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Communicating Effectively
Our Practice Areas:
Global Leadership
Communication Styles Global Teams
Global Diversity &

Inclusion
High context
Global Business Skills
Communication in the Philippines is high context. Because of
Global Mobility
the culture's emphasis on long-term relationships and
interdependence, it is often assumed that there is a shared
understanding among members of a group. Thus, there is little
need to explicitly verbalize information that people have come Aperian Global Offices:
to know over time, and more emphasis is placed on nonverbal
cues, such as facial expression, body language, or the setting
Bangalore
in which the communication takes place.
Boston
For instance, when making decisions, people in the Philippines
will often trust their well-established network of contacts and Dubai
information sources, since much knowledge has already been Kolding
shared within the group over time.
Paris
Indirect San Francisco
In the Philippines, there has traditionally been an overlap Shanghai
between business and social relations. Because of this overlap,
Singapore
a conflict in one area of life can also affect other areas. Many
Filipinos prefer to avoid conflict, and their communication is Tokyo
generally polite and indirect. There is less directness in all
types of communication, and meaning is often conveyed by staff & associates in over
80 locations worldwide
suggestion, implication, and nonverbal behavior. Getting
straight to the point may be seen as rude or insensitive to the
www.aperianglobal.com
other person. There is a high value placed on ambiguity and
tact.
Many Filipinos dislike using the word "no" in response to a
request as it is generally seen as being impolite and too direct.
As a result, a response of "yes" may be accompanied by
nonverbal cues that indicate whether the affirmative answer is
being said with enthusiasm or with caution. Some people may
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use symbolic or metaphoric speech to say what cannot be said
directly.
A smile in the Philippines may convey more than just
happiness. Filipinos may, for example, smile to hide
unhappiness, nervousness, or embarrassment at another
person's behavior. This also is tied to the cultural effort to
maintain pleasant relations with others.
Personal
For many people in the Philippines, communication tends to be
a very personal, social matter. Many Filipinos will want to get
to know someone as a person before engaging in business
discussions. Initial conversations often include
nonbusiness-related topics such as family, hobbies, and other
personal interests.
Personal space
The Philippines has a more physically expressive culture than
some other Asian countries. This is partially a result of the
Spanish colonial influence in the Philippines. People stand
somewhat close to each other while conversing and touch
often, even if it is simply a pat on the arm. See also: Gestures
& Body Language
Diversity factors
People in the Philippines' highly urbanized areas (such as
Manila and Cebu) often communicate in a somewhat more
direct manner than those in the provinces.
Strategies
Communication in the Philippines is high context. Pay
close attention to nonverbal signals, as much may be
communicated without the use of words.
Business and social relations are intertwined; an indirect,
polite communication style helps to avoid conflict and
protect relationships.
Most Filipinos dislike using the word "no" in direct
response to a request. This is a way to maintain a good
working relationship without causing anyone to suffer a
loss of face. When you hear a "yes" from a Filipino, be
sure to watch for cues that indicate whether the
affirmative answer is being said with enthusiasm or with
caution.
Filipinos often smile to hide unhappiness or nervousness,
so it is important to look beyond the smile to discover the

true feelings of your Filipino counterparts.
Communication in the Philippines tends to be social and
personal, so take the time for small talk before discussing
business.
Filipinos stand somewhat close to each other while
conversing and touch often. If this is unfamiliar to you, try
not to back away from this close contact.
Establishing Credibility
Establishing credentials
In the Philippines, credibility is closely tied to the personal
relationships one is able to build. Reputation accompanies
relationships, and consequently the best method of
establishing credibility is to develop and foster relationships
with key people.
Using a "bridge" person (or "go-between") to arrange
introductions can greatly enhance a foreign businessperson's
credibility. This trusted third party may be a mutual friend, or a
bank or trading firm that is respected by each side. A bridge
person can be helpful throughout the building of business
relationships, and in maintaining relationships that are already
established.
Communicating credentials can also be done through a
bridge person. This person can communicate the foreign
businessperson's credentials subtly and in a manner
appropriate to the Philippine culture. Modesty is highly valued
in the Philippines, so communicating one's own credentials
may be seen as arrogant.
While in-person introductions from trusted third parties are
preferable, a call, a letter, or even a reference on a business
card may be acceptable in some cases.
Introductions to people at the highest possible level in an
organization can be key to establishing credibility. High-level
approval will often trickle down, providing the opportunity for
further discussions within the organization as a whole.
Making a good first impression
Modesty is an important characteristic in making a good first
impression and building relationships. In general, Filipinos do

not respect individuals who oversell their credentials and
accomplishments. Many foreign businesspeople have earned a
reputation for arrogance. To overcome this perception, it can
be effective for foreign businesspeople to demonstrate humility
immediately.
For example, a businessperson who arrives in the Philippines
with the assurance that he or she knows the right way to get
things done, or the mindset that business should be conducted
in the Philippines as it is in his or her home country, will only
foster a sense of distrust and resistance among associates.
On the job
People in the Philippines tend to respect coworkers and
managers who work alongside each other, without a clear
emphasis of hierarchical differences. For example, a manager
can build credibility by working among the employee ranks to
demonstrate his/her intentions and expectations. See also:
Effective Leadership Styles
Such interactions are especially important for foreigners
working in the Philippines. Some have made the mistake of
separating themselves from their Filipino colleagues by
working primarily in their offices or by associating only with
other foreign businesspeople. This creates distance and
ultimately serves as an obstacle to establishing solid, trusted
relationships.
"Follow through" is another essential aspect of establishing
credibility for foreign businesspeople. Some Filipinos may wait
to see if foreign colleagues will honor commitments and follow
through on what they have promised. Failure to follow through
can greatly damage a businessperson's credibility.
Attitudes toward local culture/people
An open and receptive attitude is important in the Philippines.
Combined with a sense of humility, it can help foreign
businesspeople to build relationships with their Filipino
colleagues.
Since humility and modesty are highly-valued in the
Philippines, foreign businesspeople may occasionally feel as
though they are being placed on a pedestal. In this context, it
is particularly important for foreign businesspeople not to
respond to this humility with a sense of superiority. Careful
listening, close collaboration with Filipino colleagues, and
demonstrating respect for Filipino culture are effective methods
for building credibility. See also: Core Values — Group

Orientation
Strategies
Invest time building relationships and establishing trust
with colleagues. Your credibility will be closely connected
with the strength of your relationships.
Introductions are best made by a trusted "bridge" person
— a mutual friend, bank, or trading firm. Use a bridge
person to convey your qualifications whenever possible.
Credibility is tied to relationships, especially those made
at the highest levels of an organization. Gaining approval
at a high level first will increase your credibility as you
subsequently arrange transaction details with different
levels of the organization.
Get introduced in person if possible. If face-to-face
interactions are not possible, a call, a letter, or even a
reference on a business card from a bridge person may be
acceptable in some cases.
Show humility in your first interactions with colleagues
and do not boast about accomplishments.
Work among your colleagues without emphasizing
hierarchical differences. If you are a manager, work
among the employee ranks and demonstrate your
intentions as well as your expectations.
Have a receptive and open attitude when forming
relationships with colleagues and subordinates. Do not
respond to Filipino modesty with a sense of superiority.
Show interest in and respect for the Filipino culture.
Follow through on all promises. Your tendency to honor or
fail to follow through on promises may be monitored and
will greatly impact your credibility.
Obtaining Information
Information sharing
In the Philippines, information, especially information that is
sensitive in nature, is often only shared between people with
established, trusting relationships. Many Filipinos feel that trust
is essential in order to believe that the information will be
handled sensitively and that its use will not reflect poorly on
the provider. Information perceived as negative or damaging
will often be closely guarded in order to prevent direct

confrontations. See also: Resolving Conflict
In the Philippines, as in many other Asian nations, sensitive
information is sometimes conveyed only after receiving the
endorsement of a "bridge" or third party.
Interpret nonverbal cues. Many Filipinos use a fairly indirect
communication style. In general, meaning is conveyed by
suggestion, implication, and nonverbal behavior, as well as
through other contextual cues. Different types of relationships
often dictate different kinds of protocol and behavior.
Selecting the wrong channels for soliciting information or
attempting to obtain sensitive information before a sufficiently
trusting relationship has been established can lead to
withdrawal, silence, or a reserved response. A reserved
response can be interpreted in many ways, including:
"It's not possible to do what you're asking."
"It's possible, but I'm not sure if I can do it."
"I'm open to discussing this, but only in private."
"I don't agree — but I won't openly disagree with you."
"What you've said or done has upset or embarrassed me."
"I'm thinking about it — it's an interesting idea."
As a result, information gathering in the Philippines requires
sensitivity and an understanding of the context in order to
interpret these responses or silences correctly.
Strategies
Build relationships and establish trust with people before
requesting sensitive information.
Establish credibility by demonstrating the behaviors and
attitudes worthy of trust from the outset.
If there has not been time to build strong relationships,
gain the endorsement of a trusted intermediary, or
"bridge," when seeking sensitive information.
Pay attention to nonverbal cues and the context in which
you are requesting information.
Learn to interpret the various meanings of silence or
reserved responses by a Filipino.
Persuading Others
Preferred style

Preferred style
Although many organizational systems in the Philippines are
based on a hierarchical structure, sharing information and
negotiating with various levels in an organization is essential to
the persuasion process.
In many situations, Filipinos prefer to build internal consensus
among key players first. Asking for advice is one of the most
effective ways this is done. Successful persuaders often try to
learn as much as possible by asking questions such as "What
do you think we should do?" and "How can we best convince
others?" By collecting information and allowing key players to
present proposals to local colleagues, both formal and informal
communication structures are used effectively.
What to expect
In general, Filipino businesspeople may hesitate to participate
in high-risk decisions and major changes, especially if they are
not at the highest levels of an organization. Security within
one's designated role is often highly valued; changes or
proposals that push boundaries may be met with some
reluctance.
Consequently, persuading coworkers to support or adopt
proposals, particularly those involving changes in accepted
procedures, may require a substantial amount of finesse. See
also: Making Decisions
Strategies
Understand that in the Philippines, upper management
has traditionally been responsible for initiating and
implementing major organizational changes.
Build internal consensus by asking for advice from key
players.
Begin with minor recommendations and work up to more
major changes. Once a foreign businessperson has had
the opportunity to prove him/herself through the effective
implementation of incremental change, larger changes are
more likely to be accepted.
Open and clear communication is essential when
persuading others. Describe each situation and
recommendation in detail, and provide as much
information as possible.
Clearly explain expectations and predictions regarding
both outcome and the participation of colleagues.
It is best to adopt a two-pronged approach in which

upper-level management is involved and supportive, and
lower level employees are clearly and regularly informed.
In order to ensure both effective communication and
support among the various ranks of the organization,
obtain the assistance of a local colleague or associate who
is willing to support your recommendations and to bridge
communication.
Enlist as many champions for your cause as possible, at
all levels of the organization — this will greatly facilitate
efforts to persuade others.
Presenting Ideas
Preferred style
Style. In general, Filipino audiences respond well to highly
visual presentations and, to a certain extent, some
entertainment is also expected. High-tech presentations tend
to be very popular, as do presenters that use culturally
appropriate humor by incorporating stories and jokes to engage
the audience.
Substance. In addition to showmanship, solid facts and
reasoning are essential to an effective presentation. Actual
proof, as well as demonstrating the logic of proposals, should
not be neglected in favor of theatrical effects.
Once a decision has been made — usually by a top-ranking
individual in the organization — the ideas corresponding to that
decision are often readily accepted and implemented. However,
even though many final decisions may be made at the top of
the organization, it is still important for ideas to be regularly
presented to employees in lower-ranking positions for their
input. Presenters who build trust and credibility by sharing
ideas and keeping members of the team informed tend to be
more successful in building the consensus necessary to
champion new proposals and ideas.
What to expect
When hearing new ideas, Filipino businesspeople tend to be
most comfortable if they are given an opportunity to reflect on
what has been said without being pressured for an immediate
response or decision. Attempting to rush the decision-making
process will often not be effective.

Strategies
Use creative visuals and culturally appropriate humor and
stories when presenting ideas. Balance this showmanship
with solid facts and reasoning.
Presentations that incorporate technology are generally
well received.
Give Filipino colleagues an opportunity to reflect on the
material that has been presented. Do not push for
immediate decisions.
Supply written materials before a presentation so that
counterparts have an opportunity to think about your
subject.
Once a decision is made and in the process of
implementation, continue to consult regularly with
colleagues to get their input and build consensus.
Managing Meetings
Before the meeting

Distribute an agenda. Filipino businesspeople often prefer to
review the main points and contents of a presentation before
they are asked to participate in any discussions. Therefore, the
distribution of an agenda and any supplementary materials
before a meeting is customary. Meeting agendas vary and may
include either general guidelines or specified time slots for each
area under discussion.
Confirm appointments. For all external meetings, especially
those scheduled in advance, it is common to call the day before
and also the day of the appointment to confirm the
appointments. See also: Making Appointments
First or external meetings
In general, there are few set rules for conducting meetings in
the Philippines. First meetings are as much an opportunity to
build relationships as a time to do business. They can be used
both to develop mutual interests and to demonstrate a
commitment to a long-term relationship.
Punctuality. Although appointments may not always begin on
time, it is important for foreigners or guests to arrive promptly.
Arriving after the scheduled time may indicate a lack of respect

Arriving after the scheduled time may indicate a lack of respect
or interest in the meeting.
Greetings. A handshake is the typical greeting when meeting
local associates for the first time. Filipinos generally appreciate
being addressed with their professional titles, such as
"Engineer," "Doctor," or "Architect." After several meetings or
when relationships have been established, exchanges may
eventually shift to a first-name basis.
Seating. In both business and social contexts, the host
generally indicates where people will sit. The seating
arrangement in a meeting can offer clues as to the hierarchy of
those present.
Small talk. Before the meeting begins, Filipino businesspeople
will often try to get to know visitors through a certain amount
of personal conversation. They may ask personal questions
regarding family, income, religious or political beliefs, or
marital status. Some Filipino businesspeople, particularly more
junior subordinates, may initially be shy and reluctant to take
an active role at a meeting, so this warm-up time helps
participants feel comfortable.
Interaction style. The general tone of meetings in the
Philippines is friendly but formal. The senior representative will
often be expected to take the lead or offer initial remarks.
Initial remarks typically begin by referring to previous
communications and expressing thanks for prior efforts.
Raising one's voice or interrupting a speaker is considered
disrespectful.
After the meeting
Successful meetings are often scheduled at a time that allows
for a shared meal or snack together. A mid- or late-morning
meeting leading into lunch may be a good option, or a
late-afternoon meeting allowing for a shared snack or a cup of
coffee. Time spent dining together is a good opportunity to
further develop relationships.
Diversity factors
There may be some differences in meeting styles among
multinationals, local companies, and government institutions.
Meetings with multinationals generally attend to the order of
business more promptly than local organizations.
Depending on the company, budgets for meeting may vary.
Equipment for presentations and collaboration may vary from

company to company.
Government officials may send proxies to attend meetings in
their place.
Strategies
Distribute a meeting agenda and supplementary materials to meeting
participants ahead of time.
Confirm meeting times the day before and again the day
of the meeting.
Arrive promptly to show respect even if the meeting
ultimately starts late.
In both business and informal contexts, wait for your host
to seat you.
Begin meetings with a period of casual conversation about
topics such as sports and family. If asked questions you
consider to be overly personal, respond with humor.
If you are the senior representative on the hosting side,
make opening remarks that include thanks for previous
communications or efforts.
Allow enough time for a meeting to extend into a shared
meal.
Confirm beforehand the availability of equipment that you
will need to conduct the meeting or make a presentation.
Ask someone to provide you with the names and titles of
the people who will be present at the meeting so that you
can properly acknowledge and address them if you are
asked to make a speech. This is especially important when
meeting with government officials, who sometimes send
proxies to attend meetings.
Virtual Communication
Infrastructure
The Philippines telecommunications system has strong and
well-developed infrastructure. Mobile telephones are used
more commonly than fixed-line telephones. Internet access is
widespread, especially in urban areas.
Preferred modes of communication
Filipinos tend to be very personable people; they often prefer
to do business with people they know. For business

transactions, therefore, face-to-face communication is
preferred, especially at the beginning of any business
relationship. Filipinos tend to make appointments by phone or
text messages. See also: Communication Styles — Personal
Telephones & conference calls
Telephone calls, particularly via mobile phone, are a common
method of communication in the Philippines. Some carriers
offer voicemail, but it may not be commonly used. Some
Filipino businesspeople may be somewhat hesitant to talk to
machines. The impersonal nature of voicemail can make it a
poor fit within the highly personalized and relationship-based
Philippine culture.
Conference calls are regularly used to facilitate overseas
business interactions.
E-mail & Internet
E-mail is popular and commonly used in business. However, some
businesspeople may still view e-mail as an informal means of communication,
and may feel the need for a "hard copy." Additionally, while e-mail is useful for
relaying messages, it is not viewed as a substitute for personal contact, due to
the culture's emphasis on personal interaction.
Social networking is enormously popular in the Philippines,

especially among the younger generation.
Written communication
Title conscious. In general, Filipinos tend to be title
conscious. Note for example the use of titles before the names
of professionals such as Dr. (doctor), Atty. (attorney, lawyer),
Engr. (engineer), Arch. (architect), Prof. (professor). They also
tend to say "sir" or "ma'am" to show their respect, not just to
their superiors but to older people as well, until told otherwise.
Colleagues are often addressed by the first name.
What to avoid
Filipinos tend to have a somewhat indirect communication style
and generally dislike conflict. Filipino colleagues may not reply
if a written message or e-mail is strongly worded or otherwise
conveys anger. Correspondence should be polite and civil.
Language
Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English are the two official
languages. While most Filipinos speak, read, and write English,
they may often use "Taglish" — a mixture of English and words

in Tagalog.
Key Points
Note that all forms of electronic communication are widely
accepted, including conference calls for international
business use.
Filipinos generally prefer face-to-face communication over
any kind of virtual or written communication.
Mobile phones and text messaging are popular.
Be aware that some Filipinos find the use of voicemail
awkward.
Do not rely solely on e-mail or other written
communication. It cannot take the place of meeting in
person.
Be careful to use appropriate titles in written
communication.
Avoid any style of writing that could be interpreted as too
direct or conveying anger. Filipinos generally dislike
conflict, and may not reply to a message that is too
harshly worded.
Conversation Topics
Appropriate topics
Casual conversation tends to be an important aspect of doing
business in the Philippines. Such conversations tend to be
friendly and personal in nature. See also: Communication
Styles
Before getting down to business, it is common to discuss topics
such as family, mutual acquaintances, local sights to see, and
general business observations.
Inappropriate topics
"Face" is an important factor in the Philippines, and people
tend to avoid saying anything that would embarrass another
person present, or cause them to lose face. Blunt comments
(even if truthful) are not appropriate in most settings and can
lead to profound setbacks in a relationship.
Topics best avoided include politics, local social and economic
conditions, foreign aid, religion, and corruption. If such topics
arise in conversation, it is usually advisable to be indirect and

nonjudgmental.
Advice
Appropriate topics
Family
Mutual acquaintances
Local tourist sights
General business topics
Politics
Local social and economic conditions
Foreign aid
Religion
Corruption
Any topic that causes others to lose face; avoid making
blunt comments
Core Values & Implications for Business
Diversity variables
Regional and linguistic. The Philippines is made up of over
7000 islands and many Filipinos have a strong sense of
regionalism. Strong ties bind those who come from the same
province or those who speak the same dialect. They support
each other because they consider themselves as "brothers or
sisters."
In Metro Manila, businesses and settlements may be organized
in groups by people's area of origin, ethnic group, or language.
Although most Filipinos can converse in Tagalog (the basis of
the national Filipino language), the majority of Filipinos grow
up speaking other Malay-based dialects.
Group orientation
There are several concepts key to the culture of the Philippines
that emphasize the importance of the group.
Bayaníhan, or cooperation. Bayaníhan refers to the spirit of
community cooperation, working together for mutual benefit,
and giving assistance without compensation. This concept also

and giving assistance without compensation. This concept also
applies to business organizations. This spirit of cooperation can
be highly effective, invoking great effort from both work
groups and teams.
Pakikisáma, or comradeship. Pakikisáma refers to the
bonding process which leads to the building of harmonious
interpersonal relationships, the ability to get along with others,
and group obligation. This concept sometimes requires an
individual to sacrifice as necessary for the welfare of the
family, community, or business group. In the business context,
pakikisáma may be used by a group of employees to win the vote of a
dissenter in a decision. On the other hand, because of the importance of
pakikisáma in the culture, there may be hard feelings if an individual separates
him- or herself from the group by standing out in any way.
Utang na loób, or debt of gratitude. A powerful moral

imperative in Filipino culture, utang na loób — sometimes
translated as "debt of gratitude" — is an obligation or demand
for reciprocal action with members of one's family or in-group.
Filipinos are often aware of their deep, personal obligation to
those from whom they receive favors. Furthermore, this feeling
of obligation extends to the importance of repaying the favor in
an acceptable manner. In general, some Filipinos may seek to
avoid becoming indebted to individuals outside of their social
group.
Importance of face
Hiya, or shame. As in many Asian cultures, the concept of
face, including giving, gaining, and losing face, is important in
the Philippines. Hiya is the Filipino concept of shame or a loss
of face. This relates to the deep emotional sense of having
failed to live up to certain social or self-imposed standards. It
can also imply the loss of self-esteem that could result from
being ridiculed in public, being censured openly, or failing to do
what is expected.
Amor proprio, or self-respect. The Spanish amor proprio
means "love of self." Philippine culture uniquely combines the
Asian concept of face with the Spanish concept of amor propio.
In this culture, building up one's self-esteem is essential. The
use of go-betweens, called "bridges," is common throughout
Philippine society to protect the face and self-respect of oneself
and others. Typical occasions for using "bridges" include the
following:
When being introduced to new people with whom one
wishes to do business.

To facilitate complicated business issues and problematic
relations with government offices and others.
When attempting to resolve a conflict between coworkers.
A trusted "bridge" can help prevent a loss of face for both
sides.
When requesting a job. Rather than risk the loss of amor
propio, rejection is more easily accepted when delivered
by an intermediary.
Hierarchy
Paggálang, or respect. Paggálang involves giving respect to
the opinions of elders, to those in positions of authority, or to
peers during deliberations on important matters. In Philippine
culture, it is particularly important to understand the lines of
authority within work groups. It is essential to show proper
paggálang to those in society whose status requires it.
Relationships
Pakikirámay, or sympathy. Particularly in the course of
establishing relationships in the Philippines, foreign
businesspeople can build strong relationships through their
pakikirámay for others. This concept translates roughly into
demonstrating sympathy or helpfulness for others — going out
of one's way to assist without being asked.
Acceptance of fate
In the Philippines, success and failure are often attributed to
fate. For example, bahala na, roughly translated as "God wills
it" or "accept what comes" is a common Tagalog expression.
Other common phrases convey the sense that "it can't be
helped" or "it was my fate."
Implications
Be aware that the Philippines is a very diverse country;
communities are often organized by people's area of
origin, ethnic or linguistic group. Filipinos may feel
strongly connected to others in their group.
The group is typically valued above the individual in
Philippine culture, and cooperation, community, harmony,
and reciprocity can be effective approaches in many
aspects of business.
Be aware that relationships come with obligations. If a
colleague does a favor for you, you will often be expected
to return the favor in the future.
Protect the "face" of yourself and others when working in
the Philippines. Causing a loss of face can cause serious

the Philippines. Causing a loss of face can cause serious
damage to a relationship.
Use "bridges" to gain introductions and to help navigate
complex situations in the Philippines. Bridges can help
protect people's face and self-respect in many situations.
Understand the lines of authority in your work group and
demonstrate proper respect for those at the top of the
hierarchy.
Demonstrate sympathy to colleagues. An empathetic
demeanor will help you build and maintain relationships.
Be aware that many people in the Philippines have an
acceptance of fate and may not feel that all situations are
within their control.
Business Protocol
Greetings
Greetings
Handshakes are the typical greetings among business
associates in the Philippines. People typically shake hands upon
introduction and at subsequent meetings. However, it is best to
wait to shake a Filipino woman's hand until she first offers it.
Filipinas generally greet each other with a kiss on each cheek.
A common form of greeting among Filipinos is to raise one's
eyebrows and then let them fall as eye contact is made. This
nonverbal greeting is usually accompanied by a smile, or
between men, a handshake.
Names & titles
Names in the Philippines are generally constructed as follows:
first name, mother's maiden name, followed by father's
surname. Many Filipinos have nicknames, but it is best for
foreign businesspeople to use their counterparts' surnames
until permission has been given to use first or nicknames.
Once permission has been given to use nicknames, it can be a
good idea for the foreign colleague to reciprocate by providing

a shortened form of his/her own name.
Titles. In business and formal settings, many people use titles
professional designations, such as Professor Bautista or
Engineer Delgado. Foreign businesspeople should address
counterparts with a title and their surname. If the person does
not have a title, Mr., Mrs., or Miss followed by their surname
should be used.
Hierarchical distinctions. There is generally a distinction in
forms of address between superior or subordinate
relationships. Typically superiors may be addressed as "Sir" or
"Ma'am." The wife of an important person is sometimes
addressed as Mrs., followed by her husband's title (e.g., Mrs.
Mayor).
Advice
Shake hands when greeting; wait for a woman to extend
her hand first. Women may greet each other with a kiss
on each cheek.
Eyebrows are often raised in greeting, accompanying the
handshake or a smile.
Address most people with a professional or an honorary
title and their surname. If they do not have a professional
title, use "Mr.," "Mrs.," or "Miss" and their surname.
Avoid using nicknames and first names until you have
been invited to do so; respond by offering your own.
Address your superiors as "Sir" or "Ma'am."
Business Cards
Card exchange
The exchange of business cards is less ceremonial in the
Philippines than in many other nations. Cards may be offered
at the beginning or end of a meeting.
On occasion, Filipino businesspeople may choose to write their
home or mobile telephone number on their card. This is
considered a sincere invitation to call them at home.
Advice
Business cards are exchanged regularly, but there is no
special ceremony for their exchange. It is advised to carry

cards with you regularly.
Filipinos who write their home or mobile phone number on
their card are sincere. Do not hesitate to call that person.
Gifts
Local norms
It is common to give gifts in the Philippines, but the ceremony
of gift giving is less formal than in many other Asian countries.
Christmas is an important holiday in the Philippines. At
Christmas time, it is customary for business colleagues to
exchange token gifts. Attention is often paid to differences in
rank and status. This includes employees, service personnel,
and any of the intermediate contacts who assist with business
interactions (e.g., a customer's secretary).
Appropriate gifts
For business associates, the following gifts are appropriate:
An item related to one's home country
A nice pen
Stationary or other items with the organization's logo
Flowers and food are common gifts when visiting someone's
home.
Inappropriate gifts
It is best to avoid bringing alcohol or a substantial dish to
someone's home, as this implies they may not be capable of
providing an adequate meal or refreshment.
Gift-exchange protocol
Gifts are often not opened in front of the giver. The focus is not
on the gift itself but on the thought behind the gift.
Thank-you notes are appreciated after a dinner at someone's
home. A small thank-you gift is also acceptable in this situation.
Advice
While gift giving is important in Filipino business, the
ceremony of gift giving is less formal than in many other
Asian countries.

Christmas giving is customary for nearly everyone with
whom you do business, but pay attention to differences in
rank and status.
Gifts are often not opened in front of the giver.
Flowers and food are common gifts to bring when you are
invited to someone's home; however, avoid bringing
alcohol or a substantial food dish to someone's home.
Business Hours
Typical business hours

Official business hours extend from 8:00 to 17:00 (5 pm),
Monday through Friday. Some offices are open Saturday
mornings from 8:00 to 12:00. The standard Philippine
workweek is officially 48 hours, extending from Monday
through Saturday.
Lunch
Most businesses close for lunch, usually between 12:00 and
13:00 (1 pm). However, lunch often stretches for up to two
hours for managers and executives.
Key Points
The standard Philippine workweek is officially 48 hours,
extending from Monday through Saturday.
Official business hours extend from 8:00 to 17:00 (5 pm),
Monday through Friday. Some offices are open Saturday
mornings from 8:00 to 12:00.
Many businesses close between 12:00 and 13:00 (1 pm)
for lunch; however, managers and executives may take
up to two hours for lunch.
Business Attire
Business attire in the Philippines tends to be somewhat more

casual than in some other Asian countries due to the humidity
and heat. Business coats and jackets are not always worn.
However, foreigners should dress conservatively until they

have determined the normal dress standard of their
counterparts.
Many offices have "casual Fridays." Some companies do allow
denim pants, rubber shoes, and sport shirts as acceptable attire
for casual Fridays. However, most companies do not allow
shorts, sandals such as flip-flops, or sleeveless t-shirts.
For men
Despite the warm weather, men often wear a jacket and tie to
business meetings. It is best to follow the host's lead in
removing jackets.
In the office, senior executives may or may not wear a coat
and tie.
For more formal occasions, either a suit or the formal Filipino
native attire for men, which is called the barong tagalog, is
worn. The barong tagalog is a very elegant and comfortable
embroidered shirt worn without a tie and outside the pants.
There are both short- and long-sleeved versions of the barong
tagalog.
For women
Businesswomen may dress conservatively by wearing white,
long-sleeved blouses and dark skirts or pantsuits. Social dress
also tends to be somewhat conservative. Businesswomen
typically refrain from wearing very short skirts or shirts, or
clothes that are tight-fitting or revealing. Foreign
businesswomen should also avoid this type of attire.
Advice
Business attire tends to be somewhat casual. Business
jackets are not always worn at the office.
As a foreigner, dress conservatively at first.
On "casual Fridays," employees may wear denim pants
and sport shirts; however, shorts, sleeveless t-shirts, and
flip-flops are not appropriate.
Men and women may wear more formal outfits to business
meetings. Follow your host's lead before removing a
jacket.
Even outside the office, Filipinos generally refrain from
wearing very short shorts or skirts and tops that are too
revealing, and it is best to follow suit.

Making Appointments
Scheduling appointments
In the Philippines, a trusted "bridge" person is often used to
help make introductions for newcomers. When trying to set up
an initial meeting with a new business contact, a bridge person
can provide a letter of introduction for the foreign
businessperson. This can be very helpful in securing the
appointment.
Appointments are typically made well before the desired
appointment date, sometimes up to one month in advance.
Appointments are usually confirmed one to two days in
advance and again on the day of the appointment, particularly
when the meeting is with a government employee or top
executive.
Senior-level executives in the Philippines often have a secretary
or executive assistant who controls the executive's calendar. A
friendly and courteous relationship with a secretary or assistant
can be very valuable when trying to connect with these
individuals.
Particularly for those calling from overseas, initial contact will
often be made with a secretary who is largely in charge of
screening unwanted calls. In order to avoid being screened, it
is important for foreign businesspeople to identify not only
themselves but also the name of the person making the
referral. This connection, or reference to a pre-existing
relationship, will assist greatly in the efforts to connect with the
right person.
Advice
Make appointments well ahead of time, up to a month in
advance.
Confirm both a day or two before and the day of your
appointment.
Gain introductions through a trusted bridge person.
Use a good reference to arrange your appointment, and
bring a letter of introduction from your reference.
Cultivate good relations with secretaries or executive
assistants.
When arranging a first appointment through a secretary,
identify not only yourself, but also the person referring
you.

Gestures & Body Language
Personal space & physical contact

The Philippines has a more physically expressive culture than
some other Asian countries. This is partially a result of the
Spanish colonial influence on the country. People stand
somewhat close to each other while conversing and touch
often, even if it's simply a pat on the arm.
Typical gestures
The "eyebrow flash," a quick lifting of the eyebrows with a
head nod, is a form of greeting in the Philippines, and is
almost always reciprocated.
Filipinos tend to shift their eyes toward an object or to
purse the lips and point with their mouth, rather than
pointing with a finger.
To call someone over to join them, Filipinos will extend
their arm, palm down, and move the fingers in a
scratching motion.
To call a waiter, Filipinos will raise their hand, with their
fingers held closely together.
Gestures to avoid
Staring; it is considered rude
Speaking in a loud or aggressive manner; it disrupts
harmony and is inappropriate in most situations
Giving loud commands or public reprimands
Curling one's index finger back and forth to beckon
someone is not appropriate.
Dining, Entertaining & Hosting
Entertaining
Food is an important part of relationship building in the
Philippines, as dining together is a natural setting for building
rapport and getting to know associates. In this context, it is
customary to celebrate the closure of a business deal by

customary to celebrate the closure of a business deal by
inviting business partners out for a meal.
Etiquette
When invited out to dinner, it is important to express pleasure
and appreciation for the meal. The person who issues the
invitation pays the bill.
Visiting someone's home
It is also common for Filipino businesspeople to invite their
colleagues and business associates to their homes. These
gatherings may also include other people, including aunts,
uncles, cousins, and other family members. Guests often bring
a small gift for the hosts, such as a bouquet of flowers or
chocolates. It is also a sign of good manners for a guest to
send a thank-you note for the hospitality.
As in many countries, Filipino families of secure financial
means often employ household help. In these instances, it is
often the household employees that will prepare the meal for
large gatherings.
Advice
Use business dining as a means of reinforcing
relationships with your counterparts.
Celebrate closing a business deal by inviting your business
partners out for a meal.
If you issue the invitation, make sure you are the one who
pays the bill.
If you are invited out to dinner, express pleasure and
appreciation for the meal.
If you are invited to a Filipino home, be prepared for it to
be a somewhat large gathering including members of your
host's extended family.
Bring a gift when visiting someone's home. Flowers,
candy, or chocolates are appropriate gifts. Express your
appreciation for the hospitality by sending a thank-you
note.
Tipping
Major restaurants and hotels will generally add a ten percent

service fee to the bill automatically. This will often be

service fee to the bill automatically. This will often be
abbreviated as "SC" on the bill. However, even if a service
charge is added, it is standard to leave a small tip, such as
Php20-50, for those who have assisted.
Other establishments will leave tipping up to consumer
discretion. In most cases, ten percent or more is an acceptable
tip. Most people who perform a service will expect a gratuity,
including taxi drivers, beauticians, and swimming pool
attendants.
Advice
Even when a restaurant bill includes a service charge,
leave an extra gratuity.
Porters, taxi drivers, beauticians, swimming pool
attendants, and similar service providers will expect a tip.
In most cases, ten percent or more is an acceptable tip.
Conversation Topics
Appropriate topics
Casual conversation tends to be an important aspect of doing
business in the Philippines. Such conversations tend to be
friendly and personal in nature. See also: Communication
Styles
Before getting down to business, it is common to discuss topics
such as family, mutual acquaintances, local sights to see, and
general business observations.
"Face" is an important factor in the Philippines, and people
tend to avoid saying anything that would embarrass another
person present, or cause them to lose face. Blunt comments
(even if truthful) are not appropriate in most settings and can
lead to profound setbacks in a relationship.
Topics best avoided include politics, local social and economic
conditions, foreign aid, religion, and corruption. If such topics
nonjudgmental.
Advice

Appropriate topics
Family
Mutual acquaintances
Local tourist sights
General business topics
Politics
Local social and economic conditions
Foreign aid
Religion
Corruption
Any topic that causes others to lose face; avoid making
blunt comments
Local Business Environment
Attitudes Toward Foreigners
Businesspeople and tourists

In general, Filipinos are accepting, welcoming, and hospitable
with foreigners. There is a tendency to perceive foreigners —
particularly Caucasians — as being wealthy, which can have
many implications within the context of the significant
economic disparities within the Philippines.
People in the provinces are often more outgoing and more
eager than those in highly urbanized areas to show a visitor
around town to establish camaraderie and trust.
Attitudes toward locals. If a foreign businessperson displays
an open and receptive attitude combined with a sense of
humility, he/she will go a long way toward building
relationships and fostering cooperation with Filipino
counterparts. See also: Establishing Credibility
A foreign businessperson, particularly a manager, who arrives
with the attitude that he or she knows the right way to get

things done, or the mindset that business should be conducted
in the Philippines as it is in his or her home country, will only
foster a sense of distrust and resistance among local
colleagues.
Strategies
Filipinos tend to be accepting, welcoming, and hospitable
toward foreigners.
Some foreigners, particularly Caucasians, should be
aware that some Filipinos believe they are exceptionally
wealthy, and misunderstandings can result from this
perception.
As a visiting foreign businessperson, be receptive, open,
and humble when approaching your Filipino counterparts.
Beware of appearing arrogant or overly confident in
business and social settings.
Attitudes Toward Business & Money
Status of business
Successful businesspeople in the Philippines enjoy respect from
the community, and the opinions of business leaders are highly
regarded by the government and the private sector. Business
and politics are often tied together in Philippine society, and
corporate social responsibility is an important area for
businesses people who wish to gain recognition in society.
High salaries and prestigious business positions are status
symbols in the Philippines. The younger generation of Filipino
businesspeople is also often more impressed with people who
have achieved wealth through hard work than those who have
inherited wealth.
Attitudes toward work
Filipinos are typically hardworking people and fast learners who
are generally pleasant to work with. For many people,
economic circumstances force Filipinos to work hard not just to
support their immediate families, but also to support other
relatives. Much of the workforce has a "work-to-live" attitude,
meaning they are satisfied if a job enables a good quality of life
and provides a pleasant working atmosphere and camaraderie
with coworkers.

Attitudes toward wealth
For many Filipino businesspeople, financial rewards by
themselves are less important than family interests and job
satisfaction. In some cases, new or "higher" titles, job security,
or substantial medical benefits can have the same reward
value as higher monetary compensation. Those holding higher
positions, however, are sometimes expected to reflect their
accompanying wealth through having better possessions (e.g.,
vehicle, gadgets, clothes, accessories) than their subordinates.
See also: Motivating Employees
Key Points
Top business executives are accorded high regard in the
Philippine society.
Corporate social responsibility should be given high
priority by businesses in the country.
Filipinos are typically hard workers who appreciate a nice
work environment with a strong sense of community
among colleagues.
High salaries and titles are status symbols, although other
perks may be equally, if not more, important to
employees.
Those with high-level positions are sometimes expected
to demonstrate their accompanying wealth through
owning a nice car, gadgets, clothing, accessories, etc.
Women in Business
Gender Gap Index

According to the Gender Gap Index compiled by the World
Economic Forum in 2017, the Philippines received a score of
0.790 on a scale of 0 to 1 (where "1" defines a country with
complete gender equality). The index measures the gender gap
in four areas (economic participation, educational attainment,
political empowerment, and health). The Philippines ranked
10 th overall among the 144 countries listed and was the only
Asian country in the top ten.
Women in the workplace
Although "machismo" can seem to be the norm on the surface,
the Philippines is a matriarchal society, and women should not

the Philippines is a matriarchal society, and women should not
face significant obstacles in the Filipino business world.
In general, Filipinos strongly favor democracy, individual
freedom, and educational access for all. Consequently, Filipinas
are typically as highly educated as men, and women head
many large organizations, government offices, and
entrepreneurial companies.
Foreign businesswomen are welcome in most Philippine
business circles and given equal opportunity to succeed. In
most business interactions, the key for both men and women is
relationship building.
Strategies
Relationship building is the key to effectiveness in most
business interactions.
Foreign businesswomen are advised to avoid conflict if
confronted with macho attitudes in the workplace; it is
best to let the behavior pass without reacting.
Women are highly respected in the Philippines, and
foreign businessmen should avoid any condescending
attitudes toward Filipino women, or any suggestion that
they prefer to discuss matters with male counterparts first.
Female colleagues should not be expected to entertain
foreign visitors with after-dinner drinks or at clubs.
Unchaperoned out-of-town trips with local female
colleagues are likewise taboo and should not be suggested.
Business Ethics
Perception of corruption
According to the Corruption Perceptions Index compiled by
Transparency International in 2016, business in the Philippines
is significantly affected by corruption. On a scale of 1-100,
(with 100 being a country with no corrupt influences), the
Philippines scored 35.
Attitudes toward corruption
Traditionally, businesses in the Philippines have been
somewhat resigned to corrupt practices, mainly because it is
often difficult to know for sure at what level corruption starts
or ends. Some businesses do not wish to damage existing

or ends. Some businesses do not wish to damage existing
relationships with the government if a decades-old process is
challenged or questioned. However, with the rise in popularity
and influence of social media, it is now easier for average
citizens to expose corrupt practices they witness. The media,
general public, and government are focused on stopping
high-level corruption. In recent years, processes have become
more transparent than in the past.
Forms of corruption
Although the situation has improved, "creative" business
practices are still somewhat common. This is especially true
when dealing with branches of government where salaries are
legislated and are often quite low when compared with the
private sector.
Lagay is a term sometimes described as "persuasive
communication" although it typically refers to a payment of
some sort to expedite a process. Lagay does not officially exist.
Publicly, it is vehemently declared immoral and it is technically
illegal.
In reality, kickbacks, commissions, and "rebates" are often
required by middlemen, frequently called "influence peddlers."
There are many opinions regarding the best way to navigate
these complex situations. Foreign businesspeople often
approach each situation on a case-by-case basis, and work to
cultivate their own connections within the influence "system."
See also: Building Relationships
Advice
Be aware that kickbacks, commissions, "rebates," and
other forms of "lagay" are sometimes required by
middlemen, frequently called "influence peddlers."
Expect delays in the processing of licenses or permits due
to the "lagay" system. Time frames for processing
documents published on websites are almost always
best-case scenarios, so be prepared to make the
necessary schedule adjustments.
Establishing relationships with people at offices you
frequently deal with can be beneficial. Much business is
done through relationships in the Philippines.
Always ask your colleagues for assurance that all
transactions are legal and follow proper procedures.
When you sense that a person or entity is unreasonably
delaying a process, do not attempt to confront that
person. Seek the assistance of a local to mediate and

assist you.
Be aware that many Filipinos now use social media to
expose corrupt practices.
Information for the LGBT Community
Legal status
In the Philippines, same-sex sexual relations are legal in
private. However, certain acts and displays of affection in
public may be subject to arrest. For example, in Marawi City,
men are forbidden to cross dress or to exhibit "feminine
behaviors."
Same-sex marriage is not legally recognized in the Philippines,
and homosexual couples do not have the right to become
joint-adoptive parents. Same-sex couples, however, do have
the right to legally step-adopt one partner's children.
Discrimination
There are no national antidiscrimination laws protecting gays
and lesbians. However, in 2013, a bill that would ban
discrimination against LGBT individuals was introduced in the
House of Representatives. (It should be noted that
antidiscrimination bills have been introduced before, but never
passed into law.) While there are no national protections, many
regions of the country including Quezon City, Cebu City, and
Albay province have their own ordinances prohibiting
discrimination against LGBT individuals.
A high number of serious hate crimes have been committed
against gays and lesbians. According to a human-rights report,
from 1996 to 2012, a total of 163 LGBT individuals were
murdered. In addition, the same report accuses the Philippine
state of "inciting homophobia." Speaking about HIV in 2012,
the Filipino secretary of health said that "parents should rein in
their homosexual children and get them tested." There are
reports of gay and lesbian children being bullied and physically
abused.
Societal attitudes
The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic country, and the
church exerts great influence in shaping somewhat socially
conservative attitudes. Despite being a matriarchal society,

somewhat "macho" culture is also common throughout the
country.
Nevertheless, the Philippines has a thriving gay scene,
especially in Manila, where the pride parade — Asia's oldest —
has drawn as many as 1,500 participants. The country's very
popular talk-show host, Boy Abunda, is openly gay, and the
Philippines has the world's only "dedicated gay political party,"
Ladlad. The party's chairperson says that in general, Filipinos
have a "passive tolerance" for gays and lesbians. As long as
traditional family hierarchies are not challenged, many say,
LGBTs usually find acceptance in Philippine society. While much
progress has been made, many people in the LGBT community
prefer not to openly defy established cultural norms.
Note: The abbreviation LGBT stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender.
Advice
Homosexuality has long been legal in the country.
However, discretion is recommended in public, where
certain acts/displays of affection are prohibited.
There is no same-sex marriage in the Philippines, nor do
homosexual couples have the right to become adoptive
parents.
There are no national antidiscrimination laws that protect
members of the LGBT community, though many localities
have antidiscrimination ordinances.
LGBT individuals are generally accepted by Filipinos.
However, one should avoid challenging traditional cultural
institutions relating to family and the Catholic Church.
Demographics, Language & Religion
Ethnic Demographics
Ethnic groups
Tagalog 30%
Cebuano 24%
Ilocano 10%

Ilocano 10%
Chinese 10%
Hiligaynon Ilonggo 9%
Bikol 6%
Waray 4%
Other 7% (2004 estimate)
Source: Philippines Statistics Authority
Literacy rate
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96.3%
Male: 95.8%
Female: 96.8% (2008 est.)
Population
100,998,376 (2015 est.)
Source: The World Factbook
Language
Two official languages: Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English;

eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or
Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan.
Source: The World Factbook
Note: While most Filipinos speak, read, and write English, they
may often use "Taglish" — a mixture of English and words in
Tagalog.
Religion
Roman Catholic: 83%

Aglipayan: 6%
Muslim: 5%
Protestant: 4% (2004 estimate)
Source: Philippines Statistics Authority

Government
Government Structure & Politics
Government structure
The Philippines is a constitutional republic. The President is
both chief of state and head of government, and is elected to a
six-year term. See also: History
The Philippines has a bicameral congress (Kongreso),
consisting of the Senate (Senado) and the House of
Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan). The Senate
has 24 seats. One-half are elected every three years with
six-year terms. The House of Representatives has 212
members representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list
members, elected for three-year terms. The Philippine
Constitution restricts the House of Representatives to fewer
than 250 members.
Key Points
The Philippines is a constitutional republic.
The president is the chief of state and head of
government.
The Congress (Kongreso) has a Senate (Senado) and
House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga
Kinatawan).
Government Influence on Business
Degree of influence
The trend in the Philippines has been toward economic growth
benefiting a larger percentage of the population, support of
general business development, the elimination of monopolies,

and an increase in privatization.
Investment & trade
Overall, foreign businesspeople will find the Philippine
environment open to investment and conducive to new
business relationships. There are more than 100 specialized
economic zones, or "industrialized states," containing
well-developed infrastructures.
Institutions such as the Board of Investors in Manila, dedicated
to developing large and medium-scale foreign-capital-funded
infrastructure projects, have served as models for similar
projects throughout Asia. Furthermore, the Asian Institute of
Management, a highly respected institution in the Philippines,
trains many local professionals in international business
practices.
Barriers to doing business
One issue related to government influence in the Philippines is
the "paperwork" factor. While the government has made
progress in moving toward more electronic systems, in general,
paperwork will dominate every government transaction. This is
particularly true transactions involving the Customs
Department.
Local employees can offer valuable assistance in working
through government bureaucracy when required. Many of the
most successful foreign capital companies have employees who
have jobs dedicated specifically to navigating the government
bureaucracy. See also: Business Ethics
Key Points
The Philippine government has become increasingly
supportive of economic growth and general business
development.
Governmental bureaucracy can still require complex
transactions, which should be handled by a local
employee, sometimes someone hired specifically for the
purpose.
If you are a non-Philippine, do not try to handle the
government bureaucracy by yourself; to do so may in fact
hinder success.
History

History
Early history. Early inhabitants of the Philippine Islands are

believed to be Negrito and Chinese people from the Asian
continent who arrived via a land bridge that connected the
islands to the rest of Asia until about 5,000 BCE For the next
several thousand years, the Philippine Islands continued to
absorb numerous groups of immigrants from mainland Asia
and its surrounding islands.
By the middle of the first millennium CE, a Filipino civilization
was beginning to emerge. Most of the population lived in small
village communities, called barangays, centered around
agriculture and fishing trades.
Spanish colonialism. The Spanish-backed Portuguese
explorer Ferdinand Magellan was among the first Europeans to
reach the Philippines. Magellan landed on the islands in 1521
and claimed them for Spain. However, the Filipino chieftain
Lapu-Lapu refused to recognize the claim by Magellan or
Spain. In an ensuing battle, Magellan was killed. However,
Spanish efforts persisted, and by 1571, Spain controlled all of
the Philippines with the exception of Mindanao and the Sulu
Islands.
The Spanish brought Roman Catholicism to the Philippines.
Apart from a few islands where Islam predominated, Catholic
conversions in the Philippines spread rapidly as no formal,
established religion existed.
Nationalist movement. Revolts against Spanish colonial rule
spread throughout Latin America in the early 19th century, but
a strong nationalist movement did not emerge in the
Philippines until later in the century.
La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League) and the Katipunan, an
anti-colonial revolutionary society, were the main revolutionary
organizations which spurred the Philippine Revolution. The
groups sought to establish a national identity throughout the
Philippines' numerous islands. In 1896, Filipino nationalists
took up arms throughout the country in their struggle against
Spain. In 1897, the Spanish signed a pact with the nationalists,
agreeing to introduce political reforms. This temporarily ended
the fighting.
U.S. involvement in the Philippines. The Spanish-American
War (1898) grew out of the struggle for Cuban independence,
but the war was fought in the Pacific as well as the Caribbean.

The United States Navy engaged the Spanish fleet in Manila
Bay, and within a month, U.S. and Filipino forces had driven
the Spanish out.
Although the Spanish were gone, the Philippines still remained
a colony — this time of the United States — and Filipino
nationalists resumed their drive for independence. They tried to
declare independence in 1898 and fought sporadic but
unsuccessful battles against the U.S. In 1907, the U.S.
established a Filipino legislature, although one with limited
autonomy. The U.S. administration of Woodrow Wilson created
a Filipino Senate and promised to move toward eventual
independence for the Philippines. However, it was not until
1934 that President Franklin Roosevelt signed a bill granting
future independence to the Philippines.
The bill provided for independence by 1946, with U.S.
commonwealth status in the interim for the Philippines. It also
enabled Filipinos to elect a national president. In 1935 a new
constitution was approved and Manuel Luis Quezon was elected
as the country's first president.
World War II. In December, 1941, Japan invaded the
Philippines and occupied the country for more than two years.
Throughout this time, Filipino resistance fighters were able to
regain significant control of the islands, particularly rural areas.
It was not until the end of 1944 that U.S. troops were able to
retake control of the islands. During the occupation, between
500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipinos died, including thousands of
people who died on the "Bataan Death March" in 1942.
Filipino Independence. The Philippines were officially granted
independence on July 4, 1946. The same year, Manuel Roxas
was elected as the first president of the newly independent
country. Much of the country, including Manila, was destroyed
in World War II. Much focus during the first years of
independence was on rebuilding the country.
A Communist insurgency grew in the 1950s as a group of rebel
guerrillas called the "Huks" waged a campaign against the
government. However, the rebels were defeated in 1957, and
the government passed a law abolishing the Communist Party.
The Marcos era. The Philippines entered a new era in 1965
with the election of Ferdinand Marcos to the presidency. Marcos
was at first quite successful in developing the economy,
lowering the crime rate, and attracting foreign investment. It
was under the Marcos regime that the Philippines joined the
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other

such international bodies.
By the early 1970s, however, civil unrest was on the rise in the
country. Some Filipinos disagreed with Marcos' support of the
U.S. war in Vietnam. Two different guerrilla movements also
appeared: the Communist New People's Army (NPA) and
Muslim-led Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). In response,
Marcos imposed martial law and abolished the legislature. After
this, Marcos assumed dictatorial powers.
Martial law continued for nearly a decade, until it was finally
suspended in 1981. A new presidential election was held the
same year and Marcos won a controversial and contested
victory for a new six-year term in office. Opposition to Marcos
continued to grow when the leader of the political opposition,
Benigno Aquino, was murdered in 1983.
Corazon Aquino and the People Power movement. Marcos
called for a new presidential election in 1986. He was opposed
by Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno, who had united the
opposition parties. Marcos and Aquino each claimed victory in
the election as it was marred by allegations of fraud. Aquino's
popularity sparked a four-day nonviolent protest by thousands
of her supporters. This and other events became known as the
People Power movement. Marcos soon thereafter fled the
country for exile in Hawaii.
Aquino was the first woman president in the Philippines, and in
all of Asia. As president, Aquino restored a democratic
legislature and implemented a new constitution. However, she
had only minimal success in reinvigorating the economy. The
government remained unstable because of several coup
attempts against Aquino.
Political instability. In 1992, Aquino was succeeded by her
defense minister, Fidel Ramos, a former close advisor of
Ferdinand Marcos. Ramos was more successful in pursuing
economic reforms and privatization programs. He also legalized
the Communist Party and declared conditional amnesty for
rebel groups including Muslim separatists in the south and
military rebels.
The government of the Philippines continued to struggle with
corruption, widespread poverty, and various insurgencies.
These include: the New People's Army, a military wing of the
Communist Party of the Philippines formed in 1969, which has
conducted armed resistance over the years; rebels within the
military; the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a group of Muslim
separatists based in the south; and Abu Sayyaf, a militant

group that splintered off from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front
in the early 1990s. Abu Sayyaf has been responsible for several
acts of terrorism in recent years.
Former President Corazon Aquino's son, Benigno S. Aquino,
was elected president in 2010. His administration negotiated
peace agreements with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front
supposedly ending years of Islamist separatist movements in
the southern part of the country. In August, 2011, Aquino met
with the chairman of the Muslim rebel group to discuss an end
to hostilities. He was the first Filipino president to do so.
However, in 2015, 44 members of the Philippine national police
were killed in an encounter with the MILF and other separatist
forces. The Aquino administration also saw a deterioration in
relations with China over territorial rights in the South China
Sea.
Typhoon Haiyan. In November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan (known
as Yolanda in the Philippines), one of the strongest tropical
storms ever recorded in the Pacific region, hit the Philippines,
causing catastrophic destruction that affected over 11 million
people. The death toll estimates ranged from 6,000-10,000
people, and nearly two million more were left homeless.
Damage to infrastructure hindered relief efforts and attempts at
evacuation. The Aquino administration was criticized in the
Philippine media for its slow response and lack of coordination
among government agencies. In 2015, the Catholic leader Pope
Francis visited the Philippines, in part to provide comfort for
those affected by the disaster.
Rodrigo Duterte. The 2016 presidential election was won by
the conservative former mayor of Davao City, Rodrigo Duterte.
Duterte had long been an advocate of extrajudicial killings of
drug traffickers and other criminals, a position sharply criticized
by human rights groups but with substantial public support
from people who see him as a defender of law and order.
Duterte's tenure as mayor inspired vigilante death squads to
kill over 1,400 alleged criminals and street children, according
to human rights advocacy groups. After Duterte became
president, another estimated 4,800 people were killed, and he
pledged the number would reach 100,000. In response to
international criticism of his policies from both governments
and nongovernmental organizations, Duterte threatened to
withdraw from the United Nations and form a new international
organization.

Geography/Climate
Capital
Manila
Location
The Philippines is located in
southeastern Asia. It is an
archipelago between the
Philippine Sea and the South
China Sea, east of Vietnam.
Total Area
300,000 sq. km
Land: 298,170 sq. km
Water: 1,830 sq. km
Climate
The Philippines has a tropical marine climate. The northeast
monsoon lasts from November to April, and the southeast
monsoon lasts from May to October.
[Source: The World Factbook]
Holidays
NOTE: This list is intended as a guide only to indicate when

businesses in major cities may be closed. Days and dates may
vary yearly. It is advisable for business travelers to consult
with a local colleague or tourism board to ensure their trip does
not conflict with other regional or religious holidays.
Some holidays are not celebrated nation-wide. In these cases,
the Restricted To column specifies when the holiday is
celebrated only by a specific region or religious group, or only
by banks or government agencies, or only for half a day.
Government/Schools Regional
Restricted
Holiday Date Holiday Name
To

January 1, New Year's Day (Araw ng
2018 Bagong Taon)
January 2,
Public Sector Holiday Government
2018
February 16,
Chinese Lunar New Year
2018
Public Holiday (30th

February 25,
anniversary of the EDSA
2018
Revolution)
March 29, Maundy Thursday (Huwebes

2018 Santo)
March 30,
Good Friday (Biyernes Santo)
2018
March 31,
Black Saturday
2018
Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of

April 9, 2018
Valor)
The Prophet's Ascension

April 13, 2018 (Lailatul Isra Wal Mi'raj) Regional
(ARMM)
Labor Day (Araw ng

May 1, 2018
Manggagawa)
June 12, 2018 Independence Day
June 15, 2018 Eid'l Fitr (End of Ramadan)
June 24, 2018 Manila Day (Araw ng Maynila) Regional
August 21,
Eid'l Adha
2018
August 21,
Ninoy Aquino Day
2018
August 27, National Heroes' Day (Araw

2018 ng mga Bayani)
September Islamic New Year (Amun

Regional
11, 2018 Jadid) (ARMM)
November 1, All Saints' Day (Araw ng mga


2018 Namayapa)
November 2,
Additional Public Holiday
2018
November The Prophet's Birthday

Regional
20, 2018 (Maulid-un-Nabi) (ARMM)
November Bonifacio Day (Araw ni

30, 2018 Bonifacio)
December
Additional Public Holiday
24, 2018
December
Christmas Day (Pasko)
25, 2018
December
Rizal Day (Araw ni Rizal)
30, 2018
December New Year's Eve (Bisperas ng

31, 2018 Bagong Taon)
Day of Valor is a day to be spent with family and reflect on

past sacrifices. Expect many parades and festivities in the
streets, especially in Manila.
Holy Week is a significant religious festival in the Philippines
which takes place during the last week of Lent and the week
right before Easter. Since the Philippines has a predominantly
Catholic population, the observance is nationwide with religious
traditional practices varying from locale to locale. Holy Week is
a time when office workers might file for vacation a few days
prior to Holy Thursday and Friday (which are nonworking
holidays) so as to take extend or lengthen their "summer
vacation." During Holy Thursday and Good Friday, offices and
the majority of stores are closed. People take advantage of this
time to go out of town with friends and family because it can
be, at a minimum, a four-day weekend for them.
All Saints' Day is a feast day celebrated every 1st of
November. It is a time when families get together to go the
cemetery to remember their departed relatives. Offices and
stores are closed on this day. November 1 marks the beginning
of the Filipino Araw ng mga Patay, the celebration of the Day
of the Dead. The celebration continues through the next day,
All Souls' Day. Families have reunions where they pray and eat
together at the cemetery. The price of candles and flowers

becomes more expensive around this time.
Christmas. The Philippines is known for having the world's
longest Christmas season. With a predominantly Catholic
population, Christmas is a much celebrated, much awaited
joyous holiday. Malls and other business establishments put up
their Christmas decorations as early as October and stores
have several pre-Christmas sales. Traffic build up begins to
intensify around the months of November and December. Many
employees plan out their vacation leaves around Christmas
time so as to maximize and extend from Christmas Day all the
way up to New Year's Day. This is done because there are
other dates in between that are also nonworking days. Official
holidays include: Dec 25: Christmas Day, Dec. 30: Rizal Day,
Dec. 31 (usually declared a nonworking holiday because it is
between Rizal Day and New Year's Day), and Jan. 1: New
Year's Day. It is standard for companies to hold annual
Christmas parties, and many companies host a gift exchange
with Kris Kringle.
Safety
Safety conditions can change at a moment's notice. For

the most up-to-date safety information, please consult
resources available from your organization or your home
country's travel and safety resources.
Reports suggest that there is an ongoing terrorist threat in the
Philippines. Visitors may be subjected to frequent security
checks at public and private facilities, including shopping malls
and public transportation. Travel at night outside of
metropolitan areas should be avoided.
Bombings and crime-related shootings have occurred in
Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Manila and other parts of the
country. Travelers should be vigilant and comply with all
security procedures.
Travelers are advised to avoid all travel to the Autonomous
Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The central and western
areas of Mindanao have experienced bombings targeting bus
terminals, public buildings, public markets, and local festivals.
While those responsible do not appear to have targeted
foreigners, travelers should remain vigilant and avoid
congregating in public areas.

There is a serious threat of kidnapping against foreigners.
Although government action has reduced the frequency of
kidnappings, there remain reports of planned
kidnap-for-ransom of business people. Kidnappings have
occurred throughout the country.
Crime continues to be a serious concern, especially in Manila.
Avoid displays of wealth such as jewelry. Do not carry large
sums of money, and keep valuables in safekeeping facilities.
Criminal gangs are active in Manila, including the Makati
central business district, and have drugged and robbed
unsuspecting tourists. Visitors should not accept offers of food,
drink, or transportation from strangers, and should not leave
food or drinks unattended, particularly in bars. Bystanders
have been hit by stray gunfire in armed robberies and
subsequent pursuit of the perpetrators. Avoid disturbances,
rallies and demonstrations.
Ferry accidents are not uncommon in the Philippines due to the
overloading and poor maintenance of some vessels. Caution
and common sense should be exercised when using marine
transportation in the Philippines.
Natural Disasters:
Typhoons — The typhoon season in the Philippines
normally runs from July to November however typhoons
can affect the country at any time. Over twenty tropical
cyclones hit the country each year. This is also the rainy
season and flooding and landslides may occur. Tropical
depressions and cyclones typically bring strong winds and
rain to the Visayas and Luzon regions, and particular care
should be taken when travelling to Northern Luzon and
the Bicol, Samar and Leyte regions.
Volcanoes — There are numerous volcanoes in
Philippines, any of which can erupt without warning.
Sudden steam and ash explosions may occur at any time.
Earthquakes — The Philippines is in an earthquake zone.
[Sources: U.S. State Dept., British Foreign & Commonwealth
Office, and Foreign Affairs & Int'l Trade Canada]
Money

Currency: Philippine Peso (PHP; symbol ₱) = 100 centavos. Notes are in
denominations of ₱1,000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5. Coins are in
denominations of ₱10, 5, 2 and 1, and 50, 25, 10 and 5 centavos.
Currency exchange: Travelers can exchange their currency in

banks, hotels and some retail outlets, though you'll have an
easier time if you're exchanging US dollars or Pounds sterling.
Many vendors will also accept US currency.
Credit/Debit Cards and ATMs: Most international credit
cards are accepted in major establishments, though some
vendors will add a service charge for international cards. ATMs
are available in Manila and other large cities. Besides bank
locations, they can also be found in department stores,

locations, they can also be found in department stores,
shopping malls and supermarkets.
Travelers checks: Vendors tend to only accept only travelers
checks in US dollars. Banks do not always exchange travelers
checks, but having your original receipt for purchase of the
checks can help.
Passport/Visa
Regulations can change at a moment's notice. For

up-to-date passport and visa requirements, you are
strongly urged to obtain additional advice from your
organization's internal resources, your local consulate,
or a travel agency.
Passports
All travelers should have a valid passport for visits to the
Philippines. Passports should be valid for the proposed
duration of the stay. Travelers may be required to present a
return ticket.
Visas
Many countries have diplomatic relations with the Philippines;
nationals of these countries are generally allowed to travel to
the country for 30 days or less without a visa. If the stay is
longer than 30 days, or the country is not covered by this
exception, travelers must obtain a temporary visitor's visa.
Applications must be accompanied by proof of travel itinerary
and proof of financial capacity. Applications may be submitted
by mail or in person. Visas are generally processed in one to
two weeks.
Fees, processing times, and application processes will vary
depending on your home country. Please see the Philippines'
governmental web site on visas for full details on each type of
visa and the application process.
Health

For the most up-to-date information, go to the website of the
Center for Disease Control & Prevention. Please also consult
with a medical professional at least 4-6 weeks before traveling
to allow time for your vaccinations to take effect.
Vaccinations
All adults are encouraged to stay up-to-date on routine
vaccinations: measles/mumps/rubella (MMR),
diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT), and poliovirus vaccines.
Required:
Yellow fever — The government requires travelers arriving
from countries where yellow fever is present to present
proof of yellow fever vaccination.
Recommended:
Routine vaccinations
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid
Rabies — Recommended if planning to spend a lot of time
outdoors, especially in rural areas.
Japanese encephalitis — Recommended if visiting rural
farming communities.
Other risks
Malaria is present in rural areas.
If you will be visiting an area of the Philippines with malaria,
you will need to discuss with your doctor the best ways for you
to avoid getting sick with malaria. Ways to prevent malaria
include the following:
Taking a prescription antimalarial drug
Using insect repellent and wearing long pants and sleeves
to prevent mosquito bites
Sleeping in air-conditioned or well-screened rooms or
using bednets
Dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis are
diseases carried by insects that also occur in this region.
Protecting yourself against insect bites will help to prevent
these diseases.
Do not swim in fresh water (except in well-chlorinated
swimming pools) to avoid infection with schistosomiasis.

Zika is endemic to Southeast Asia. This means that mosquitoes
in the area are infected with Zika. Proper precautions should
be taken by visitors, especially pregnant women.
Travelers should be aware that leptospirosis occurs in the
Philippines. This is caused by exposure to several types of the
Leptospira bacteria, which can be found in fresh water
contaminated by animal urine. This can occur in areas affected
by flooding following typhoons. Local health authorities have
advised the public not to wade in flood waters and to use
protective boots in order to prevent leptospirosis, and other
diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera and hepatitis.
Health Care/Insurance
The extent of medical care varies across the Philippines.
Although sufficient in major cities, medical care is limited in
more remote areas. You should be aware that medical
treatment can be very expensive. Most hospitals will require a
down payment of estimated fees in cash at the time of
admission. In some cases, public and private hospitals have
withheld lifesaving medicines and treatments for non-payment
of bills. Hospitals also frequently refuse to discharge patients
or release important medical documents until the bill has been
paid in full.
Travelers are strongly urged to consult their medical insurance
provider prior to travel to get details about whether their policy
applies overseas and whether it covers emergency expenses
such as medical evacuation.
Recommendations for travelers
Bring along an adequate supply of any prescription
medication you may need during the duration of your trip.
Note: some prescription drugs that are legal in your home
country may not be legal in the country you're visiting, so
be sure to check consular information sheets or ask at the
embassy/consulate. Documentation from your health care
provider may be adequate to allow it.
Prevent insect bites.
Be careful about food and water:
Wash your hands often.
Drink only bottled or boiled water if possible.
[Sources: Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, British
Foreign & Commonwealth Office, and Foreign Affairs & Int'l
Trade Canada]

Information for the LGBT Community
Legal status
In the Philippines, same-sex sexual relations are legal in
private. However, certain acts and displays of affection in
public may be subject to arrest. For example, in Marawi City,
men are forbidden to cross dress or to exhibit "feminine
behaviors."
Same-sex marriage is not legally recognized in the Philippines,
and homosexual couples do not have the right to become
joint-adoptive parents. Same-sex couples, however, do have
the right to legally step-adopt one partner's children.
Discrimination
There are no national antidiscrimination laws protecting gays
and lesbians. However, in 2013, a bill that would ban
discrimination against LGBT individuals was introduced in the
House of Representatives. (It should be noted that
antidiscrimination bills have been introduced before, but never
passed into law.) While there are no national protections, many
regions of the country including Quezon City, Cebu City, and
Albay province have their own ordinances prohibiting
discrimination against LGBT individuals.
A high number of serious hate crimes have been committed
against gays and lesbians. According to a human-rights report,
from 1996 to 2012, a total of 163 LGBT individuals were
murdered. In addition, the same report accuses the Philippine
state of "inciting homophobia." Speaking about HIV in 2012,
the Filipino secretary of health said that "parents should rein in
their homosexual children and get them tested." There are
reports of gay and lesbian children being bullied and physically
abused.
Societal attitudes
The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic country, and the
church exerts great influence in shaping somewhat socially
conservative attitudes. Despite being a matriarchal society,
somewhat "macho" culture is also common throughout the
country.
Nevertheless, the Philippines has a thriving gay scene,
especially in Manila, where the pride parade — Asia's oldest —

has drawn as many as 1,500 participants. The country's very
popular talk-show host, Boy Abunda, is openly gay, and the
Philippines has the world's only "dedicated gay political party,"
Ladlad. The party's chairperson says that in general, Filipinos
have a "passive tolerance" for gays and lesbians. As long as
traditional family hierarchies are not challenged, many say,
LGBTs usually find acceptance in Philippine society. While much
progress has been made, many people in the LGBT community
prefer not to openly defy established cultural norms.
Note: The abbreviation LGBT stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender.
Advice
Homosexuality has long been legal in the country.
However, discretion is recommended in public, where
certain acts/displays of affection are prohibited.
There is no same-sex marriage in the Philippines, nor do
homosexual couples have the right to become adoptive
parents.
There are no national antidiscrimination laws that protect
members of the LGBT community, though many localities
have antidiscrimination ordinances.
LGBT individuals are generally accepted by Filipinos.
However, one should avoid challenging traditional cultural
institutions relating to family and the Catholic Church.
Electricity
Voltage: 220 V
Frequency: 60 Hz
Plugs: Type A North American/Japanese plug with two flat
blades, the Type B American plug with two flat blades and a
round grounding pin, or the Type C European-style two round
pin plugs

Communication Infrastructure
Telephone International country code: 63

Internet country code: .ph
The telecommunications infrastructure in the Philippines is well
developed. Telephone, mobile-cellular, and internet coverage
and services are generally good.
[Source: The World Factbook]
Media
Major newspaper publications in the Philippines include the
Philippine Star, the Daily Tribune, Daily Philippine Enquirer,
Malaya, Manila Times, and the business publication Business
World.
Major television broadcasters include the commercial networks
ABS-CBN and GMA Network, and the government-owned
International Broadcasting Corp (IBC).
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consulting, training, and

Our Practice Areas:

Communication Styles Global Teams

Global Diversity &

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Before the meeting

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Social networking is enormously popular in the Philippines,

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Core Values & Implications for Business

Utang na loób, or debt of gratitude. A powerful moral

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Typical business hours

Business attire in the Philippines tends to be somewhat more

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Personal space & physical contact

Dining, Entertaining & Hosting

Major restaurants and hotels will generally add a ten percent

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Local Business Environment

Attitudes Toward Foreigners

Businesspeople and tourists

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Attitudes Toward Business & Money

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Gender Gap Index

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Information for the LGBT Community

Demographics, Language & Religion

Two official languages: Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English;

Roman Catholic: 83%

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Government Structure & Politics

Government Influence on Business

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Early history. Early inhabitants of the Philippine Islands are

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NOTE: This list is intended as a guide only to indicate when

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Public Holiday (30th

March 29, Maundy Thursday (Huwebes

Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of

The Prophet's Ascension

Labor Day (Araw ng

June 12, 2018 Independence Day

June 15, 2018 Eid'l Fitr (End of Ramadan)

June 24, 2018 Manila Day (Araw ng Maynila) Regional

August 27, National Heroes' Day (Araw

September Islamic New Year (Amun

November 1, All Saints' Day (Araw ng mga

November The Prophet's Birthday

November Bonifacio Day (Araw ni