Physics Formula

Written by: Phalla Phearivann & Chhor Tithmesa

Text Design &Page make up: Wanchana Wannapan

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Cover Design: Beam Waraporn
Physics Formula

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Physics Formula
CONTENT
1. Motion in one dimension 5
1.1 displacement ____________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.2 average speed____________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.3 The instantaneous velocity _________________________________________________________________ 5
1.4 The average acceleration ___________________________________________________________________ 5
1.5 The instantaneous acceleration ______________________________________________________________ 5
1.6 Particle under constant Velocity _____________________________________________________________ 6
1.7 Particle under constant acceleration __________________________________________________________ 6

2. Motion in two dimension 7

3. The laws of motion 8
3.1 Newton’s first law ________________________________________________________________________ 8
3.2 Newton’s second law ______________________________________________________________________ 8
3.3 Newton’s third law ________________________________________________________________________ 8

4. Circular Motion 9
5. Mechanics energy 10
5.1 Work (w) _______________________________________________________________________________ 10
5.2 kinetic energy ___________________________________________________________________________ 10
5.3 Potential energy _________________________________________________________________________ 10
5.4 total mechanical energy of a system _________________________________________________________ 10

6. Collisions 11
6.1 linear momentum________________________________________________________________________ 11
6.2 Impulse ________________________________________________________________________________ 11

7.Rotation of a Rigid object about a fixed axis 12

7.1 angular position _________________________________________________________________________ 12
7.2 angular speed ___________________________________________________________________________ 12
7.3 angular acceleration ______________________________________________________________________ 12
7.4 Torque_________________________________________________________________________________ 13

7.5 moment of inertia of a system of a particle 13

7.6 rotational kinetic energy __________________________________________________________________ 13
7.7 angular momentum L _____________________________________________________________________ 13

8. Universal Gravitation 14
8.1 Gravitation Force ________________________________________________________________________ 14

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Physics Formula
8.2 Gravitational potential Energy______________________________________________________________ 14
8.3 Escape speed ___________________________________________________________________________ 14

9. Fluid Mechanics 15
9.1 Pressure with depth ______________________________________________________________________ 15
9.3 Pascal's law _____________________________________________________________________________ 15
9.4 pressure Measurements __________________________________________________________________ 15
9.5 Buoyant Forces: B ________________________________________________________________________ 16
9.6 Fluid Dynamics __________________________________________________________________________ 16
9.6.1 Equation of Continuity of Fluid __________________________________________________________________ 16

10. Oscillatory Motion 17

10.1 Spring Oscillatory _______________________________________________________________________ 17
10.2 Simple pendulum _______________________________________________________________________ 17
10.3 Physical Pendulum ______________________________________________________________________ 18
10.4 Force Oscillations _______________________________________________________________________ 19

11. Wave motion 20

11.1 Traveling wave _________________________________________________________________________ 20
11.2 The speed of wave on strings _____________________________________________________________ 20
11.3 Power of the wave ______________________________________________________________________ 20

12. Sound wave 21

12.1 Pressure in sound wave __________________________________________________________________ 21
12.2 Relationship ∆𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙with 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 __________________________________________________________ 21
12.3 Speed of sound _________________________________________________________________________ 21
12.4 Intensity of sound or wave _______________________________________________________________ 21
12.5 Sound level in Decibels __________________________________________________________________ 22
12.6 The Doppler Effect ______________________________________________________________________ 22

13. Electricity 23
13.1 Electric Force __________________________________________________________________________ 23
13.2 Electric field ___________________________________________________________________________ 23

14.Gauss' law 24
14.1 Electric flux ____________________________________________________________________________ 24
14.2 Gauss' law _____________________________________________________________________________ 24
14.3 Electric Equilibrium _____________________________________________________________________ 24

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Physics Formula
Introduction

Physic is the natural science that studies matter and its motion and
behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities
of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines,
and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves. it contains so many
field for study event though its basic. So My team created by writing a useful for
student to review the formula of physic that we summarized it by its part.

This book contains many formulas in physic with figure that make you more
understand. It is very easy to use for any of students or teacher. You can use this
book alone without teacher.

We hope that you'll get benefit from this book for your daily study.

Writer: Phalla Phearivan

Chhor Tithmesa

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Physics Formula
1. MECHANICS
1. Motion in one dimension
1.1 displacement:
When a particle moves along the x axis from initial position xi to final xf

∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖

1.2 average speed

The ratio of the total distance it travels to the total time.

𝑑𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

1.3 The instantaneous velocity

∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = lim =
∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1.4 The average acceleration

∆𝑣 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎= =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

1.5 The instantaneous acceleration:

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Physics Formula
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑢
𝑎 = lim = =
∆𝑡 →𝑜 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

1.6 Particle under constant Velocity:

∆𝑥
𝑣=
∆𝑡

𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑡

𝑎=𝑜

1.7 Particle under constant acceleration

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑓
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖
𝑎= = Constant
∆𝑡

1 2 𝑎 > 0 (𝐹 ⥣ 𝑎)
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑥𝑖 |
2 𝑎 < 0 (𝐹 ⥮ 𝑎)

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 = 2𝑎∆𝑥

This is an example of Movement of Jet Car

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Physics Formula
2. Motion in two dimension
𝑔⃑(+)
● in 𝑥 axis

𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = Constant

𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

● in 𝑦 axis

𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑡 2 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡
2

𝑔
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑢2
2𝑣𝑜2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 → Motion’s equation

𝑣02 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑣02 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = and 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔 2𝑔

• in 𝑥 axis 𝑣⃑0𝑥

𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = Constant 𝑣⃑0 𝑣⃑0𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑣0 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

• in 𝑦 axis 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( + ) 𝑔⃑

1
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡 2
2

𝑔
𝑦= 𝑢 → Motion’s equation
2𝑣0𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

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Physics Formula
3. The laws of motion

3.1 Newton’s first law

In the absence of external forces and when viewed from an inertial

reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant Vito city (a = 0; V = constant)

3.2 Newton’s second law

When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration of an

object is directly proportion to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
𝑚

∑ 𝐹⃑
𝑎⃑ ∝
𝑚

∑ 𝐹⃑ = 𝑚𝑎⃑
𝑎⃑

3.3 Newton’s third law

If two object interact , the force 𝐹⃑12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is

equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force 𝐹⃑21 exerted by object
2 on object 1 .

𝐹⃑12 = − 𝐹⃑21

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Physics Formula
4. Circular Motion
𝑣⃑

𝑎⃑
∑ 𝐹⃑ = 𝑚𝑎⃑𝑐
∑ 𝐹⃑
𝑣2
→ 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑚 = 𝑅𝑤 2
𝑟

𝑉
→ 𝑤= 𝑟
𝑟
𝑎
→ 𝛼=
𝑟
1 𝑤
𝑠 𝑓= =
→ 𝜃= 𝑇 2𝜋
𝑟
1 2𝜋
𝑇= =
𝑓 𝑤
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓

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Physics Formula
5. Mechanics energy

5.1 Work (w)

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ( 𝑤 )
𝑤 = 𝐹⃑ ∙ 𝑑⃑ = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 {
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( 𝑚 )

𝑥 𝑥𝑖 ; 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑤 = ∫𝑥 𝑓 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {
𝑖 𝐹(𝑥 ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

5.2 kinetic energy

1
𝐾= 𝑚𝑣 2
2

5.3 Potential energy

𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

5.4 total mechanical energy of a system

𝐸 =𝐾+𝑈

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Physics Formula
6. Collisions
6.1 linear momentum

𝑃⃑⃑ = 𝑚𝑣⃑
When two object collisions

1. 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑓
∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑓 𝑚𝑓

2. 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓

𝑘𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑘𝑓 + 𝑣𝑓

6.2 Impulse

𝐼 = ∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 = 𝐹∆𝑡

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Physics Formula
7.Rotation of a Rigid object about a fixed axis

7.1 angular position

𝑠
𝑆 = 𝑟ơ 𝑜𝑟 ơ =
𝑟

1
Ơ= ∝ 𝑡 2 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + ơ𝑖
2

7.2 angular speed

ơℓ −𝐸1
𝜔arg = ∆ơ =
∆𝑡
ℓℓ −𝑡𝑖

𝜔𝑗 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝜔𝑖

∆ơ dơ
ω = lim =
∆t→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

7.3 angular acceleration

∆𝜔 𝜔ʃ 𝜔𝑖
∝𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = −
∆𝑡 𝜔ʃ 𝑡𝑖

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Physics Formula
∆𝜔 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2ơ
∝ = lim = =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

7.4 Torque

𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗

7.5 moment of inertia of a system of a particle

𝐼 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚

7.6 rotational kinetic energy

1
𝑘𝑟 = 𝑖𝑤 2
2

1
So the kinetic energy = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑖𝜔2
2

7.7 angular momentum L

𝐿 =𝑟∗𝑝

𝐿 = 𝑖𝜔

∆∟ = 0

𝑠𝑜 𝐼𝑖 𝜔𝑖 = 𝐼𝑗 𝜔𝑗 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
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Physics Formula
8. Universal Gravitation

8.1 Gravitation Force

𝑚1 𝑚2
F=G
r2

G = 6.674 * 10−11 N. m2 / kg 2

GMe GMe
g= so at the altitude h g =
r2 (Re+h)2

which Me = earth’s mass (kg)

Re =earth’s radius (m)

H = height from earth’s surface to abject

8.2 Gravitational potential Energy

𝑟
∆u = 𝑢𝑗− 𝑢𝑖 = − ∫𝑟 𝑗 𝐹 (𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑖

𝐺𝑖 𝑚1𝑚2
𝑢(𝑟) =
𝑟

8.3 Escape speed

2𝐺𝑀2
𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑐 = √
𝑅2

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Physics Formula
9. Fluid Mechanics

9.1 Pressure with depth

𝑓
P=P { f= Force (N)
𝑎

P= Pressure ( 𝑝𝑎 )(n/m2 )

ʃ = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑘𝑔/m3

g = earth's grauitatium m/s 2

ɦ = depth (m)

9.3 Pascal's law

𝑝1= 𝑝2

𝑓1= 𝑓2

𝐴1= 𝐴2

9.4 pressure Measurements

𝑝0= ʃ𝑢𝑔 𝑔ℎ

ʃ𝑢𝑔 = density of the mercury

ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

g = 9.81 m/s 2

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Physics Formula
9.5 Buoyant Forces: B

B =ʃ𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝

9.6 Fluid Dynamics

9.6.1 Equation of Continuity of Fluid

𝐴1 𝑉1 +𝐴2 𝑉2 = Continuity of Fluid

A= area (m2 ) ; V = speed (m/s)

1 1 2
𝑝1+ pv + ʃɡℎ1 = 𝑝2+ ʃ𝑣2 + ʃɡℎ2
2 2

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ( 𝑝𝑎 )
ʃ = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑘𝑔/m3
𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ( )
𝑠
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑚)

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Physics Formula
2.OSCILLATIOINS AND MECHANICAL WAVES
10. Oscillatory Motion

10.1 Spring Oscillatory

𝑘
𝑥 ′′ + 𝑥=0
𝑚

𝑘 √𝑘
𝑥 ′′ + =𝑤
𝑚 𝑚

𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − ø) so 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴

𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
𝑉 (𝑡 ) = = −𝐴wCos(wt + ø) so 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑤
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
𝑎 (𝑡 ) = − 𝐴𝑤 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(wt + ø) so 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑤 2
𝑑𝑡

10.2 Simple pendulum

𝑔
Ơ′′+ 𝑥 = 0
ℓ

𝑔 𝑔
w 2 + = 𝑤√
ℓ ℓ

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Physics Formula

Ơ(t) = ơ𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 +ø)

𝑑ø(𝑡)
W(t) = = ơ𝑚 𝑤 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + ø ) 𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑚 = ơ𝑚 𝑤
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
D(t)= = -ơ𝑚 w 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + ø ) so 𝑑𝑚 = ơ𝑚 w 2
𝑑𝑡

10.3 Physical Pendulum

𝑚𝑔𝑑
𝜃̈ + 𝜃=0
𝐼

2
𝑚𝑔𝑑 𝑚𝑔𝑑
𝜔 = => 𝜔 = √
𝐼 𝐼

𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜃𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)

𝑑𝜃
𝜔 (𝑡 ) =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜔 𝑑 2 𝜃
𝛼 (𝑡 ) = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Physics Formula
10.4 Force Oscillations

If an oscillation experiences a damping force 𝑅⃑⃗ = −𝑏𝑣⃗, its position for

small damping is:
𝑏
𝑘 𝑏 2
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑚𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) where 𝜔 = √ − ( )
𝑚 2𝑚

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Physics Formula
11. Wave motion

11.1 Traveling wave


𝑉=
𝑇
: wavelength (m)

f: frequency (Hz)

T: period (s)

A sinusoidal wave can be expressed as 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin(𝐾𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡)

−𝜔𝑡 ∶ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

{
+𝜔𝑡 ∶ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

Where: A amplitude (m)

2𝜋
𝑘= wave number (rad)


 angular frequency (rad/s)

t time

11.2 The speed of wave on strings

𝑇
𝑉 = √ Where: T, Tension in string (N)
𝜇

µ, mass per length of string

11.3 Power of the wave

1 2 2
𝑃= 𝜇𝜔 𝐴 𝑣
2

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Physics Formula
12. Sound wave

12.1 Pressure in sound wave

Harmonic position: 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)

So pressure ∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)

12.2 Relationship ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 with 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥

∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐾
Where B: Bulk modulus

K: Wave number

12.3 Speed of sound

𝐵
𝑉 = √ Where B: Bulk modulus of gas
𝜌

: Density of gas

Speed of sound depends on the temperature:

𝑇𝑐
𝑉 = 331√1 +
273

12.4 Intensity of sound or wave

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Physics Formula
(𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐼= =
𝐴 4𝜋𝑟 2
12.5 Sound level in Decibels
𝐼
𝛽 = 10 log
𝐼0
Where 𝐼0 = 1.00 × 10−12 𝑤⁄𝑚2

β Sound level (Db)

12.6 The Doppler Effect

𝑣 + 𝑣0
𝑓′ = ( )𝑓
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
V: Speed of the sound

V0: Speed of observer

Vs: Speed of source

f: frequency of source

f': frequency of observer

(+) 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟
Note: V0 {
(−) 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟
(+) 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟
Vs{
(−) 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟

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Physics Formula
4.ELECTRICITY

13. Electricity

13.1 Electric Force

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹⃗ = 𝑘𝑒 𝑟⃗
𝑟2
1 2
𝑘𝑒 = × 109 = 8.988 × 109 𝑁𝑚 ⁄𝑐 2 (Coulomb constant)
4𝜋𝜀0

𝐹 = |𝑞|𝐸

13.2 Electric field

𝑑𝑞
𝐸⃑⃗ = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝑟⃗
𝑟2
𝑞
𝐸⃑⃗ = 𝑘𝑒 𝑟⃗
𝑟2

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Physics Formula
14. Gauss' law

14.1 Electric flux

 = 𝐸⃑⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗
 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃

Particle under constant Velocity: Where E: Electric field (N/C)

A: Area (m2)

: Electric flux (Nm2/C)

𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸⃑⃗ 𝑑𝐴⃗

14.2 Gauss' law

𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑒 = ∫ 𝐸⃑⃗𝑑𝐴⃗ =
𝜀0

14.3 Electric Equilibrium

 The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor, whether the
conductor is solid or hollow.
 If the conductor is isolated and carries a charge, the charge resides on the
surface.
 The electric field at a point just outside a charge conductor is perpendicular of
𝜎
the surface of the conductor and has a magnitude , where  is the surface
𝜖0
charge density at that point.
 On an irregularly shaped conductor, the surface charge density is greatest at
locations where the radius of curvature of the surface is smallest.

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Physics Formula
Reference
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics
 PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 8TH EDITION

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