onesuchformula. Theprinciple followed is recordingthe penetrationperblow
of the hammer, andon thatbasishavingobtained thedesiredset i.e.averagepenetration
of standardnumbersof blowsof hammer, the ultimatecapacityfor the pileis workedout
and thenwith suitablefactorof safetythe safecapacityis arrivedat. The boredcasi-
in-situpilesafterattainingstrength(i.e.aftercuring)can be treatedas precastpile to
be advanced furtherin thefounding straia(i.e.sirataon whichterminated) by dynamic
impactenergy.The loadcarryingcapacityof boredcasfin-situpilesubjeciedto impact
energycanthenbe esiimated on measuring consequent displacemeni by sophisticated
optoelectronicinstruments to lS 2911procedure.
on resorting Theprocedure willhelpin
ascertainingthequality of workmanship on a largenumber of pileswithoutmuchof time
wastingandavoidingdelaysin a construction activitywithrelativelylesscosl
METi.IODOLOGY

Themethodology of testis basedon a largefallingweightgivingthedynamic impactto

the elasticbody.lt equatesthe energyof hammerblowto workdonein overcoming the
resistance of the foundingstratato the penetrationof the ordinarycasfin-situpilesas
wellas groutedmicro piles.Allowanceis madefor lossesof energydueto the elastic
compression ofthe pile,andsubsoilaswellas losses caused bytheimpact ofthepile.The
ModifiedHiley's formulae giveninthecodelS2911Pad-1,Section Iareusedin estimaiing
the ultimatedrivingresistance in tonnes.Applyingthefactorof safetyas outlined in the
code,thesafeloadon pilecanbe workedout.

The instantaneous displacements includingrebounds of the pileare precisely

recorded in
automaticdataacquisitionsystem.Thisis donefor severalcyclesandthenusingtormulae
as accepted in lS Code2911thesafeloading capacityis calculated.Theopto-electronic
instrumentis used for positionsensitivemeasurement by non contactcontinuous
measurement, usinginstrument placedawayfromthevibrations dueto impaciload.The
systemis basedon combined lightemitting diodetransmitters anda position sensitive
detectorThetransmitter andreceiverare installedso thatthe infraredlighibeamformsa
referencelinefromtransmitter,
receiver to the prismgroupreflectors.Thereflectedlightis
89
IRC:78-2014
received andrecorded100timespersecond.Usingtheenergytransmitted to the pileand
accountingfortemporary compressionof pile,ground
anddollyoccurring
during theimpact
loading,the ultimatedrivingresislance
is calculated.
Applying
thefactorof safetythesafe
loadforthepileis calculated.

Themodified
Hileyformula
is :
Whtj

S+C/2
where
R = ultimatedrivingresistance in ionnes.Thesafeloadshallbe workedout by
dividingit witha factorof safetyof 2.5.
vv = massoTineramIntonnes:
h = heightofthefreefalloftheramor hammer in cm,takenat itsfullvalue
for
trigger-operated drophammers, 80percent oftheIallofnormally proportioned
winchoperated drophammers, and90 percentofthestrokeforsingle-acting
hammers. Whenusingihe McKiernanTerry typeof doubleactinghammers,
90 percentof the maker'sratedehergyin tonne-centimeter perblowshould
be substituted for the product(1,4/h)
in the formula.Thehammershouldbe
operatedat its maximum speedwhilethesetis beingtaken;

n = efficiency
of the blow,representing
the ratioof energyafterimpactto the
striking
energy of ram:
S = finalsel.
or penetration
perblowin cm:
C = sumofthetemporary
elastic in cmof thepile,dolly,packings
compressions
anogrouno
P = Massof pilein tonnes
WhereW is greaterthanPe andthe pileis drivenintopenetrable
ground,
W+ Pe'
W +P
is lessthanPeandihepileisdriven
Where1,4/ intopenetrable
gfound.

- + Pe'- \lw - ee\.

'^r _wyy+p w. Pl

90
 01
IRC:78-2014
to e andio the rationof P/W
arethevaluesof I in relation
Thefollowing

Ratioof P/W e=0.5 e=0.4 E = 0.32 e = 0.25 e=0

112 o . 75 a.72 0.70 0.69 0.67
0.63 0,58 0.55 0.53 0.50
1 ,|, 0.55 0.50 o.47 0.44 0.40
2 0.50 o.44 0.40 o.37 0.33
2./, 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.28
3 0.42 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.25
3.t, 0.39 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.22
4 0.36 0.31 0.28 o.25 0.20
5 0.31 o.27 0.24 o.21 0.16
6 4.27 o.24 0.21 0.19 0.14
7 0.24 0.21 0.19 o.17 0.12
I 4.22 0.20 o.17 0.15 0.11
(ifany)in tonnes.
P is theweightof thepile.anvil,helmeiandfollower
Where thepilefindsrefusal
inrock,0.5Pshould forP intheaboveexpression
besubstituted
for4.
e is thecoefficient of the materials
of restitution underimpactas tabulatedbelow

Forsteelramof double-acting slriking

hammeI on steelanvjlanddriving
reinforced
pile,e = 0.5
b) Forcast-iron or drophammer
ramof single-acting striking
on headof reinforced
concretepile,e=0.4.
c) Single-actingor drophammerstriking a well-conditioneddfivingcapandhelmet
withhardwooddollyin drivingreinforced pilesor directly
concrete on headof timber
pile,e = 0.25.

Numbers of modelsof Laser/infrared

operated instrumenismeasuring accurately
the
deformationare available
thesedays.The requiredsensiiiv'ty
of the equipmentshall
to the accuracy
be suchas to readthe angulafdeformation of 10-3radiansand the
shouldbe capableof recofdingabout '100readingspersecond.Fromthe
instrument
angulardeformation,on knowingthe dlstanceof the reflector
fromthe instrument,

91
-.

IRC:78-2014

Typical DisplacementRecord
0
-0.'t

Q -0.3
-o.4
-0.5
-0-6
-o.7
-0.8
-0.9
Readins Seriat Numt er.

veriicalmovementof the shaftunderthe givenimpactenergy,(bothelasticand

permanent)can be measured accurately.
Thesemeasurements of the displacement
can thenbe substitutedin rnodified
Hiiey'sformulaestatedin lS 2911.The ultimate
loadcarryingcapacityof the pilecanbe workedout,resoriingto the modified Hiley's
formulaeoutlined
in thecodeandfromthatihe safeloadcarrying capacity of pilecan
be estimated.

92
 IRC:78-20'14
Appendix-7

STANDARD
TESTMETHODFORLOWSTRAINPILEINTEGRITY
TESTING
1 SIGNIFICANCE
ANDUSE
PileIntegrity
Testing(plT)is a Non-Destructiveintegrjty
testmethodfor foundationpiles.
Themethodevaluates continuity
ofthe pileshaftandprovidesinformationon anypotential
defectsdue to honeycombs, necking,cross-sectionreduction,potentialbulbs,sudden
changesin soilstratum,concretequalityin termsof wavespeedetc.lt is known€s ,.Low
Strain"lvlethodsinceit requiresthe impactof onlya smallhand_held hammerand the
resultanistrainsareof extremelylowmagnitude. Thetestprocedure is standardized
as per
ASTN4 D5882andarsofoms partofvarious specifications
andcodeprovisions worrcrwideas
indicaiedin Table€.Thenumberof testsshallbe decidedbytheengineer to theproject.
Table3 HajorStandardsor Codesfor IntegrityTesting
Srno Method Country AeterenE TiiG
1) , LST,CSL Ausiratia nusiratian pite Oesigning
SianOlrO anOinstaation
As 21 59-199S
Technical code for Building
pttestoundationsChapterg:
2\
Lt | RTt. aqr
La voL .-tri^-
\,{lttar J(,J.v4_y4 Inspeclon and Acceptance of
pile FoundationEngineering.
,9..1
of pile
eualitylnspection
installation.
3) LST.CSL China JGJ 93-95 Specificationfor Low Strain
DynamjcTestingof piles.

4) Lsr FranceNor,"r*n"u ::1", :;""$:l#"", oJ:l

"o work method by reflection
impedance
5) LST-CSL Gemany DGGT ierpiohuns
'.srssr
6i uk Instirurion
or .,",tj:ill3i,,q#",9#;
Fnd'neers.(lCE)

7) Lsr usA ASrMD5882 specirication

rorLow
ll:lg"'9tmaginaryTesting
Utratn of
piles.

93
 IRC;78-2014
2 TYPIGALMETHODS
below'
the integrityof the pile are brieflydescribed
Variousmethodsusedto evaluate follows
in. oi plT recordscan be describedas
"uafu"tion - analysrs)
' Pulse-Echo Method(orSonicEcho a timedomain
' FofceVelocity Approach
' Transient ResponseProcedure (Frequency DomainAnalysis)
.
'CrossHoleSonicLogging
ls used
-rll"in"o
sometimes defectsnearthe piletop ihat
io evaluate
TheForceVelocity approach
ThePulseEchois the mostcommonly
maybedifficultto evaluatein Pulse"ii"
usedmethod andis described below'

3 TEST EQUIPMENT

ThetestShouldbeperlormeduslngdigitaldataacquisitionequipment|ikeaP
;;;;,;;;""dil"^lll-1i::,:^l,iJ*n:?,^""x'ilT:
.l::,t"";ilijil:
ilT::"lfiTifi'ffi ffi;ffi ';;"ia qua'tv
anointerpretaiio
anda fieldprintout be possible'
should

4 TEST PROCEDURE
at least7 daysafterpile concreting,br/an experienced
The testingshallbe conducted smoothwith
The concrete 'ili" pi[ bp surfacemustbe relatively
enqineer/technician
attachment ot tne sensing
moiion deviceandhammerimpactareaThe
sufficientspacefor the
attacnment ot anacceteioit"t"' ontJtn"pit"top(notnearitsedge)wiih
testinginvolves thepileis impacted
nttu' unuchment'
materiat canore
tit<e w"a"x'-vuJ"tln"
heloof bonding "rc'
o"uice(a hand-held hammer)
*iif, u n"na-r,lio
blowsduringthe stageoJ^testingAll suchsimilar
Thetest involves ot
collection several testins
ii' Ligeioi"mjer piles above
areaverased oi"prall
before lT^:'lo
blows
ffi; ;ffi"il -::l "1999
li:fiil"ffif:iiiu#il'l'::
",3l :":".*tl*"J:fi
pilesThetyplcal(
smarlerdiameter
peirig.t anois atsodefinedin ASTMD5882'

" t . I
- r"^
"! Ji -'rl.-
'"5-E--=1---.-.;1
"--- i; ; t'.;-;-=

plotfor normal pile(bottom)

pile(Top)anddefective
Fig.1: PITVelocity Depih
versus
94

L
 IRC:78-2014
5 REPORTSUBMISSION

Theflnalreportshallinclude
tfrefollowing;
1) Projectldentification
& Location
2) Test Pile ldentificationincluding Length, Nominal Cross-Sectional
area
andConcrete Mixas perinstallation
record
Typeof Pileanddescription procedures
of specialinstallation usedif any.
4) Descriptionof all the componentsof the apparatusfor obtainjngintegrity
measurements andrecording/displaying
data.
Graphical
representation
of Velocitymeasurements
in timedomain.
ol on thequalityof the PileConcrete.
Commenis
7) on anypotential
Comments defects/damage
andits location.
Comments
on Integrity
of Pilebasedon above.

6 LIMITATIONS
Certainlimitationsare inherentin the low straintest methodand henceit shouldbe
of qualityof workandnotas a conclusive
treatedonlyas an indicator test.Thelimjtations
mentioned belowmustbe understood and iakeninto consideration
in makinothe final
integrity
evaluation.

1) Integrityevaluationof a pile sectionbelow a crack that crossesthe entire

pjle cross-sectionalarea or a manufacturedmechanical joint is normally
not possiblesince the impact wave likely will reflect completelyat the
discontinuiiy.
2J Piles with highly variablecross-sections
or multiplediscontinuities
maybe
difficultto evaluate.
The methodis intendedto detectmajor anomaliesand minor defectsmay
notbe detectedby il-rismethod.
4) The test is not applicableto jointed pre-castpiles or ho'lowsteel pipes or
H-sections.
Themethodcannoibe usedto deriveihe piiecapacity.

95
(TheOfficialarnendmentsto this documentwould be publishedby
'lndianHighways'which shall be
the IRCin its periodical,
consideredas effectiveand as part of the code/guidelines/manual,
etc.from the date specifiedthrein)