Chapter 1 – Introduction

§1.3.2: Limit States

Q i i Qi (1.3.2.1-1)

i - Load Factor
Qi - Load Effect
i - Load Modifier
When the maximum value of i is appropriate

i D R I 0.95 (1.3.2.1-2)

When the minimum value of i is appropriate

1
i 1.00 (1.3.2.1-3)
D R I

Pg 1.3 AASHTO-LRFD 2007

ODOT Short Course Created July 2007 Loads & Analysis: Slide #24

Chapter 1 – Introduction

§1.3.2: Limit States - Load Modifiers

Applicable only to the Strength Limit State

D – Ductility Factor:
D = 1.05 for nonductile members
D = 1.00 for conventional designs and details complying with specifications
D = 0.95 for components for which additional ductility measures have been
taken

R – Redundancy Factor:
R = 1.05 for nonredundant members
R = 1.00 for conventional levels of redundancy
R = 0.95 for exceptional levels of redundancy

I – Operational Importance:
I = 1.05 for important bridges
I = 1.00 for typical bridges
I = 0.95 for relatively less important bridges

These modifiers are applied at the element level, not the entire structure.
Pgs. 1.5-7; Chen & Duan AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Created July 2007 Loads & Analysis: Slide #25

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 § 3.4 - Load Factors and Combinations

§1.3.2: ODOT Recommended Load Modifiers

For the Strength Limit States

D – Ductility Factor:
Use a ductility load modifier of D = 1.00 for all strength limit states

R – Redundancy Factor:
Use R = 1.05 for “non-redundant” members
Use R = 1.00 for “redundant” members

Bridges with 3 or fewer girders should be considered “non-redundant.”

Bridges with 4 girders with a spacing of 12’ or more should be considered “non-
redundant.”

Bridges with 4 girders with a spacing of less than 12’ should be considered
“redundant.”

Bridge with 5 or more girders should be considered “redundant.”

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Created July 2007 Loads & Analysis: Slide #26

§ 3.4 - Load Factors and Combinations

§1.3.2: ODOT Recommended Load Modifiers

For the Strength Limit States

R – Redundancy Factor:
Use R = 1.05 for “non-redundant” members
Use R = 1.00 for “redundant” members

Single and two column piers should be considered non-redundant.

Cap and column piers with three or more columns should be considered
redundant.

T-type piers with a stem height to width ratio of 3-1 or greater should be
considered non-redundant.

For information on other substructure types, refer to NCHRP Report 458

Redundancy in Highway Bridge Substructures.

R does NOT apply to foundations. Foundation redundancy is included in the

resistance factor.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Created July 2007 Loads & Analysis: Slide #27

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 § 3.4 - Load Factors and Combinations

§1.3.2: ODOT Recommended Load Modifiers

For the Strength Limit States

I – Operational Importance:
In General, use I = 1.00 unless one of the following applies

Use I = 1.05 if any of the following apply

Design ADT 60,000
Detour length 50 miles
Any span length 500’

Use I = 0.95 if both of the following apply

Design ADT 400
Detour length 10 miles

Detour length applies to the shortest, emergency detour route.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Created July 2007 Loads & Analysis: Slide #28

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