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1
Daily Drilling Report Review: Handout
Each day in class students will briefly (5 minutes) review the Daily Drilling
Report to check on well.
Students will continue to plot the time vs depth chart started earlier.
Students will briefly discuss any changes or concerns.
2
Advanced Drilling Techniques
Module 2: Casing Design
Module 2: Casing Design
Lesson 1: Introduction to Casing Learning Part 1
Daily Drilling Report
Tubular Manufacturing
Review Casing Videos (2)
Learning Aid 2.1: API Pipe Specifications Guide
Learning Aid 2.1: Fundamental Units of Conversion
Learning Aid 2.1: Celsius to Fahrenheit
Assignment 2.1: Unit Conversions Add On Metrics
Lesson 2: Introduction to Casing Learning Part 2
Forces on Casing
Basic Design Criteria Steps
Class Activity and Assignment 2.2: Casing Design
4
Module 2: Casing Design
Lesson 3: Casing Performance Lesson 5: Casing Design
Summary Calculations Using Excel
Daily Drilling Report Learning
Casing Design Criteria Daily Drilling Report
Safety Factors Steps to Design and Select
Casings
Assignment 2.3: Read Aadnoy pages
26—52 Assignment 2.5: Read Aadnoy
pages 52—83
Review Learning Aid 2.1: All
Conversions Assignment 2.5: Build an Excel
Spreadsheet to Calculate
Review Learning Aid 2.1: API Casing Design
5
Lesson 1: Introduction to Casing Learning (Lecture 1)
http://apkfun.co/casing-drilling-technology.html
6
Lesson 1 Objectives
7
Manufacturing of Casing
8
Manufacturing Seamless Casing
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/alaminia/q922de2l06-v1
10
Class Activity: Casing Videos
Instructions:
Review the casing videos
Oil and Gas Well (6.03 minutes)
Actual Casing Drilling (5.32 minutes)
Use quiz on Oil and Gas Well Drilling video as a class activity
11
Oil and Gas Well Casing Video: 6 minutes
12
Casing Drilling Offshore Video: 5 minutes
13
Class Video Review: Review Oil and Gas Well Drilling Video
Questions and Answers
After watching the video, answer the questions:
1. How many different types of casing can be found?
a. a. 2
b. b. 5
c. c. 4
d. d. 6
e. e. 3
2. The size of the ___ and ___ becomes smaller in diameter as
the crew drills the well deeper.
3. The drilling contractor can begin drilling at the surface and can
drill it to the total depth in the first step.
a. True
b. False
4. What is prevented by conductor casing?
14
Class Video Review Cont.
15
Types of Casing (I will add pictures … seem removed)
5. Pipe sizes and depths are for illustration purposes, every well will
be designed with a slightly different pipe diameter and setting
depth.
***
17
Classification of Casing
Grade (e.g., N-80, P-110, …)
“Letter” N/P, etc. = impurities + heat treating process. In this example, N means there
are a particular set of impurities and heat treating were performed on the steel to give
the steel a certain set of desired properties.
80 is the resulting tensile strength in units of 1000’s of PSI’s. 80 = 80000 lbs per square
inch (PSI) of tensile strength.
OD (e.g., 13 3/8”, 9-5/8”, …)
Outside Diameter of the Tube (OD) is classically measured in units of inches.
Type of Thread (Buttress, Vam, …)
The connection type
Length of Each Joint (e.g., Range 3)
Range 1, 16-25 ft., 18 ft. Minimum length, 6 ft. maximum variation
Range 2, 25-34 ft., 28 ft. minimum length, 5 ft. Maximum variation
Range 3, over 34 ft., 36 ft. minimum length, 6 ft. Maximum variation
Nominal Weight (e.g., 47 lbs/ft, 68 lbs/ft, …)
The weight of 1 foot in length of pipe in dry air.
18
Functions of Casing
20
API Screenshot of Properties of 4.5 inch Casing
21
API Screenshot of Properties of Grades of Steel
22
Controlling Casings Properties (Rui: any more detail needed? OK)
23
Types of Steel
(Note: Based on minimum yield strength. The letter “J” describes the grade of
material, and the number, e.g. “55" is the minimum yield strength in 1000's
lb./in2)
Use the API Pipe
Specifications
Learning Aid
24
Standardization of Casing
25
The Grade Code
27
API Casing Connectors
http://www.tenaris.com/en/products/premiumconnections.aspx
28
Design of the Casing String
292
Forces on Casing: External
External—Tend to collapse casing
Formation gas or liquids
Hydrostatic head behind pipe
Pump pressure behind pipe
Plastic or creeping formations
http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/Casi
ng_Design_Hand_Calculation_Design_Example.pdf
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/
http://www.connection-mag.com/?p=2361
30
Equivalent Mud Density
31
Collapse
32
Design Constraints: Collapse or External Force
(Crushing)
33
Class Activity: Reasons to Run Casing
Question: You need 14 ppg to control a lower zone, but an upper zone will fracture
at 12 lb/gal.
What do you do?
34
Lesson 1 Wrap Up
Homework
Assignment 2.1 Unit Conversions Add on Metrics Worksheet
Review Advanced Drilling Glossary Terms
Review Learning Aid 2.1: Fundamental Units of Conversion
Review Learning Aid 2.1: Celsius to Fahrenheit
Review Learning Aid 2.1: API Guide
35
Daily Drilling Report Review: Handout
Each day in class students will briefly (5 minutes) review the Daily Drilling
Report to check on well.
Students will continue to plot the time vs depth chart started earlier.
Students will briefly discuss any changes or concerns.
36
Lesson 2: Introduction to Casing Learning Part 2
(Lectures 2 & 3)
37
Lesson 2 Objectives
38
Forces on Casing
39
How to Determine Casing Setting Depth
40
External: Collapse Pressure (Miska p. 395)
ri 2 Pi r02 Pe ( Pi Pe ) r02 ri 2
r
r0 ri
2 2
r 2 (r02 ri 2 )
ri Pi r Pe
2 2
( Pi Pe ) r ri 2 2
t 0
0
r0 r
2
i
2
r (r0 ri )
2 2 2
d n / t 1
Pcr 2 yield 2
d n / t
41
Sample Collapse Resistant from API Guide Properties of Casing
42
Forces on Casing: Internal
https://encrypted- http://plumbingproblemstoday.blogspot.com/2013/01/pl
tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxO7zmXe umbing-problems-pipe-noise.html
cgINL-L6VoIj5aDMJk9rPEdPnJLY4-_8VAEQKfBpvevA
43
Burst
44
How Burst is Calculated
45
Design Constraints: Burst or Internal
Wall thickness
Yield strength
Axial loading (has very little effect on burst
resistance)
46
Burst Pressure Formula
• F1 = Pbr L dS = Pbr L (d / 2) dq
2 yield
Pbr 0.875
dn
47
Tension Forces
48
Tension Forces on the Pipe
49
Design Constraints: Tension or Axial Loading
50
Axial Tension at Pipe Body and Joint: Round Thread
51
Axial Tension at Pipe Body and Joint: Buttress Thread
52
Axial Tension at Pipe Body and Joint: Extreme Line Connector
53
Applying Design Constraints: Force Distribution
54
Basic Design Criteria Steps
1. Determine the grade and weight of pipe needed in the bottom of the
hole based on the collapse resistance with a safety factor. Assume
the maximum collapse pressure will be the hydrostatic pressure of
the hole fluid (usually mud).
2. Determine if the pipe selected will withstand the bursting pressure
with a safety factor. Assume maximum bursting pressure will be the
hydrostatic pressure of the hole fluid (usually mud).
3. Determine the depth to which the next lighter weight pipe could be
used based on effective collapse resistance (including axial loading)
with a safety factor. Assume collapsing pressure will be hydrostatic
pressure of the hole fluid (usually mud).
4. Determine if the next lighter pipe will withstand the bursting pressure
with a safety factor. Assume the bursting is the maximum hydrostatic
pressure of the hole fluid (usually mud) at the bottom of the hole.
55
Casing Design Sequence: tension and hydrostatic pressure variations
56
Basic Design Criteria Steps (Cont.)
57
Basic Design Criteria Steps (Cont.)
58
Class Activity and Assignment 2.2: Casing Design
Instructions: Please use the API Learning Aid and look up the
information below. Start in class and complete as homework
as needed.
1. Burst Resistance
Students: Find the API burst resistance for a 16-in, H40 casing, with
nominal weigh of 65 lbf/ft and a nominal thickness of 0.375-in.
2. Collapse-Pressure
Students: Find the API collapse-pressure for a 16-in, H40 casing,
with nominal weigh of 65 lbf/ft and a nominal thickness of 0.375-in.
59
Lesson 2 Wrap Up
Homework
Review Advanced Drilling Glossary Terms
Assignment 2.2: Casing Design
60
Daily Drilling Report Review: Handout
Each day in class students will briefly (5 minutes) review the Daily Drilling
Report to check on well.
Students will continue to plot the time vs depth chart started earlier.
Students will briefly discuss any changes or concerns.
61
Lesson 3: Casing Performance Summary
62
Lesson 3 Objectives
63
Casing Performance Summary
For this lesson, students will be referencing the API Learning Aid
64
Effect of Combined Stress
65
Effect of Combined Stress Formula
d n / t 1
Pcr 2 yield 2
d n / t http://imagefriend.com/thick-wall-cylinder-formula.shtm
66
Effect of Axial Tension on Collapse
67
Effect of Bending
The deviation angle from the true vertical and wellbore curvature
causes the axial tension on the string to change.
On the outside of the bend this tension is dramatically increased, on
inside of bend compression is equally increased. In a straight section
with a large vertical deviation angle the tension due to pipe weight is
reduced.
The increased effect is designed for and the reduced effect is
ignored. Increased wellbore friction during pipe movement, both
running and cementing, causes favorable (downward) and
unfavorable (upward) effects.
The upward increased friction is designed for by adding an overpull
force to the free hanging weight of the pipe.
The recent increase in horizontal well drilling has caused major
disagreements among experts on how to calculate the bending
effect, and as a result, this effect is not considered.
68
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide
69
Safety Factors Summary
70
History of Safety Factors Table
71
Casing Design Criteria
The first step in casing design is determining the size of the deepest casing
string that will be run if the well is completed.
The method of artificial lift, the flow rate of the various produced or injected
fluids and the number and sizes of tubing strings that will be placed in the
well throughout its life determine the drift ID of the production casing string.
In addition the flow area for competent cement placement for cased hole
completions should also be checked to determine appropriate relation
between hole size and casing size.
Once the production casing size has been determined the drilling engineer
selects a program of bit sizes, casing sizes, grades, weights, coupling types,
setting depths and mud densities for the safe drilling and completion of the
well.
Combination strings consisting of multiple sections of the same OD with
different steel grade, wall thickness, and connections are the most
economical designs.
The current trend in ultra deep wells is the use of drilling liners and then a
combination production casing running from the bottom back to the surface.
72
Selection of Casing Setting Depths (Methods to Generate Curve
Follow in next slides)
73
Class Activity: How to Calculate Pore Pressure
Seismic Data
Empirical Correlations using Offset Well Data
74
Solution: How to Calculate Pore Pressure
Solution:
a) Pore pressure gradient= 0.052*9.6 = 0.4992 psi/ft
b) Pore pressure @12000 ft = 0.4992 *12000 = 5990 psi
c) Matrix stress gradient
𝑆 𝑃 σ σ
S=P+σ = + = 1 – 0.4992
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
σ
= 0.5008 psi/ft
𝐷
75
Solution: How to Calculate Pore Pressure
Solution cont.:
d) σ at 12,000 ft = 0.5008 * 12,000 = 6,010 psi
76
How to Calculate Fracture Pressure
1 2𝑃
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1+
3 𝐷
1 𝑃
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 +
2 𝐷
Where,
F: Fracture Gradient, psi/ft
P: Pore pressure, psi
D: Depth, ft
77
How to Calculate Fracture Pressure (Cont.)
Eaton Method
𝑆−𝑃 ν 𝑃
𝐹= × +
𝐷 1−ν 𝐷
Where,
F: Fracture Gradient, psi/ft
ν: Poisson’s Ratio
P: Pore Pressure, psi
D: Depth, ft
78
Example Hubbert and Willis Method: How to Calculate Fracture Pressure
Example:
Depth=11000 ft
Pore Pressure Gradient=0.64 psi/ft
ν = 0.30
a) Hubbert & Willis Method
1 2𝑃 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1+ = 1 + 2 × 0.64 = 0.76 = 14.6 𝑝𝑝𝑔
3 𝐷 3 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑃 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + = 1 + 0.64 = 0.82 = 15.8 𝑝𝑝𝑔
2 𝐷 2 𝑓𝑡
79
Example Ben Eaton Method: How to Calculate Fracture Pressure
Example Cont.:
a) Ben Eaton Method
𝑆−𝑃 ν 𝑃 0.30
𝐹= × + = 1 − 0.64 × + 0.64 =
𝐷 1−ν 𝐷 1 − 0.30
𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.79 = 15.3 𝑝𝑝𝑔
𝑓𝑡
80
How to Determine Fracture Pressure: Leak Off Test
81
How to Calculate Fracture Pressure: Result of Leak Off Test
1800
1600
1400
1200
P (psi)
1000
Pressure vs. Voume
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Volume Injected (bbl)
82
How to Calculate Fracture Pressure: Using the Leak Off Test Results
Example:
In a leak off test the casing was set at 4000 ft, leak off
occurred when the stand pipe pressure (SPP) was 1000
psi. (MW=9.6 ppg)
What is the fracture gradient?
What is the maximum MW can be used to drill next hole?
83
Solution: Using the Leak Off Test Results
Example Cont.:
𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑆𝑃𝑃 = 0.052 ∗ 9.6 ∗ 4000 + 1000 = 2997 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Fracture Gradient = 2997/4000 = 0.75 psi/ft
Maximum MW = 0.75/0.052 = 14.4 ppg
84
Now we have generated this Picture: Selection of Casing Setting
Depths
85
Casing Requirements
86
Selection of Casing Sizes
The bit size used to drill the production hole must be larger than the OD of the
casing connectors.
The casing string above must have a drift ID larger than the bit used to drill this
lower part of the well.
The casing size and bit size of successively shallower well segments are selected
until the design reaches the surface.
87
Selection of Weight, Grade, and Coupling
The weight, grade, and connections of strings are determined based on the worst
loading conditions anticipated during the life of the well.
A combination string (the least expensive design) is used rather than a design
containing only one weight, grade and coupling. (storage, running errors, downhole
tool options)
Drilling conditions that apply to surface, intermediate and production casing strings
vary; therefore the design criteria for each varies.
88
Casing Bit Casing
89
Determining Casing Design Criteria
Burst design criteria are based on an assumed well-control condition while
circulating out a large volume of formation influx (gas or liquid) normally defined
as a kick.
If the kick gets out of control, the formation-fracture pressure below the casing
seat should be exceeded before the burst pressure of the casing or surface
equipment is reached.
An underground blow out is preferred to a surface blow out which would
endanger rig personnel.
The casing seat pressure is designed to equal the fracture pressure of the
formation at the casing seat.
Cement or high density mud on the outside of the casing is not used because of
the possibility of a poor cement job and mud solid settling that occurs with time.
After the string design has been completed, burst parameters are checked to
ensure burst rating is never exceeded.
90
Casing Design Sequence
91
Collapse Design Criteria
92
Collapse Pressure
Collapse Pressure
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖
Worst Case Scenario: 𝑃𝑖 = 0
So, 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 = 0.052 ∗ MW ∗ TVD
93
How to Calculate Collapse Pressure
At Surface:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 = 0 − 0 = 0
At Casing Shoe:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 = 0.052 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 𝐶𝑆𝐷
Where 𝑃𝑐 is maximum?
94
Burst
Burst Pressure
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒
Two Case:
a) Unlimited Kick
b) Limited Kick (Kick Tolerance)
What are 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑃𝑒 ?
Which case is more realistic? Why?
Where 𝑃𝑏 is maximum? Why?
95
Burst (Cont.) – Rui? second formula should add pressure of internal
fluid
96
Burst (Cont.)
Casing Tensile Strength must be greater than pipe weight which is hung from.
NOTE: Safety factor MUST also be taken into account!
What is worst scenario for tension calculation?
Where in the casing string, tension is maximum? Why?
97
Collapse, Tension, and Burst
Example:
Calculate burst and collapse pressure at surface and casing setting depth
(CSD) for the following problem.
CSD=8000 ft
dPp/dD=0.55 psi/ft
MW=11 ppg
TD=12000 ft
Pp=8500 psi
Gas Gradient=0.1
psi/ft
98
Collapse, Tension, and Burst (Cont.)
Collapse:
@ Surface:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 = 0 − 0 = 0
@ CSD:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 = 0.052 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 𝐶𝑆𝐷 = 0.052 ∗ 11 ∗ 8,000 = 4,576 psi
99
Collapse, Tension, and Burst (Cont.)
Burst:
@ Surface:
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒 = (𝑃𝑝 −0.052 ∗ ρ𝑓2 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷) − 0 = 8500 − 0.1 ∗ 12000 = 7300 𝑝𝑠𝑖
@ CSD:
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒 = (𝑃𝑝 −0.052 ∗ ρ𝑓2 ∗ (𝑇𝑉𝐷 − 𝐶𝑆𝐷)) − 0.052 ∗ ρ𝑓1 ∗ 𝐶𝑆𝐷
= 8500 − 0.1 ∗ (12000 − 8000) − 0.55 ∗ 8000 = 3700 𝑝𝑠𝑖
100
Collapse, Tension, and Burst (Cont.)(See Learning Aid API p. 15)
Tension:
Axial force has a detrimental effect on casing collapse resistance. So, while
doing casing design, that effect MUST be taken into account.
Example: What would be the 7” casing, 23 lb/ft, K55, if 2000 ft of 7” casing,
23 lb/ft, N80 is hung from?
Weight of 7” casing, N80= 2000 ∗ 23 = 46000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
101
Collapse, Tension, and Burst (Cont.) (See Learning Aid API p. 31 and
32)
Example cont’d:
46000
Axial Load Factor (ALF)= 366000 = 0.126
From the table, we have:
Collapse Strength Reduction Factor (CSRF)=0.960
So, new collapse resistance= 0.96 ∗ 3270 = 3139 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Collapse resistance reduced from 3270 to 3139 psi.
102
Lost-Circulation Situation
103
Field Practice
Field practice during the running of casing is to fill each joint of casing with
mud as it is made up and run in the hole.
External pressure is slightly greater than internal pressure.
When small drilling rigs run heavy casing strings a practice of "floating in" the
casing is often employed.
Maximum mud level depth allowed in the casing should be calculated so a
collapse failure cannot occur.
104
Lost-Circulation while running casing is the Worst Case
105
Tension Design Criteria
106
Result of Combination String Design
At the bottom of the lowest section,
collapse rules the design.
The top of the lowest section depends on
two things:
The greatest depth at which the next
most economical casing can be used
based on its corrected (reduced by
tension due to the dry hanging weight of
the lower section) collapse pressure
rating,
Simultaneously a check of tension at
the top of this lowest section (so this
section is not pulled apart by some
operation).
The corrected collapse pressure rating
can't be calculated without first computing
the axial tension.
107
Intermediate Casing
108
Intermediate Casing with Liner
109
Production Casing
110
Special Design Considerations ASK
111
Probabilistic Reliability-Based Design of Casings
112
Lesson 3 Wrap Up
Homework
Review Advanced Drilling Glossary Terms
Review Learning Aid 2.1: Fundamental Unit Conversions
Review Learning Aid 2.1: API
Assignment 2.3 Read Aadnoy pages 26—52
113
Daily Drilling Report Review: Handout
Each day in class students will briefly (5 minutes) review the Daily Drilling
Report to check on well.
Students will continue to plot the time vs depth chart started earlier.
Students will briefly discuss any changes or concerns.
114
Lesson 4: Casing Problems
(to be added after editing)
115
Credits
Developer
Lloyd R. Heinze, Ph.D., Petroleum Engineering/Texas Tech University
Contributors:
Rui V. Sitoe, Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, UEM
Anadarko: Darrell Hebert, Michael Arispe, David Bump, Scott
Chesebro, Reba Stevens, Steve Bosworth
Victoria Johnson, Instructional Designer
Sponsor:
116