Conclusion

The main objective of the experiment are to observe the surface profile vortex and the
physical properties of the free vortex. Hydraulic Bench Service Module and Free and Forced
Vortex were used in the experiment order to obtain the aim of the experiment. We observed
that vortex became larger as the diameter of the orifice larger. The size of pitot tube is the
major factor to determine the speed of circulation of vortex. Based on free vortex experiment,
the average velocity head for complete revolution were achieve.

The experiment result might slightly different from the theoretical value. There are
many factor such as human mistake, equipment efficiency and other that reduce the accuracy
of the experiment result.

We can conclude that the experiment have meet it objective. The radius of vortex
surface increases as the number rotation in the cylinder increase. Based on the result, the
actual value for the depth at different vortex radius is lower than theoretical value. The depth
of vortex surface decreases as radius of vortex increases.
Recommendations

There are a few of recommendations that can be considered after the experiment is
done. To get the accurate results in observation and reading, the experiments must repeat
three time then get the average reading. Next, make sure the eyes is perpendicular with the
scale of water in tank to avoid parallax error. Then, we need to ensure that the needle point
touch the surface of the water to obtain accurate data. Besides that, we need to use
appropriate ruler such as long ruler when measure the length of needle. The water level need
to be constant by adjusting the control valve to reduce the error in reading the needle.
References

1) Lab Manual of Fluids and Thermodynamics Laboratory CHE 486. Faculty of

Chemical Engineering, UITM.
2) Saurabh Gupta, Jyoti Prakash Panda and Nityananda Nandi A. (December 2014).
Model Study of Free Vortex Flow. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jyoti_Panda3/publication/289202316_A_MODE
L_STYDY_OF_FREE_VORTEX_FLOW/links/568a34c308aebccc4e19df54/A-
MODEL-STYDY-OF-FREE-VORTEX-FLOW.pdf
3) Pattison, M.J. (16 March 2011). Vortices. Retrieved from
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1248/
4) Asaurabhjain (12 October 2014) Define Vortex Flow and Differentiate Between
Forced Vortex And Free Vortex Flow http://www.mechanical-
engg.com/blogs/entry/713-define-vortex-flow-and-differentiate-between-forced-
vortex-and-free-vortex-flow/
5) Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala. (2014). Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 3). Singapore:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix