MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A

RESIDENTIAL MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

A MINI PROJECT REPORT BASED ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by

VIJITHA M

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree

Of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

N. S. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALAKKAD 678 008

APRIL 2017
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

N. S. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALAKKAD 678 008

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide industrial training report on “MODELLING

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A RESIDENTIAL MULTISTOREY
BUILDING” presented by VIJITHA M, and submitted during the second
semester, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering under APJ Abdul Kalam
Technological University.

Dr. Subha K Dr. C.K.Prasad Varma Thampan

PG Co ordinator Head of the Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for being with me and guiding heights
of success
The industrial training that I underwent at Design Spectrum Calicut provided me with
a very valuable exposure to the construction industry and helped me to understand the various
techniques that are in practice. I wish to express my gratitude and indebtedness to Mr.
Santhosh K of Design Spectrum Calicut for his generosity and willingness to share his
valuable time and expertise with me. The part that he played in the training allowed me to
have great understanding in the subject matter as well as its practical implementation.
I would also like to extent my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. C K Prasad Varma Thampan,
Head of the Department of Civil Engineering and Dr. K Subha, P.G Coordinator, Department
of Civil Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, for their valuable and unconditional
support.
Also I take this opportunity to thank all the faculty members of the Department of
Civil Engineering and my friends for their help, advice and suggestions, which contributed
either directly or indirectly to my work.

VIJITHA M
 ABSTRACT
As part of M-tech course curriculum, fifteen days Industrial training was done on
Analysis and design of a multi-storied residential/commercial building, under the guidance of
Mr. Santhosh K, Design Spectrum,calicut Design Spectrum,calicut is one of the leading
Structural Consultancy in Kerala.. They undertake wide range of reinforced concrete
structures. The training was oriented towards assisting me in obtaining hands on experience
of the design and construction industry. As a part of the training a Commercial Building at
calicut analysed and designed according to the relevant Indian Standard Codes. The work was
completed in three stages. First stage was modelling and analysis of the proposed building.
Second stage was the design of different structural components. The final stage was the
detailing of different structural components.The structure was analysed in STAAD Pro and
the designs of the structural components were done manually. The detailing works were done
in AutoCAD 2014.
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Industrial training is an important component in the development of the
practical and
professional skills required by an engineer. The purpose of the Industrial training is to
achieve exposure on the Practical Engineering side. The fundamental objective of
Industrial Training is to prepare students for future employment in their chosen
engineering discipline. Industrial Training enhances the academic material studied at
University by allowing students to practice what they have learned and to develop key
professional attributes.
Detailed planning of the structure usually comes from several studies made by
town planners, investors, users, architects and other engineers. On that, a structural
engineer has the main influence on the overall structural design and an architect is
involved in aesthetic details.

The aims of mini project is to done the structural analysis and design of the
structure by using STAAD Pro and design and compares the result with manual design
and prepare structural drawing.

1.2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE MINI PROJECT

Our main objectives include;
 For getting the basic knowledge of construction of multi storied building.
 To practicing and experiencing the planning, designing, and field study of the
construction projects.
 Awareness of building rules.
 Chance of getting the idea about construction equipments, construction
methods and techniques.
 Study about soil condition.
 Using the software packages such as AutoCAD and STAAD Pro for designing
and analysis of building.

1
1.3 MULTI-STORIED BUILDINGS
In the present day scenario, due to scarcity of land and high population density,
multi storied buildings are becoming a necessity these days. Recently, there have been
a considerable increase in the number of tall buildings, both residential and
commercial and the modern trend is towards taller and taller structures. The
advancement in science and technology had made it possible to build high rise
structures in areas even susceptible to cyclones and earthquakes. Thus the effect of
lateral loads like wind loads and earthquake forces are gaining importance and almost
every designer is faced with problem of providing adequate strength and stability
against lateral load. These lateral forces can produce critical stresses in the structure,
set-up undesirable vibrations and in addition cause lateral sway of structure, which can
reach a stage of discomfort to occupants.

2
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 STUDIES CONDUCTED

Manicka Selvam.V.K, Bindhu.K.R (2012) they conducted studies regarding the
structure using various portal method and determined the shear in columns. After
conducting studies they obtained following conclusions, Multi storey building frames
can be classified as short, intermediate and tall frames. For preliminary analysis of
these frames subjected to lateral loads. The proposed method is a simple alternative
for finding the stress resultants of short frames. The IPM is an efficient, powerful and
explicit procedure which is used as final solution. Whatever may be the height of the
building, axial force in the interior columns will be present to some degree.

Swati D.Ambadkar, Vipul S. Bawner(2012) conducted studies regarding the how

wind load effect the high rise buildings, and they carried out the studies using the
software’s STAAD pro and they obtained following results, G+11 R.C.C. Building
is analyzed on STADD-PRO maximum moment, maximum force and maximum
displacement of column is taken for various categories and openings. This maximum
moment, maximum force and maximum displacement is arranged in tabular form.
Graph is drawn for category Vs maximum moment for various openings.

 As the wind speed increases My, Mz values also increases according to the
category, opening as compare to Mz values My values increased more rapidly.
 As the wind speed increases Fy, Fz values also increases according to
the category, opening as compare to Fz values Fy values increased more rapidly.
 Displacement increases as the wind speed increases for various types of
opening, category.

Bimala Pillai, Priyabrata Guha (2015) The principle objective of this study is to
comparison between RCC and Steel Structure and design a multi-storeyed building
using STAAD Pro. The design involves load calculations and analyzing the whole
structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD Pro analysis are Limit
State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. The Thesis involves
Staad Modeling, Analysis the members due to the effect of Wind & Seismic load &

3
Compare them for a 35 meter height Building with Concrete & Steel construction. The
proposal structure is a 10 storied building with 3.50 m as the height ofeach floor. The
overall plan dimension of the building is 30.0 m x 20.0m. They obtained following
conclusions

 Dead Weight of the Steel framed structure is much lesser than RCC framed
structure.
 Bending moment due to Wind force is increased in Steel structure for high rise
building. This could have been effect in the costing of the material.
 Bending moment due to Seismic force is reduced in Steel structure for high
rise building. This could have been effect in the costing of the material.
 Overall expense is much higher in steel structure than concrete structure in
multistoried building.
 Concrete structure is durable & safe with respect to steel structure.

D.Ramya*, A.V.S.Sai Kumar (2015) conducted studies regarding the software’s

such as STAAD pro and ETABS where they compared both the software’s based on
their speed of analysis and other facilities and after analysing a structure they obtained
following results, STAAD.Pro software is more flexible to work compared to the
ETABS software.

 The quantity of steel requirement is 9.25% less for the design of G+10 multi-
storied building using ETABS compared with the STAAD analysis.
 The quantity of concrete requirement is same for the design of the G+10 multi-
storied building using both STAAD and ETABS analysis.
By the intensive study of “Comparative study on Analysis and Design of G+10 multi-
storied building by both STAAD and ETABS software’s” the “economical sections”
was developed by ETABS software

4
 Chapter 3

STAAD Pro
The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural
analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design
codes.

It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static
analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or
a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from
modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.

In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions
mainly using an exposed API called Open STAAD to access and drive the program
using a VB macro system included in the application or other by including Open
STAAD functionality in applications that themselves include suitable programmable
macro systems. Additionally STAAD.Pro has added direct links to applications such
as RAM Connection and STAAD. Foundation to provide engineers working with
those applications which handle design post processing not handled by STAAD.Pro
itself. Another form of integration supported by STAAD.Pro is the analysis schema of
the CIM steel Integration Standard, version 2 commonly known as CIS/2 and used by
a number modeling and analysis applications. STAAD Pro

Staad pro is a large and comprehensive structural engineering tool used extensively by
civil engineers. Knowledge of staad language can be very useful in utilizing the large
numbers of facilities available in the program.

The graphical user interphase can be used to generate the input file for even the most
complex of structures. However, the user can easily make changes to the input data if
/she has good understanding of the command language and syntax of the input. It is a
general purpose programme for performing the analysis and design of wide variety
type of structures. The basic three activities which have to be carried out to achieve
that goal- a) model generation b) the calculation to obtain the analytical result c) result
verification – are all facilitated by tools containing the programs graphical
environment.

5
The benefits of using STTAD Pro are following

1. Flexible modeling environment. STAAD.Pro v8i is based on latest

programming technology that enables it to create an exact three dimensional replica of
the required building or structure. The new STAAD.Pro software is equipped with
advanced graphical environment and about 70 international designs. The flexible
modeling environment of STAAD.Pro v8i software is due to the availability of a wide
variety of advanced structural and design features.
2. Availability of a wide range of design codes. STAAD Pro v8i software has
included both concrete and steel design together, thus making it a one-stop-point for
building design. Due to the availability of a large variety of design codes, this
software can easily determine the drift, deflection and depth of any construct. This
software can also calculate the reinforcement for the concrete columns, beams and
shear walls.
3. Interconnected and open architecture. Unlike other structural designing
software, STAAD.Pro can be modified to suit the design needs. STAAD.Pro has been
developed with an open architecture called Open STAAD. All the input and output
functions are already included in the software itself. The software also has a pre-built
collection of most used structures, such as trusses, buildings, mats, etc. that can be
remodeled as per the requirement. New templates can also be added to the software.
4. Contains All Features of Structural Engineering. STAAD.Pro software
contains all the necessary tools required to design a structure. It works in-sync with
other programs such as STAAD.Pro Foundation, STAAD.offshore, and RAM
Concept for designing of foundations, offshore structures and steel connection,
respectively. Also, if you are designing bridges or pipes, the software includes their
respective features as well.

6
 Chapter 4

AUTOCAD

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

AutoCAD is a general purpose computer aided drafting application program
designed for use on single user, desktop personal computers and graphic workstations.
Auto Desk Inc. Sausalito, California initially developed in the early 1980’s.

4.2 CONCEPT OF AUTOCAD

AutoCAD is an interactive drawing system designed to permit a user to
construct or edit a drawing on a graphic display screen. It is analogous to a word
processing program, except that here is a drawing is processed. The principal
functional component of AutoCAD is called drawing editor.

Initially, AutoCAD was a two dimensional drawing system. However, now it supports
a full 3-dimensional database .The features of AutoCAD that supports two
dimensional drawing are fully self contained and can still be used as a two
dimensional system without considering the three dimensional aspect.

4.3 AUTOCAD DRAWING

An AutoCAD drawing is made up of entities that are simple graphic primitives
are defined like lines, arcs, circles, text etc or blocks ,which are group of entities .the
graphic primitives are defined geometrically in terms of normal Cartesian type ,text
font or colour exploding is another concept about blocks. A block may be exploded to
reduce it back to its separate entities like lines, arcs, circles etc.

4.4 DISPLAY OF DRAWINGS

You can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display
performance by controlling the number of objects that are displayed and concealed.
For example, you can use layers to control the visibility of similar objects, such as
electrical part or dimensions. Also you can lock a layer to prevent objects on that layer
from accidently selected and modified.

7
4.5 SPEED AND INTERGRITY OF DRAWING
It is important with any drafting system that the image displayed on the screen
is an accurate representation of the drawing that is stored in the computer. It is equally
important that the system respond quickly to the user in AutoCAD. The display
database allows very fast screen graphic interaction but needs to be regenerated from
time to time in order to maintain integrity of drawing thus we distinguish between
screen redraws and drawing regions.

4.6 INTERACTING WITH AUTOCAD

When creating or editing a drawing AutoCAD to accept the command. The
various stages involved forcing AutoCAD accepts the demand. The various stages in
the cyclic process are

 Check that the AutoCAD is in command mode

 Enter the command
 AutoCAD prompts for information required for executing the command
 Enter the data
 AutoCAD carries out the operation and returns to the command mode

8
 Chapter 5

ANALYSIS OF BUILDING

5.1 GENERAL
Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures
and their components. To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to criteria
that indicate the conditions of failure.

In our project we are using STAAD Pro for the analysis of the building.

The various step involved are:

 Starting the program

 Creating a new structure, its joints and members
 Switching on node and beam labels
 Specifying member properties
 Specifying material constants
 Specifying member offset
 Printing member information
 Specifying support
 Specifying loads
 Specifying the analysis type
 Specifying the post analysis print commands
 Specifying the steel design parameters
 Performing the analysis and design
 Viewing the output file

9
1.The first step in the STAAD pro was the forming the framed structure.

Figure 5.1 Frame of the building

2. After forming the structure various material properties were assigned the properties
of the material areas follows.

 Concrete grade = M30

 All steel grad = fe415
 Type of steel bars = HYSD
 Bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m2
 Density of R.C.C = 25kN/m3

 Density of brick masonry = 20kN/m3

10
Figure 5.2 Assigning of properties

Figure 5.2 Assigning of properties 3D view

11
ASSIGNING OF LOADS

 Seismic load
 Wind load
 Dead load
 Live load

5.2 DEAD LOAD

The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the
weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as
walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known
as permanent or static loads. The dead load includes self weight of the slab, beam,
column, walls, and plinth.

Dead load calculation

Slab

Live load = 2.5kN/m2

Floor Finish = 1kN/m2

Thickness of the slab = 12cm

Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m2

Self weight of slab = 0.12*25*1*1= 3kN/m2

Total load = 6.5kN/m2

Beam (sample)

Figure 5.3 Load distribution to the beam from slab

12
13
 Figure 5.4 Assigning of dead load

5.3 LIVE LOAD

Live loads include any temporary or transient forces that act on a building or
structural element. Typically, they include people, furniture, vehicles, and almost
everything else that can be moved throughout a building. Live loads can be prescribed
to any structural element (floors, columns, beams, even roofs) and will ultimately be
factored into a calculation of gravity loads. Live load is calculated in accordance with
the IS857 part 2. Following loads are taken for the calculation,

 Live load on ground & first floor = 4kN/m2

 Live load on second and third floor= 2kN/m2
 Live load on stair = 4kN/m2

The figure shows the assigning of live load to the structure.

Figure 5.5 assigning of live load

5.4 SEISMIC LOAD

The earthquake forces are prescribed in IS 1893: 2002 (Part1). Earthquake
loads can be computed using zone factor, importance factor and time period as per

14
formulas and data given in the code. These loads are to be applied in both X and Y
horizontal directions .IS 1893 (Part1): 2002 recommends that dynamic analysis shall
be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to different levels
along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting elements for
the following buildings.

Regular buildings – those greater than 40m in height in Zone IV and zone V, and

those
greater than 90m in height in Zone II and Zone III.

Irregular buildings- all framed buildings higher than 12m in height in Zones IV and

Zone V, and all those greater than 40m in height in Zone II and Zone III.
Since height of the commercial building under consideration is less than 40 m only
static
analysis is to be carried out. The building comes under zone III.

5.5 WIND LOAD

Wind is essentially large scale movement of free air.It plays an important role in
designing a building because it exerts load on the structure. Wind loads are calculated
according to IS875 part 3. Intensity of wind and exposure are applied in the direction
as required.

Sample Wind load calculation

• Basic wind speed from map=39m/s

• Design wind speed Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3

Where Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s

k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient) =1.06

k2 = terrai , height and structure size factor = 0.94

k3 = topography factor =1
Vb = Basic wind speed from table = 39 m/s

Vz = 38.86 m/s

15
 Pz = 0.6 x Vz2

= 0.91kN/m2

Figure shows the assigning of the wind load

Figure 5.6 Assigning of wind load

16
Figure 5.7 Bending moment diagram

Figure 5.7 Shear force diagram

17
 SAMPLE RESULT FROM STAAD Pro

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN FROM STAAD Pro

18
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN

19
 Chapter 6

DESIGNING OF BUILDING

6.1 GENERAL

When designing a structure, the design working life of the structure should be

specified, and

The following fundamental performance requirements (1) to (3) should be ensured for
the
Specified period.
(1) Safety of human life in and around the structure is ensured against foreseeable
actions
(Safety).
(2) The functions of the structure are adequately ensured against foreseeable actions
acting on
Structures (Serviceability).
(3) If required, continued use of the structure is feasible against foreseeable actions by
Restoration using technologies available within reasonable ranges of cost and time
(Restorability).

6.2 LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN

Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of
the structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus
ensure that they will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for the use for
which they are intended. It is worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or
collapse by violating (exceeding) the limit states. Failure, therefore, implies that
clearly defined limit states of structural usefulness has been exceeded.
There are two main limit states: (i) limit state of collapse and (ii) limit state of
serviceability
 Limit state of collapse deals with the strength and stability of structures
subjected to the maximum design loads out of the possible combinations of several
types of loads. Therefore, this limit state ensures that neither any part nor the whole

20
structure should collapse or become unstable under any combination of expected
overloads.
 Limit state of serviceability deals with deflection and cracking of structures
under service loads, durability under working environment during their anticipated
exposure conditions during service, stability of structures as a whole, fire resistance
etc.

All relevant limit states have to be considered in the design to ensure adequate degree
of safety and serviceability. The structure shall be designed on the basis of the most
critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.

The limit state method is based on a stochastic process where the design parameters
are determined from observations taken over a period of time. The concept of separate
partial safety factors for loads and material strengths are based on statistical and
probabilistic grounds. These partial safety factors for the material strengths are
determined on the basis of reliability of preparations of concrete and reinforcement.
The overloading of structure has been kept in mind while specifying the partial safety
factors of loads.

The stress block of structures or parts of structure designed on the basis of limit state
method subjected to the designed loads or collapse loads represents the stress-strain
diagram at the defined states of collapse and satisfies the requirements of strength and
stability. Simultaneous checking of these structures or parts of them for the limit state
of serviceability ensures the deflection and cracking to remain within their limits.
Thus, this method is more rational and scientific.

The notations adopted throughout the work are as per IS456-2000. Partial safety factor
for material in accordance with the clause 36.4.2 IS 456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for
concrete. Loads and moments are taken after the analysis using STAAD.

21
 Chapter 7

SLAB DESIGN

7.1 GENERAL
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal
slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500
millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
slabs are also used for exterior paving.

Design of slab

Slabs are generally designed on the assumption that they consists of a number
of beams of breadth ‘one meter’. The effective span of a simply supported slab shall
be taken as the lesser of distance between the centers of bearings and Clear span plus
effective depth.

Reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.15 percent of total cross-

sectional area.Main reinforcement which is based on the maximum bending moment
shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the gross sectional area. The pitch of the main
bars shall not exceed the following:

 Three times the effective depth of slab, and

 45 cm.

Distribution bars are running at right angles to the main reinforcement and the pitch
shall not exceed.

 Five times the effective depth of slab, and

 4
5 cm the diameter of main bars may be from 8 mm to 14 mm. for distribution bars,
steel 6 mm or 8 mm are generally used.

22
Cover of Reinforcement

The minimum cover to outside of main bars shall not be less than 15 mm and
Diameter of the main bar.

7.2 SAMPLE DESIGN OF SLAB

SLAB 1

Take over all depth D = 120mm.

Assume 8 mm bars.

Take clear cover = 20mm.

Effective depth, d = 120-20-8/2=96 mm.

ly/lx=4.15/1.5=2.76>2, Designed as one way slab.

LOADS

Consider 1m width of slab,

Self -weight of slab = 1x1x25x0.12=3 kN/m2.

Live load = 2.5 kN/m2.

Floor finish = 1 kN/m2.

Total load = 3+2+1 = 6.5 kN/m2.

Factor of safety = 1.5

Factored load =1.5x6.5 = 9.75 kN/m2.

Effective length = 1.5+0.096 = 1.596m.

MOMENT

𝑤𝑙2
Maximum moment,Mu = 8

= 9.75x1.5962/8

=3.10kNm

Check for effective depth

23
 𝑀𝑈
Effective depth required,dreq=√ 𝑅𝑏

3.10x10^6
=√.138x30x1000

=27.38 mm < 96mm

Effective depth required < depth provided.

Hence Safe.

Reinforcement required

(a)Main bar required

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d( 1- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
𝑏𝑑

Ast = 90.5 mm2

Astmin = 0.12% of gross area

= 0.12/100x1000x120 = 144mm2>Ast req

S0 provide minimum Ast

Spacing of bar

Spacing a bar = Area of one barx1000/Ast

= π/4x82 x1000/144

= 349 06 mm

Maximum spacing is 300mm or 3d

Hence provide 8mm diameter bar @ 250mm c/c spacing

(b)Distributers required

Provide 8mm φ bar,

Astmin = 0.12% of gross area

= 0.12/100x1000x120 = 144mm2

Spacing of bar
Area of one bar
Spacing a bar = X1000
Astmin

24
 = π/4x82x1000/144

= 349.06mm

Spacing is the least of,

 Calculated value = 349.06mm

 5d = 5x100 = 500mm
 450mm

Hence provide 8mm φ @ 330mm c/c spacing.

Check for development length

As per SP-16,

Development length of 8 mm φ, Ld = 376 mm.

As per IS 456-2000 Development length should be Ld < 1.3M1/v+lo

M1 = 0.87fy.Ast.d (1-Ast.fy/bd.fck)
Area of one bar
Astprovided = x1000
Spacing

1000
Astprovided = π/4x82x 250

= 201.06 mm2

M1 = 0.87fy.Ast.d (1-Ast.fy/bd.fck)

= 0.87x415x201.06x96 (1- 201.06x415/1000x96x20)

= 6.66x106Nmm

= 6.66 kNm
𝑊𝑢𝑙
Factored SF,Vu = 2

= 9.75x1.598/2 = 7.79 kN

1.3xM1/Vu = 1111.42 > 376mm

Ld < 1.3xM1/Vu

Hence Safe.

Check for deflection

𝑙
<α1 α2 α3 α4 α5
𝑑

25
Basic value of span up to 10m α1 = 26

Value span up up to 10 m α2 =1

Modification factor for tension reinforcement α3

Modification factor for compression reinforcement α4=1

Reduction factor for flanged beams α5=1

Modification factor for tension reinforcement α3

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Fs = 0.58fy x
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

144
Fs = 0.58x415x
201

= 172.44
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel, Pt = x100
𝑏𝑑

201
Pt = x100
1000𝑥96

= 0.209%

α3 = 1.5

Basic value of continuous span = 26

Basic value modified = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5

= 26x1x1.5 = 39
𝑙
Basic value actual = 𝑑

3600
= =37.5
96

Basic value modified > Basic value actual

Hence Safe.

Check for shear

𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress = 𝑏𝑑

𝑊𝑢𝑙
Factored SF,Vu = 2

26
 = 9.75 x1.598/2 = 7.79 kN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress = 𝑏𝑑

7.79𝑥1000
= = 0.083MPa
1000𝑥96

% of steel, Pt = 0.209%

For Pt = 0.15

Design shear stress = 0.29MPa

(From IS 456-2000, Table NO-19)

Nominal shear stress < Design shear stress

Hence safe against shear.

SLAB S2(4.1X4.03)

Slab thickness = 12cm

Load calculation

Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3

Consider 1 m width of the slab

Self weight = 1x1x0.12x25 = 3kN/m2

Live load = 1x1x2 = 2.5kN/m2 as per IS 875 part 2

Loads

Floor finish = 1x1x1 = 1kN/m2

Total load = 6.5kN/m2

Factored load = 6.5x1.5 = 9.75kN/m2

Assume clear cover = 20mm

Diameter of main bar = 8mm

Effective cover = 24mm

Effective depth = 0.12-0.024 = 0.096m

Effective span;

Lx = 4.03+0.096 =4.126m

27
Ly = 4.10+0.096 = 4.196m

ly/ lx = 1.016< 2

Hence two way slab

At support At midspan

αx = 0.052 αx = 0.039

αy = 0.037 αy = 0.028

Moment

Mu = Qfckbd2
𝑀𝑢
Dmin = √( )
𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏

Take fe steel = 415

Q = 0.138

Mux= αxWulx2

Muy= αyWulx2

At midspan

Mux= 0.039x9.75x4.1262 = 6.434kNm

Muy= 0.028x9.75x4.1262 = 4.647kNm

At support

Mux= 0.0527x9. 75x3.92 =7.214kNm

Muy= 0.037x9.75x3.92 = 5.06kNm

check for d min

7.214𝑥10^6
dmin = sqrt (0.138𝑥20𝑥1000)

=51.12mm < dprovided hence ok

Area of tension steel

At support; Astx

Mux = 0.87fyAstx (d-0.42xu)

28
7.214x106 = 0.87x415xAstx(96-(0.42x0.87x415xAstx/0.36x20x1000)

7.214x106 = 34660.8Astx-7.604Astx2

Astx = 218.62mm2

Area of minimum reinforcement

Ast min = (0.12/100) x1000x120

= 144mm2

Astx > Astmin

Provide Astx = 218.62mm2

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = 218.62 x1000 = 229.92 mm

Spacing = 220mm

Area of tension reinforcement in long span

Muy = 0.87fyAsty (d-0.42xu)

5.064x106 = 0.87x415xAsty(96-(0.42x415x0.87xAsty)/(0.36x20x1000)

5.064x106 = 34660.8Asty-7.604Asty2

Asty = 151.11mm2>Astmin

Astmin= 144mm2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 332.64mm
151.11

Maximum spacing= 3d or 300mm

Spacing = 280mm

At midspan

Astx

5.434x106 = 0.87x415xastx(96-(0.42x415x0.87xAst x/0.36*20*1000)

5.434x106 = 34660.8astx-7.604astx2

29
 Astx = 162.574mm2 > Astmin
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 309.18mm
162.574

Spacing = 280mm

Asty

3.8329x10 6 = 34660.8asty-7.604asty2

Asty =113.404<Astmin

Astmin = 144mm2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 349.06mm
144

Maximum spacing =3d or 300mm

Hence provide 8mm φ @ 280mm c/c spacing

Check for shear

Vu = (9x3.9/2) = 17.55N

τv = (vu/bd) = 17.55x103/(1000x96) = 0.182

100𝑥1000𝑥𝜋𝑥8^2
Percentage steel = (100Ast/bd ) = ( ) = 0.118
1000𝑥96𝑥2𝑥220𝑥4

τv <τc hence ok

Check for development length

1.3𝑀1
Ld≤ +Lo
𝑉

0.87 𝑓𝑦𝛷 0.87𝑥415𝑥8

Ld = = = 376.09𝑚
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4𝑥1.2𝑥1.6

1000 0.42𝑥0.87𝑥415𝑥1000𝑥50.265
M1 = 0.87x415x (2𝑥220 𝑥50.265)(96 − )
0.36𝑥20𝑥1000𝑥2𝑥220

M 1= 3.848kNm
1.3𝑥3.848𝑥10^6
+16x8 = 413.03, Ld<413.03 hence ok
17.4𝑥10^3

Check for deflection

𝑙
<α1 α2 α3 α4 α5
𝑑

Basic value of span up to 10m α1 = 26

30
Value span up up to 10 m α2 =1

Modification factor for tension reinforcement α3

Modification factor for compression reinforcement α4=1

Reduction factor for flanged beams α5=1

Modification factor for tension reinforcement α3

1000𝑥50.26
100 𝐴𝑠 𝑡 100𝑥
Pt = = 220
=0.237
𝑏𝑑 1000𝑥96

Fs = 0.58xfy = 0.58x415 = 240.7

α3 = 1.58

3.9𝑥103
= 40.625<26x1x1.58
96

40.625<41.08 hence ok

Check for torsion

Ast required for torsion = (3/4)xAstmin

= 0.75x144 = 108mm2

Length of torsion reinforcement = (1/5) x lx = (1/5) x3.9 = 0.78m

31
 Chapter 8

BEAM DESIGN

8.1 GENERAL
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is
called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-
section), their length, and their material.Beam carries transverse external loads that
cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion.Concrete is strong in
compression and very weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile
stresses in reinforced concrete beams. Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield
strength deformed bars (HYSD) are used.

The beams are classified as:

 According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, Circular etc.

 According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous and
cantilever beams.
 According to reinforcement: Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced.

Reinforcement Cover in Beam:

 Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger
diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links.
 Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to
satisfy the durability criteria.

Types of Reinforcement in Beams:

Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:

 Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.

 Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up
longitudinal bars are provided.

32
Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam is provided when the depth of the web
in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area and shall be distributed equally on
two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less).

8.2 DESIGN OF BEAM

Section near the support
From staad analysis

𝑀𝑢 = 253𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑉𝑢 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁

Effective depth, 𝑑 = 500 − 50 = 450 𝑚𝑚

Sagging moment, 𝑀𝑢 = 253 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

= 0.138 × 30 × 300 × 450²

= 132.535 𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢

Hence the section is doubly reinforced
Check for effective depth

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚

= 95.67 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 ]

132.535 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 [450 − 0.42 × 0.48 × 450]

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 938.31 𝑚𝑚²

𝑀𝑢2 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

33
95.675 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 × (450 − 50)

𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 602.2522 𝑚𝑚²

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 1540.5622 𝑚𝑚²
Provide 5, 20 dia bars

𝑑′
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 [1 − ]
0.48𝑑

50
= 0.0035 [1 − ]
0.48 × 520
= 0.002755

𝐹𝑠𝑐 = 350 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚²

0.87𝐴𝑠𝑡2 𝑓𝑦 0.87 × 602.2522 × 415
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 621.266 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑠𝑐 350
Provide 2, 20 dia bars
0.85𝑏𝑑 0.85 × 230 × 490
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 = = = 200.722 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑦 415

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝐷 = 0.04 × 300 × 500 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 ˃ 𝐴𝑠𝑡

Hence ok

Check for shear

𝑉𝑢 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 225.12 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.297 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠 100 × (5 × 100𝜋)
= = 1.6
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝜏𝑐 = 0.732 < 𝜏𝑣

Hence provide shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 225.12 × 10ᵌ − 0.732 × 300 × 450 = 153.384 𝑘𝑁

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑣

Provide 2 legged 8Ø stirrups

0.87 × 415 × 2 × 16𝜋 × 450
𝑆𝑣 = = 115.95 𝑚𝑚
153.384 × 10ᵌ

34
Or 0.75𝑑 = 337.5 or 300𝑚𝑚
0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 16𝜋
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 453.7 𝑚𝑚
0.4𝑏 0.4 × 300
3.05 × 71.736
𝑥= = 0.97
225.12
Hence provide 8Ø, 2 legged stirrups at 110mm c/c up to 2.07 mfrom support

Check for development length

1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿0
𝑉
0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅ 0.87 × 415 × 20
𝐿𝑑 = = = 752.19 𝑚𝑚
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4 × 1.5 × 1.6

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀1 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏

0.87 × 415 × (5 × 100𝜋)

= 0.87 × 415 × 5 × 100𝜋 [520 − 0.42 ] = 184.08 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
0.36 × 20 × 300

𝑉 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁

1.3 × 2184.08 × 10⁶

+ 8 × 20 = 1223.0 > 𝐿𝑑
225.12 × 10ᵌ

Hence ok

Check for deflection

𝑙⁄ ≤ 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
𝑑 1 2 3 4 5

𝑙⁄ = 11.7 × 10ᵌ = 19.83

𝑑 520
𝛼1 = 26 (Continuous)

𝛼2 = 0.85 (Span > 10m)

𝛼3

From figure 4, pg. 38, IS 456

𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × 1 = 240.7

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × (3 × 100𝜋)
= = 1.6
𝑏𝑑 300𝑥450
𝛼3 = 0.86

𝛼4

35
100𝐴𝑠𝑐 100 × (2 × 100𝜋)
= = 0.64
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝛼4 = 1.18

𝛼5 = 1

𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝛼4 𝛼5 = 26 × 0.85 × 0.86 × 1.18 × 1 = 22.6 > 𝑙⁄𝑑

Hence ok

Section at mid span

From staad analysis

𝑀𝑢 = 269.65 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑉𝑢 = 203.83 𝑘𝑁

𝑙0 = 5.5 𝑚

𝑙0
Effective flange width,𝑏𝑓 = 6
+ 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓

5.5 × 103
𝑏𝑓 = + 230 + 6 × 120 = 1836.67 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑏
6
Ok

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2

= 0.138 × 20 × 1836.67 × 450²

= 1217.12 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

Hence the section is singly reinforced

Assume NA lies with the flange

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 = = = 0.027𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 0.36 × 30 × 1836.67

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 ]

269.65 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [450 − 0.42 × 0.027𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

269.65 × 106 = 176914.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 4.094𝐴𝑠𝑡 ²

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1582.11 𝑚𝑚²

𝑥𝑢 = 0.027 × 1582.11 = 42.72 < 𝐷𝑓

Hence ok
0.85𝑏𝑑 0.85 × 300 × 450
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 = = = 200.72 𝑚𝑚 2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑦 415

36
Provide 5, 20 dia bars

Check for shear

𝑉𝑢 203.83 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.08 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠 100 × (5 × 100𝜋)
= = 1.6
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝜏𝑐 = 0.732 < 𝜏𝑣

Hence provide shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 203.83 × 10ᵌ − 0.732 × 300 × 450 = 132.09 𝑘𝑁

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑣

Provide 2 legged 8Ø stirrups

0.87 × 415 × 2 × 16𝜋 × 450
𝑆𝑣 = = 134.440 𝑚𝑚
132.09 × 103
Or 0.75𝑑 or 300𝑚𝑚
3.05 × 71.736
𝑥= = 1.07
203.83
Hence provide 8Ø, 2 legged stirrups at 130 mm c/c up to 1.97 m at mid span

Check for development length

1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿0
𝑉
0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅ 0.87 × 415 × 20
𝐿𝑑 = = = 752.19 𝑚𝑚
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4 × 1.5 × 1.6

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀1 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏

0.87 × 415 × (5 × 100𝜋)

= 0.87 × 415 × 5 × 100𝜋 [450 − 0.42 ] = 184.08 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
0.36 × 20 × 300

𝑉 = 203.83 𝑘𝑁

1.3 × 184.08 × 10⁶

+ 8 × 20 = 1334 > 𝐿𝑑
203.83 × 10ᵌ

Hence ok

37
 Chapter 9

DESIGN OF COLUMN

9.1 GENERAL
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members, whose lengths do not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete.

Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements

Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be at least 0.8% of

gross section area of the column.

 Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the

gross cross-section area of the column.

 The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.

 Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and

6 in circular column.
 Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should

not exceed 300mm.

Transverse reinforcement
 It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.

 The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of

the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.

The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed
 Least lateral dimension

 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars (small)

 300mm

38
9.2 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL BENDING

Column C11 of dimensions 300 mm x 800 mm is considered

Material Constant:

Concrete fck = 30 N/mm2

Steel fy = 415 N/mm2

Effective length:

Supported condition-Both end fixed

Unsupported length l0 = 3m

Effective length lex = 0.65×3 = 1.95m

Effective length ley = 0.65×3 = 1.95m

Result from STAAD Pro:

39
Factored axial load on column loadPu = 3264.44kN

Factored moment in X direction Mux = 295.25kNm

Factored moment in Y direction Muy =25.46kNm

Slenderness Ratio

lex 1.95
= = 2.44<12
D 0.8

ley 1.95
= = 6.5<12
D 0.30

Check Minimum Eccentricities:

Applied eccentricities

Mux 295.25×103
ex = = = 90.44 mm
Pu 3264.44

Muy 25.46×103
ex = = = 7.799 mm
Pu 3264.44

Minimum eccentricities

l D 3000 800
ex min = + = + = 32.66 mm
500 30 500 30

l D 3000 300
ey min = + = + = 16 mm < 20mm
500 30 500 30

Hence takeey min = 20mm

Using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel

Assuming percentage of steel = 2%
Effective cover = 50 mm
d`/d = 0.167

P/fck = 2/30 =0.067

3264.44∗10^3
And Pu/fck b D = = 0.45
30∗300∗800

Referring to chart 44

40
Corresponding to P/fck = 2/30 =0.067 we find And Pu/fck Bd =0.45
Mu /fck b D^2 = 0.08
Mux1=0.08fck b D2= 460.8k Nm
Muy1 = 0.08fck D b2 = 172.8 k Nm

Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75fy Asc

Asc = 2% of Ag =4800mm2
Ac =235200 mm2
Puz = 4669.2 k N
Pu/Puz = 0.70
Corresponding value of αn = 1.83
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
(𝑀𝑢𝑥1)αn +( 𝑀𝑢𝑦1)αn = 0.47<1

Hence the percentage of steel provided is satisfactory

Asc =2070mm2

Providing 4 no 20mm bar and 4 no of 16 mm bar

Provide 8mm dia bar at the rate of 230mm c/c spacing as transverse reinforcement.
Reinforcement detail of column is shown in Appendix.

41
 Chapter 10

DESIGN OF STAIR-CASE

10.1 GENERAL
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different
floors of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between
the various floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful
consideration. In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main
entrance. In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and
located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments. All
staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.

10.1.1 Rcc Dog-Legged Stair-case Design

In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two
flights in plan are not separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the
level at which the direction of the flight changes.

Procedure for Dog-legged Stair-case design

Based on the direction along which a stair slab span, the stairs maybe classified into
the following two types.
1. Stairs spanning horizontally
2. Stairs spanning vertically

Stairs spanning horizontally

These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or at one side by wall
or at the other side by a beam.

Loads
 Dead load of a step = ½ x T x R x 25
 Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25

 Live load = LL (KN/m2)

 Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m
Stairs spanning Longitudinally :In this, stairs spanning longitudinally, the beam is
supported ay top and at the bottom of flights.

42
10.2 DESIGN OF STAIR-CASE
Calculation of Load

1) Flight
Consider 1m length of step
Rise = 15cm
Tread = 30cm
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
1
Weight of step/m length = × (0.15×0.3×25)
2

= 0.5625 kN/m

Width of inclined slab = 0.335m

Thickness of inclined slab = 180mm
Weight of inclined slab = 1×0.335×0.18×25
= 1.51 kN/m
Assume floor finish = 1kN/m2
Weight of floor finish = 1× (0.3+0.15) ×1

= 0.45 kN/m
Total load = 2.2685 kN/m for 1 step
1
Dead load in 1m = 2.2685×
3
= 7.56kNm²

Live load/m² = 4kN/m²

Total load/m² = 11.56 kN/m²
Total load/m length of the flight = 11.56×1.5 =17.34 kN/m
Factored load/m = 26.01kN/M

2) Landing
Dead load = 1×1×0.15×25
= 3.75 kN/m²
Floor finish = 1 kN/m²

43
Total dead load = 4.75kN/m²
Total dead load/ 1.25m width of stair =1.25×4.75 =5.94 kN/m
Factored load = 8.91 kN/m
Factored Live load = 1.5×1.25×4 = 7.5kN/m

Total factored load = 16.41kN/m

Rᴀ + Rᴃ = 126.75
Take moment about A
0.75²
16.41× +26×3.6×2.55+16.41×1.175×4.9375+8.91×0.175×5.6125 = Rᴃ×7
2

Rᴃ = 60.92 kN
Rᴀ = 65.83kN
BM is maximum where SF = 0
65.83-12.3075-26×(x-0.75) =0
65.83-12.3075-26x+19.5 =0
X = 2.81 m from A

BM max = -16.41×0.75×2.435-26×2.06×1.03+65.83×2.81 =99.85kNm

Vu max = 65.83 kN

Check for 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏

Effective depth, 𝑑 = 180 − 25 = 165𝑚𝑚

Check for effective depth

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

99.85 × 106 = 0.138 × 30 × 1500 × 𝑑²

99.85 × 10⁶
𝑑=√ = 126.8𝑚𝑚 > 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
0.138 × 30 × 1500

Hence ok

Area of steel

44
 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
99.85 × 10⁶ = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [155 − 0.42 ]
0.36 × 30 × 1500

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2237.89𝑚𝑚²
64𝜋
Spacing of 16 mm dia = 2237.89 × 1500

= 134.7= 130 mm c/cor 3d or 300 mm

Provide 16 mm dia @ 130 mm c/c

Design of distribution steel

0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 = × 180 × 1000
100
= 216𝑚𝑚2
16𝜋
Spacing of 8 mm dia = × 1000
216

= 232 mm or 5d or 400

Provide 8mm dia @230 mm c/c

Check for shear

𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 6092𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 60.92 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.262 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 1500 × 155
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠
𝑏𝑑
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.28 > 𝜏𝑣

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘
Design of landing
Effective span = 3.2+0.2 =3.4m
16.41
Total load at landing = 65.83 ×2 (3.2×0.75+0.75×0.2) × 1.5

=159.557kN

45
 𝑤𝑙
Mu at mid span of loading = 8

159.557×3.3
= 8

=65.82 kNm < 99.85

So, not necessary to check dmin

Area of steel of landing

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
65.82 × 10⁶ = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [155 − 0.42 ]
0.36 × 20 × 1500

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1338.4𝑚𝑚²
36𝜋
Spacing of 12 mm dia = 1338.4 × 1500

= 126.7 or 3d or 300 mm
Provide 12 mm dia @ 120 mm c/c

Check for shear

159.557
𝑉𝑢 =
2
= 79.78 kN
𝑉𝑢 79.78 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.343 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 1500 × 155
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠
𝑏𝑑
1500 × 36𝜋
1000( )
120 = 0.608
1500 × 155
𝜏𝑐 = 0.51 > 𝜏𝑣 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘

46
 Chapter 11

SITE VISITS

As a part of industrial training, the construction sites of the following sites are visited.

 White School
 Hilite Mall Phase -2
 Nexzone- Residential Apartment
WHITE SCHOOL

Fig no 11.1 White school construction site

HI LITE MALL PHASE -2 CONSTRUCTION

Fig no 11.2 Hi lite mall phase 2 construction site

47
Fig no 11.2 Hi lite mall phase 2 construction site piling process

Fig no 11.4. Nexzone- residential apartment

48
 Chapter 12

CONCLUSION

The industrial training, taken through a period of one month allowed me to gain ample

exposure to various field practices in the analysis and design of multi storied buildings and

also in various construction techniques used in the industry. The analysis was done using the

software package STAAD Pro and the drawing details in AutoCAD 2014.In the training

both software and manual calculations are used, that gave an overall idea of handling

building design. Though the use of the software offers saving in time, the calculations are

not appropriate. It takes value on safer side than manual work. Hence manual design was

adopted. The analysis and design was done according to standard specifications to the

possible extend.The various difficulties encountered in the design process and the various

constraints faced by the structural engineer in designing up to the architectural drawing was

also well understood. This training helped to understand and analyse the structural problem

faced by the construction industry. The training also gave the awareness of the construction

sequence of a building project. Site visits also gave me an exposure to the industry.

49
 REFERENCE

1. Ambadkar .S.D ., Bawner.V .S.,(2012), Behavior Of Multistoried Building Under The

Effect Of Wind Load , Journal Of Applied Science And Engineering Researc.

2. Asohk K. Jain, Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, Nem Chand & Bros, Civil
Lines, 7 th Edition (2012)
3. B.C Punmia,A.k.Jain, R.C.C Designs, Lakshmi Publications (P)limited (2016)
4. IS 456-2000(PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE-CODE OF PRACTICE),
Fourth edition
5. IS 875-Part I-1987(Dead Load), Second revision
6. IS 875-Part II-1987,(Live Load)Second revision
7. IS-875-Part III-1987(Wind Loads),Second revision
8. Kerala Building Rules-2004
9. Manicka Selvam .V.K , Bindu .K.R.,(2012) ,Distribution Of Shear To The Columns
Of Short Multistory Building Frames Subjected To Lateral Loads , International Journal
Of Civil And Structural Engineering.
10. Pillai.B., Guha.P.,(2015),Comparison Between Rcc And Steel With Wind And
Earthquake Effect Using Staad Pro ,International Journal Of Applied Research.
11. Ramamrutham,Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Dhanpath Rai Publishing
company (2003)
12. Ramya .D.,Saikumar. A.V.S .,(2015) , Comparative Study On Design And Analysis
Of Multistoreyed Building (G+10) By Staad Pro And ETABS Software’s , International
Journal Of Engineering Science & Research Technology.

50