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A Review on Dielectric Resonator Antenna

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 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIES (ICAI)
A Review on Dielectric Resonator Antenna
Pratima R Pimpalgaonkar, Trushit K. Upadhyaya, Killol Pandya
Mukesh R Chaurasia, Bhargavi T Raval
Abstract: In Today’s wireless era,need of a highly
optimized antenna having compact size, low cost, high
efficiency, larger bandwidth is must.This increases
demand of designing antennas having such
benefits.This paper briefly reviews the research
carried out in last decades and recent progress of
DRA antenna for various applications.Unique
features of DRA offers compactness, wide impedance
bandwidth, low profiles, high gain for the design of
high performance antenna.In recent era,DRA is
utilized for various applications like radar
technology, nano-technology,wireless and satellite
applications.The application we considered can be
fulfilled using various shapes of DRA like
Rectangular, hemispherical, triangular, cylindrical
etc. using distinct coupling methods for each.
Effective utilization of DRA features can be extended
by changing its feeding techniques and designs for
optimum performance.
Index Terms: Bandwidth, Dielectric Resonator
Antenna
I. INTRODUCTION
S.A Long in early nineteen eighties
proposed the use of dielectric resonator as a
resonant antenna. The DRA introduced by Long,
has advantageous features like high radiation
efficiency, compact size, light weight and
versatility in shapes and feeding mechanism. Many
emerging and existing wireless applications require
such characteristics which are fulfilled by DRA
characteristics. Hence, a lot research towards an
increase of BW by keeping its size compact is to be
done.
A successfully approach towards it can be
fulfilled by different methodology like operating
DRA in two or more modes, stacking DRAs of
different size and different dielectric constant,
attaching parametric metallic stripes to incur
resonance, leaving air gaps between DRA and
ground plane and using different excitation
methods on DRA are followed. This methodology
may lead to difficult designs which would be tough
to fabricate, so design has to be prepared by
considering all factors for relevance.
DRA has negligible metallic loss, which
makes it highly efficient. This merit of negligible
metallic loss is good for high frequency
applications where conductor loss is proportional to
the frequency. The exploitation of this
characteristic is in millimeter wave satellites where
they can be used for satellite to satellite
communication. Also a high permittivity or
106
partially metallized dielectric resonator can be used
as a small and low profile antenna operated at low
frequencies. For high gain antennas, dielectric
resonator antenna arrays are utilized.
Dielectric Resonator as a resonant antenna
was proposed by Professor S.A Long. Dielectric
Resonator is normally made of high permittivity

material with r
20
,while its Q factor is usually
between 50 & 500. DRAs operating, at
fundamental mode radiates like a magnetic dipole
which is independent of their shapes. Comparing
with micro strip antenna which radiates only
through two narrow slots, DRA radiates through
whole DRA surface so it has advantage of wider
bandwidth.
The dimension of DRA is related to free
0
r
space resonant wavelength by relation of
.Since the radiation efficiency is not affected by
dielectric constant, a wide range of dielectric
constant can be used.However,bandwidth of
dielectric resonator antenna is inversely related to
dielectric constant, and may limit our choice. For
low profile antenna, using a high dielectric
constant,the size of antenna can be reduced by
making it viable.
Generally DRAs are designed at
frequency range of 1 to 40 GHz,with dimensions
ranging from few centimeter to millimeter and

dielectric constant ranges from 8< r >100.In
recent era,design of DRA is done for specific
applications including integration into mobile
handset, use in base station antenna, radar
application,RFID,UWB application and all
dielectric wireless receiver. According to antenna
profile requirement, changes can be done on DRA
to have required outcome.DRA are low gain
elements, arrays of dielectric resonator can be used
to obtain higher directivity.
Characteristics of DRA:
 Due to minimal conductor losses associated with
DRA, they allow to achieve better radiation
efficiency than other antenna.
 Resonant frequency and radiated quality factor
are obtained through the dimensions of DRA
which provides flexibility in designing.
 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIES (ICAI)
 Excitation in DRA can be increased by exciting
different modes.
 The frequently used targeted frequencies
presented by the research literatures are ranging
from 1GHz to 40 GHz.
 Different distinct feeding techniques provide
advantage towards radiation pattern
improvement.
Types of DRA and Feeding Techniques:
 DRA can be made of any shapes rectangular
cylindrical, spherical, hemispherical etc.
Fig.1 Different types of DRA
To excite different resonator modes
multiple feeding techniques are used. This
excitation is explained as under:
II.FEEDING TECHNIQUES
1. Coaxial Probe Excitation
It can be located within the DRA or
adjacent to it. Within the DRA, a good coupling
can be achieved by aligning the probe along with
the electric field of DRA mode as shown in
Fig.2.The adjacent position is currently used to
couple the magnetic field of DRA mode shown in
Fig.3. In these both cases, the probe is exciting the
fundamental
TE111 mode of the rectangular DRA.
107
Fig.2 Coaxial probe coupling the E field
Fig.3 Coaxial probe coupling the H field
When the excitation probe is inside the
resonator, particular attention has to be paid to the
air gap between the probe excitation and dielectric
material. An air gap result decreases the effect of
dielectric constant which decreases the Q factor.
The probe location allows different choice of
excited modes.
2. Microstrip feeding line and coplanar waveguide
The principle is similar to the probe
excitation case. A micro strip line placed close to
the DRA can couple the magnetic field of the DRA
mode. However, this later can affect the antenna
polarization and thus increases the parasitic
radiation. This could be reduced by placing the line
under the resonator as shown in Fig: 4.Similar way
is to replace the micro strip line by a coplanar
waveguide shown in Fig.4 which is presenting a
rectangular DRA excited by a coplanar waveguide.
 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIES (ICAI)
Fig.4 Micro strip feeding line and coplanar
waveguide
In these both cases, the mode coupling can
be optimized by changing the resonator position
and/or its dielectric permittivity. For low dielectric
permittivity materials (which allows obtaining a
wide bandwidth), it is somewhat difficult to excite
the mode. An important point is these excitation
methods are disturbing DRA modes by introducing
electrical boundary conditions. This issue is even
more sensitive since the antenna is miniaturized.
3. Aperture Coupling
A common method of exciting a DRA is
acting through an aperture in the ground plane. The
Fig.5 shows an example of the excitation of the
TE111 mode of a rectangular DRA with a
rectangular slot. To achieve relevant coupling, the
aperture has to be placed in a DRA where magnetic
area is strong. Feeding the aperture with a micro
strip line is a current approach.
Fig.5 Aperture coupling
The main dimension of the aperture needs
g
to be approximately 2 , which is highly
problematic at low frequencies. On top of
these,multiple feeding methods like the choice of
108
different DRAs shapes represents another degree of
flexibility and versatility. The next subsection will
deal with the cylindrical shape.
III. FUTURE SCOPE
In recent years interest in DRA antenna is
due to its prospect of shrinking down the size of
antennas for satellite operation and its potential in
reducing the cost and ease of manufacturing. The
difficulties faced for fabrication techniques are also
a research statement. For innovative design in
mobile and wireless system research on hybrid
modes creation is to be done for enhancing the
bandwidth or develop multiband antenna.
Considering the advantages of the DRA, the
frequency range of antenna can be increased using
DRA arrays. Improvisation in features of DRA can
be done by changing excitation techniques and
designing parameters.
IV. CONCLUSION
DRA has a broad spectrum of dielectric
materials to be used for intended application. DRA
can be designed to suit wide range of physical and
electrical requirement of required application
.Many different excitation schemes are available
which helps to have greater efficiency and high
directivity. Moreover, DRA doesn’t have metallic
loss, so low-loss dielectric material can be useful
for high radiation efficiency.Thus, effective
utilization of DRA characteristic can lead to a
wider frequency range, low cost, high radiation
efficiency antenna.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Pratima Pimpalgaonkar author thanks Dr.
Trushit Upadhyaya and Mr.Killol Pandya for their
constant support and encouragement for the study
undertaken; also the author would like to thank C S
Patel Institute of Technology for providing such a
wonderful platform to carry out the study work.
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Miss Pratima R Pimpalgaonkar is currently pursuing her
M.Tech in Communication System Engineering from Charotar
University of Science and Technology and she has completed
her Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Dr Jivraj Mehta Institute Of
Technology,Anand.Currently her research area includes
Dielectric Resonator Antenna.
Dr. Trushit Upadhyaya has received his B.E. Electronics and
Communication Engineering - Gujarat University, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat, India and M.E. in Telecommunications - Institute of
Telecommunication Research, at University of South Australia,
Adelaide, South Australia, Dr. Trushit has completed his Ph.D
in Antenna System Design for Satellite Communication -
Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa,
Gujarat, India He is a member of Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Engineers Australia (EA) Indian
Society for Technical Education (ISTE).
Mr. Killol Pandya has received his B.E. Electronics and
Communication Engineering - Gujarat University, M.E in
Communication System Engineering – Gujarat University and
is pursuing Ph.D at Charotar University Of Science And
Technology.He is a member of IEEE.
Mr. Mukesh R. Chaurasia is currently pursuing his M.Tech in
Communication System Engineering from Charotar University
of Science and Technology and he has completed his Bachelor’s
Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Government Engineering College Bharuch. Currently his
research area include microstrip patch antenna and Plasmonics.
Miss Bhargavi T Raval is currently pursuing her M.Tech in
Communication System Engineering from Charotar University
of Science and Technology and she has completed her
Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Government Engineering
College,Gandhinagar.Currently her research area includes Ultra
Wideband Antenna.