Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

DOI 10.1007/s10584-017-1929-9

Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate

change? A systematic literature review

Sandra Fatorić 1 & Erin Seekamp

1

Received: 13 June 2016 / Accepted: 10 February 2017 / Published online: 7 March 2017
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017

Abstract Climate change poses serious threats to the protection and preservation of cultural
heritage and resources. Despite a high level of scholarly interest in climate change impacts on
natural and socio-economic systems, a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate
change on cultural heritage and resources across various continents and disciplines is notice-
ably absent from the literature. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature
review methodology to identify and characterize the state of knowledge and how the cultural
heritage and resources at risk from climate change are being explored globally. Results from
124 reviewed publications show that scholarly interest in the topic is increasing, employs a
wide range of research methods, and represents diverse natural and social science disciplines.
Despite such increasing and diverse interest in climate change and cultural heritage and
resources, the geographic scope of research is limited (predominantly European focused).
Additionally, we identified the need for future studies that not only focuses on efficient,
sustainable adaptation planning options but also documents if, and how, the implementation
of cultural heritage and resources adaptation or preservation is taking place. This systematic
literature review can help direct scholarly research in climate change and cultural heritage and
resource area. Ultimately, we hope these new directions can influence policy-making for
preservation and adaptation of cultural heritage and cultural resources globally.

1 Introduction

BWhat is created cannot itself come into being without those who preserve it^ (Heideg-
ger 1971: 66).
While cultural heritage and resources play an important role in the tourism and recreational
industries (e.g., support economic growth and employment); enhance public education and

* Sandra Fatorić
sfatori@ncsu.edu

1
North Carolina State University, College of Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC, USA
228 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

lifelong learning, shape socio-cultural capital through community identity, traditions, and sense
of place; and contribute to environmental conservation (Brabec and Chilton 2015; Gosar and
Cigale 2015; Moradi and Akhtarkavan 2008; Phillips 2015; Scotti and Cadoni 2007;
Woosnam and Kim 2014), climate change poses serious threats to the protection, preservation,
and transmission of these non-renewable heritage and resources to future generations. The
impacts of current and future climate change on natural and socio-economic systems have
been well documented (IPCC 2014), but there has been little scientific research of climate
impacts on cultural heritage or cultural resources.
Climate change-induced impacts on cultural heritage and resources typically include sea
level rise; flooding; coastal erosion; changing air and sea temperatures; changing humidity;
extreme weather events such as hurricanes, storms, and droughts; weathering; and changing
soil and sediment conditions (Brimblecombe et al. 2011; Daire et al. 2012; Gomez-Heras and
McCabe 2015; Leissner et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2010; Reeder-Myers 2015; Ronco et al. 2014;
Wang 2015). Researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners need to address short- and long-
term challenges to enhance preservation and/or adaptation of cultural heritage and resources
through methodologically rigorous research. Specifically, there is a need for systematic access
to scientific-based knowledge on climate change impacts on cultural heritage and resources.
Such access can inform current and future preservation or adaptation research, which in turn
assists and supports decision-making that requires new ways of synthesizing fragmented
knowledge.
Despite the high level of scholarly interest in climate change impacts on natural and socio-
economic systems, a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate change on
cultural heritage and resources across various continents and disciplines is noticeably absent
from the literature. To date, a systematic literature review of the link between cultural heritage
and resources and climate change has not been undertaken. A systematic literature review can
be an effective approach for evidence-based knowledge, which aims to bring research closer to
policy-making and practice (Lavis 2009; Oakey 2002). Systematic literature reviews synthe-
size the results of primary research, use explicit and transparent methods, and are replicable
and updateable (Petticrew and Roberts 2006).
The aim of this paper, therefore, is to provide a preliminary and exploratory systematic
literature review of the links between climate change and cultural heritage and resources
globally. The analysis places emphasis on identifying, characterizing, and summarizing the
current understanding of cultural heritage and resources under changing climate and identify-
ing knowledge gaps to address in the future.

2 Methodology

A systematic literature review was performed using a methodology that has been increasingly
applied in the social sciences (Petticrew and Roberts 2006). It is a method of locating,
appraising, and synthesizing the state of knowledge on given research questions, literature
gaps, and future research directions (Petticrew and Roberts 2006). While systematic reviews
are well established in the health sciences (Petticrew 2001), this method has not been applied
to climate-related cultural heritage and/or cultural resource studies to date. We believe the
applied method (Fig. 1) offers considerable promise in the cultural heritage and resource field,
but it will need periodic updating to inform and support practice and policy and identify
ongoing research needs.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 229

Fig. 1 Systematic literature review method (Petticrew and Roberts 2006) applied for cultural heritage and
resources at risk from climate change
230 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

2.1 Defining terms

In recent years, the terms Bcultural heritage^ and Bcultural resource^ are frequently used
interchangeably and terminology can vary by region and by country. A cultural resource, as
defined by the US National Park Service (NPS), is Ba tangible entity or a cultural practice.
Tangible cultural resources are further categorized into districts, sites, buildings, structures, and
objects for the National Register of Historic Places. Cultural resources are also categorized as
archeological resources, cultural landscapes, structures, museum objects, and ethnographic
resources for NPS management purposes^ (NPS 2015). Similarly, the United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which is the principal legal instru-
ment for the protection of cultural heritage globally, considers cultural heritage to include
monuments, groups of buildings, and sites as Btangible heritage^ (UNESCO 1972). This
concept was recently broadened and UNESCO developed a more comprehensive definition.
UNESCO now considers cultural heritage to include both tangible and intangible heritage.
Intangible heritage includes practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, instru-
ments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces (UNESCO 2003). For the purpose of this paper,
we simply use the phrase Bcultural heritage and resources^ to refer to all tangible and
intangible resources encompassed by the terms commonly used within the cultural resources,
cultural heritage, heritage management, and historic preservation disciplines.

2.2 Document selection

To identify existing literature focusing on cultural heritage and resources under changing
climate conditions, a comprehensive keyword search was performed in the electronic
scientific database Web of Science (previously known as B(ISI) Web of Knowledge^)
during March 2016. Web of Science was selected because it covers most scientific
disciplines and has a substantially long period of published scientific literature—since
1900. To capture all the relevant literature, we used five sets of English keywords, using
the asterisk wildcard to expand the search to any group of characters: (a) Bcultural
resourc*^ AND Bclimat* chang*,^ (b) Bcultural heritag*^ AND Bclimat* chang*,^ (c)
Bhistoric* heritag*^ AND Bclimat* chang*,^ (d) Bheritag* site*^ AND Bclimat*
chang*,^ and (e) Bhistoric* environment*^ AND Bclimat* chang*.^ These keywords
address the same phenomenon and research area in the present systematic literature
review. Web of Science was searched from the earliest record (1900) to the end of
December 2015 for a fuller representation of the existing research.
Searches returned 256 documents: (a) 30 documents for cultural resource and climate
change, (b) 127 documents for cultural heritage and climate change, (c) 5 documents for
historical heritage and climate change, (d) 58 documents for heritage site and climate change,
and (e) 36 documents for historical environment and climate change. An initial screen of title,
abstract, and keywords was conducted to ensure that included documents reflected the needs
and scope of the present review, which we followed with a full-text review. Exclusion criteria
were defined to limit the selection and use of existing publications: (1) non-English docu-
ments, (2) duplicate documents, and (3) documents that do not fully consider the topic of
interest (i.e., five keywords) in the full text. We concentrated on retrieving publications that
focus on cultural heritage, cultural resources, and cultural heritage sites. A flow diagram in
Fig. 2 shows the number of documents retrieved, excluded, and included as publications move
through the screening process.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 231

Fig. 2 Flow diagram of the data selection

We excluded six documents that were not in English and 21 documents that appeared in
two searches or more (duplicates). Next, 229 documents were listed and further screened
looking for a least one keyword to be fully relevant (i.e., the topic of interest) in the full text.
We retained 124 documents for the final review. A list of these documents is provided in
Appendix 1. An effort was made to include all available published documents on Web of
Science focusing on interaction between climate change and cultural heritage and cultural
resource research. This allows us to gain a comprehensive overview of the existing literature
for the largest available time period and to identify relevant arguments, gaps, characteristics,
and approaches to cultural heritage and resources under climate change research.

2.3 Document analysis

Before identifying relevant literature for final review, a clearly formulated questionnaire
(Fig. 3) was developed to report, document, and characterize if and how cultural heritage

Fig. 3 Questionnaire for the systematic review analysis

232 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

and cultural resource under changing climate are represented. The questionnaire was structured
in association with the research objectives, other literature reviews, and authors’ expert
judgment. It sought to gather general characteristics, focus, and content of each document,
and existing gaps and needs in cultural resource and heritage discipline.
An extensive full-text reading of selected documents was conducted to explore character-
istics, focus, and themes using the questionnaire. Next, data were entered into a Microsoft
Excel spreadsheet and coded for analysis. An exploratory, thematic content analysis (Thomas
and Harden 2008) of the data was used to identify, group, and summarize findings and to
construct analytical themes from the documents. Due to the heterogeneity of the documents
and broad scope of the topic covered, a meta-analysis of the included documents was not
undertaken.

3 Results and discussion

This section is structured according to the review questionnaire presented above. After our
analysis of general characteristics, we present our analysis of the patterns, themes, and
categories we created for cultural heritage and resource review. Finally, we focus on identified
knowledge gaps and research needs.

3.1 General characteristics of selected publications

3.1.1 Number of publications and first authors’ sectors

The search for climate change and cultural heritage and resources literature within the database
Web of Science yielded 256 documents. By using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we
limited the documents to 124 in our analysis.
Cultural heritage and resources under changing climate conditions are a growing research
field with an increasing number of publications (Fig. 4). While the chosen observation period

Fig. 4 Publications per year (n = 124)

Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 233

is 1900–2015, literature prior to 2003 was not found within our searches using the Web of
Science database. The earliest research paper within our results (i.e., examining the role of
cultural heritage in coastal areas and the need for sustainable strategies) was published in the
Journal of Cultural Heritage (Vallega 2003; see Appendix 1). Since then, annual publications
of climate change and cultural resource and heritage research increased significantly, from one
publication in 2003 to 32 publications in 2015 (i.e., 3100% increase in the period 2003–2015).
This suggests that the discipline of cultural resource and heritage under changing climate
conditions is becoming of increasing interest, especially within the research community.
The classification based on the sector of the first author of the publication demonstrates that 107
(87%) publications are primarily written by individuals from the research and higher education
sector. Personnel from government agencies from the industrialized nations (Australia, Canada,
France, UK, and USA) authored six (5%) publications, followed by practitioners (consulting) who
authored three (2%) publications. Individuals affiliated with non-profit organizations, museums
(from the USA), and intergovernmental organizations together contributed to eight (6%) publica-
tions on climate change and cultural heritage and resources. This finding suggests that over the
past decade, different sectors are becoming interested in understanding of climate change impacts
on cultural heritage and resources. A more detailed illustration on first authors shows 113 different
first authors, 19 of whom are also co-authors in the reviewed publications here. Of the 113 first
authors, only seven of them served as the first authors in more than one publication, ranging from
one to four publications each (see Appendix 1). This suggests that a small number of authors solely
focus on exploring the links between climate change and cultural heritage and resources.

3.1.2 Type of publications and journals

The majority (n = 97, 78%) of the publications on the links between climate change and cultural
heritage and resources are classified as journals, while conference proceedings (n = 18, 15%),
book chapters (n = 8, 6%), and reports (n = 1, 1%) were less common types of publications.
Reflecting the diverse interest in climate change and cultural heritage and resources,
publications are published in 76 different journals. In particular, three journal articles each
are published in Change Over Time: An International Journal of Conservation and the Built
Environment, Journal of Cultural Heritage, Land Use Policy, and Science of the Total
Environment. We also counted two articles each from the following journals: Climatic Change,
Conservation & Management of Archaeological Sites, Ecology and Society, Environmental
Research Letters, Environmental Science & Policy, Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria,
Heritage Science, Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, International Journal of Intangi-
ble Heritage, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Journal of Geographical Sciences,
Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, and Landscape Research.
Additionally, we found only 13 (17%) journals that solely focus on cultural heritage and
resource research: Change Over Time: An International Journal of Conservation and the Built
Environment, Conservation & Management of Archaeological Sites, Geoheritage, Heritage
Science, Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, International Journal of Architectural
Heritage: Conservation, Analysis and Restoration, International Journal of Heritage Studies,
International Journal of Intangible Heritage, Journal of Archaeological Science, Journal of
Cultural Heritage, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,
Studies in Conservation, and World Archaeology. These findings suggest that there is not one
journal or one author who is dominating the discussion about climate change and cultural
heritage and resources, but rather that the topic is gaining traction within diverse subfields.
234 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

3.1.3 Geographic distribution of publications

Cultural heritage and resources at risk from climate change have attracted a diverse
research interest globally. The highest number of publications is related to European
contexts (59%). Other contexts are more infrequent, including North America
(17%), Australia and Oceania (11%), and Asia (10%). South America (2%) and
Africa (1%) are rarely the subjects of study (Table 1). Only two publications are at
the global scale, while about one in five (20%) publications investigate more than
one country.
Looking at the analyzed countries, nearly half (n = 28) of European contexts are
related to cultural heritage and resources in Northern Europe, with the majority
referencing the UK (n = 18). The majority of the publications in North America
consider cultural heritage and resources within the USA (n = 14). Similarly, in Aus-
tralia and Oceania, the most common study area is Australia (n = 9), while in Asia,
the most common context is China (n = 4). There is no evidence of dominance by
particular countries for South America or Africa.
Consistent with this finding, cultural heritage and resources received very little attention in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment with the coverage only in
Europe (IPCC 2014). Previous IPCC reports have not addressed cultural heritage or cultural
resources. The dominance of publications from the UK, the USA, and Australia may suggest a
potential for a bias towards English-speaking countries, likely reflecting our inclusion criteria of
English-only publications. However, only six non-English publications were excluded in our initial
search, which were written in the following languages: Korean (n = 3), Italian (n = 2), and German
(n = 1).

Table 1 Geographic distribution of the publications by continents and countries (n = 112). Note that some
publications had multiple countries (n = 23) or no countries (n = 10, not included)

Africa Asia Australia and Europe North South America

Oceania America

1% 10% 11% 59% 17% 2%

Mediterranean region Afghanistan Australia Balkan region Bahamas Chile
Sub-Saharan region China Kiribati Belgium Barbados Colombia
India Solomon Islands Bulgaria Canada Peru
Indonesia Europe USA
Iran Finland
Malaysia France
Taiwan Germany
United Arab Emirates Greece
Vietnam Holland
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Malta
Mediterranean region
Norway
Poland
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
UK
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 235

3.2 Focus and content of selected publications

3.2.1 Type of cultural heritage and cultural resource

The scope of cultural heritage and resources at risk from climate change ranges from general
(i.e., no explicit site or resource named, or reference to wider set of cultural heritage, cultural
resources, or historic environments; n = 43) to the landscape level (i.e., a specific Bcultural
landscape^; n = 40) and the site level (e.g., building, objects, materials or fabrics; n = 41).
Under publications that address cultural heritage and resources in general (e.g., Haugen and
Mattsson 2011; Vallega 2003; Wang 2015), some have specific focus on archeological sites and
remains (e.g., Colacicchi and Bizzarri 2008; Constantinidis 2009; Daire et al. 2012; Momber
2006; Pollard-Belsheim et al. 2014), or on the UNESCO World Heritage sites (e.g., Breen 2007;
Margottini 2015; Marzeion and Levermann 2014; Sassa et al. 2009). Interestingly, only few
publications (n = 11) discuss in more detail the terms of tangible and intangible heritage. These
publications typically attempt to address the socio-cultural importance of heritage such as
human rights perspective on the heritage preservation (Maus 2014) or some combination of
the following: sense of uniqueness, collective memory, values, and traditions that affect place-
making and place identification (e.g., Brabec and Chilton 2015; Gomez-Heras and McCabe
2015; Norrström 2013; Serra-Majem et al. 2011). Climate change impacts on tangible and
intangible heritage have not received much attention despite broad recognition by UNESCO.
Another group of authors aim to understand climate-related issues to cultural landscape
using communities’ values, attitudes, and traditions (e.g., Mitchell and Barrett 2015; Rother-
ham 2015; Walter and Hamilton 2014). Indigenous people, for instance, in the Arctic (Crowley
2011), Canada (Ermine and Pittman 2011), Solomon Islands (Leon et al. 2015), and Colombia
(Heckenberger 2013) are the focus of climate change impacts on their cultural landscape,
traditional knowledge, and cultural identity.
A number of publications analyze the climate change impacts on historic buildings and
structures (e.g., Bonazza et al. 2009; Leissner et al. 2015; Tuan and Navrud 2007), on historic
objects (e.g., Bernikola et al. 2008; Bertolin et al. 2015; Lankester and Brimblecombe 2012),
and on historic materials and fabrics (e.g., Bratasz et al. 2012; Brimblecombe et al. 2011;
Mohammadi and Krumbein 2008; Yahr et al. 2011).
We also found that some studies stressed the importance of natural resources as valuable
cultural heritage or resources, which bring benefits to the local and regional economies (e.g.,
Beniston 2008; Bigaran et al. 2013; Deason et al. 2014; Head and Atchison 2015; Pérez and
Vacelet 2014). These papers assert that natural resources as part of cultural heritage and resources
contribute to sustainable development by providing important economic benefits through tourism
and craftsmanship, as well as strengthening local identity, cultural values, and traditional practices.

3.2.2 Type of methodological contribution

We divided publications into three different methodological contributions: case studies,

reviews, and conceptual articles. Specifically, 85 (69%) publications contain case studies, 24
(24%) are reviews, and 15 (12%) publications include conceptual elements.
The largest group of publications deal with case studies that assess climate risks and vulner-
abilities of particular cultural heritage or resources (e.g., Daire et al. 2012; Dupont and Eetvelde
2013; Huijbregts et al. 2012; Leissner et al. 2015; Westley and McNeary 2014). These publica-
tions also seek to advance qualitative arguments for the preservation and management of cultural
236 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

heritage and resource (e.g., Emery McClure 2015; Margottini 2015; Norrström 2013; Pollard-
Belsheim et al. 2014; Reeder-Myers 2015; Sargent and Slaton 2015; Tuan and Navrud 2007).
Review articles primarily contain anecdotal assessments and unsystematic documentation.
These publications typically aim to present advances in techniques and methods for preserva-
tion and describe conceptual and empirical challenges in cultural heritage and resource
preservation and management (e.g., Blankholm 2009; Breen 2007; Gomez-Heras and McCabe
2015; Long and Smith 2010; Mitchell and Barrett 2015; West et al. 2013). We found that
reviews typically argue that the cultural heritage and resource discipline needs more attention,
appealing for more research and policy development.
In a similar way, conceptual publications focus on theoretical and empirical frameworks for
managing and preserving cultural heritage and resources (e.g., Daly 2014; Haugen and
Mattsson 2011; Ronco et al. 2014). Examples of the conceptual context of these publications
include the pioneering of insights on: cultural human right-based approaches to climate change
and cultural heritage (Maus 2014), adaptive capacity in the field of cultural heritage manage-
ment (Phillips 2015), a paradigm of bio-cultural heritage and landscapes (Rotherham 2015), a
model for developing adaptation strategies in sustainable development context (O’Brien et al.
2015), cultural heritage vulnerability assessments (Nedvědová and Pergl 2013), and an
atmospheric process as cultural heritage (Morris 2013).

3.2.3 Methods used in publications

In terms of methods for assessing cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change
(Fig. 5), we classified them broadly into qualitative (i.e., interviews, focus groups, participant
observations, and secondary data) and quantitative (i.e., field surveys, sampling and experiments,
questionnaires, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, models, and simula-
tions). In documents where multiple methods emerged, only the predominant method is summarized.

Fig. 5 Research methods used in the reviewed publications (n = 124)

Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 237

More than half (n = 67, 54%) of reviewed publications use quantitative data. Of these, nearly
one third of reviewed publications (n = 31) use models and simulations, followed by field surveys
and experiments (n = 15), GIS and remote sensing (n = 16), and questionnaires (n = 5). Regarding
qualitative methods (n = 57, 46%), a majority of publications use secondary data, such as published
literature (n = 44), followed by interviews, focus groups, and participant observation (n = 13).
We find that authors’ choice of methods may be influenced by focus and spatial scale of the
case study or availability of data. Models and simulations, as well as field surveys, samplings,
and field experiments, are typically used for analysis of a singular cultural heritage and
resource, such as historical building, object, or their materials and fabrics (e.g., Emery McClure
2015; Morawitz et al. 2013; Tornari et al. 2013). Methods like GIS and remote sensing are
typically used for relatively larger focus and spatial areas such as cultural landscapes, larger
archeological sites, cities, and villages (e.g., Gridan et al. 2014; Kincey and Challis 2010; Maio
et al. 2012; Pollard-Belsheim et al. 2014; Wang 2015). Interviews, focus groups, and participant
observations are found to be relatively recent and are used to understand how social context can
shape cultural heritage and resources, and how to capture essential socio-economic aspects of
cultural heritage and resources (e.g., Bigaran et al. 2013; Deason et al. 2014; Nettley et al. 2014;
Sarma 2015). Secondary data based on published documents is used widely in cultural heritage
and resource research; rather than using a particular spatial scale of cultural heritage and
resources, it reflects growing number of available data (e.g., Crowley 2011; DeSilvey 2012;
Head et al. 2014; Howard 2013; Guido et al. 2013; West et al. 2012).

3.2.4 Discipline distribution of publications

Cultural heritage and resources under changing climate have engaged a diverse range of disci-
plines. We identified ten disciplines that investigate climate change impacts and risks on cultural
heritage and resources (Fig. 6). This categorization is developed inductively by examining the
contents and self-descriptions of the reviewed publications. Among the disciplines, three are
dominant—architecture and built environment (n = 32), climate and natural hazards (n = 25), and

Fig. 6 Research disciplines represented in the reviewed publications (n = 124)

238 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

archeology (n = 18)—accounting together for more than half (60%) of all publications. The next
most common disciplines are biodiversity and ecosystems, and anthropology with 15 and 13
publications, respectively. These are followed by tourism (n = 7), geology (n = 7), natural
resources (n = 5), industry (n = 1), and health (n = 1). This wide range of natural and social science
disciplines may reflect the diverse nature of cultural heritage and resources, the wide range of
cultural, socio-economic, and environmental values, and an increasing attention to preserve or
adapt cultural resources for the benefits of present and future generations.
Furthermore, about one in five of the publications (n = 24) emphasize the need for
interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research (Blankholm 2009; Brabec
and Chilton 2015; Cutler and Viles 2010; Daire et al. 2012; Margottini 2015; Montanarella and
Panagos 2015; Nedvědová and Pergl 2013; Nettley et al. 2014; Norrström 2013; Rick et al.
2014; Rovella et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2008; Wang 2015) that can contribute to improved
scientific understanding of climate impacts on cultural heritage and resources, as well as more
effective decision-making. Based on the diversity of fields, we contend that such integrated
approaches are necessary to prepare cultural heritage and resources to meet the challenges of
current and future climate change.

3.2.5 Temporal scale of assessed cultural heritage and cultural resources

The temporal scales of past and future climate change impacts on cultural heritage and
resources are well represented within the publications. A majority of publications (n = 90)
are focused on future climate change impacts on cultural heritage and resources, including new
research methods for preservation and adaptation (e.g., De Kock et al. 2015; DeSilvey 2012;
Emery McClure 2015; Grossi et al. 2007; Holden et al. 2015; Pollard-Belsheim et al. 2014;
Wang 2015), promoting the creation of future policies (e.g., Howard et al. 2015; Maus 2014;
Montanarella and Panagos 2015), enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity (e.g., Beniston
2008; Brabec and Chilton 2015; Deason et al. 2014; Mitchell and Barrett 2015; Moradi and
Akhtarkavan 2008; Pazlar and Kramar 2015; Phillips 2015), and strengthening and building
partnerships for preservation (e.g., Corre et al. 2015; Nettley et al. 2014).
On the other hand, about one in four (n = 34) publications are related to past climate change
impacts on heritage and resources. These publications aim to document experiences of how
cultural heritage and resources were affected and responded to changing climate, lessons learned
from previous responses, and how to inform and plan for future preservation and adaptation (e.g.,
Cutler and Viles 2010; Ermine and Pittman 2011; Gomez-Heras and McCabe 2015; Guido et al.
2013; Knight and Harrison 2013; Rick et al. 2014; Sargent and Slaton 2015; Sassa et al. 2009).

3.2.6 Barriers in cultural heritage and cultural resource preservation and adaptation

Few publications (n = 10) explore or acknowledge the barriers, limits, and constraints to
adaptation or preservation. Technical barriers, limits, and constraints focus on experts’ skills
for preservation and adaptation (e.g., Breen 2007; Nedvědová and Pergl 2013; Phillips 2014),
as well as climate uncertainty (Phillips 2014). Attention to bio-physical limits offers the
prospect of exploring such limits through climate and geological modeling, field surveys,
and mapping (e.g., Margottini 2015; Viles and Cutler 2012; Wang 2015). Institutional
challenges and barriers are mostly reported as limited guidance, regulations and laws, and a
lack of political will to recognize and preserve, or adapt cultural heritage and resources (e.g.,
Breen 2007; El Mankibi et al. 2015; Mitchell and Barrett 2015; Sarma 2015). Interestingly,
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 239

there is a notable lack of studies on economic and other financial barriers and limits (e.g.,
Breen 2007; Kuruppu 2009)—areas that clearly need to be addressed further.

3.2.7 Benefits of cultural heritage and cultural resource preservation and adaptation

While climate change impedes preservation and adaptation, it can also provide opportunities
and benefits. The depth of reporting on this question, however, is limited (n = 10). Some
publications suggest the socio-cultural opportunities and benefits that preservation or adapta-
tion can generate. The documented socio-cultural opportunities and benefits include preserving
memory or the intangible value of place meaning (Norrström 2013), promoting sustainability
through ancient food traditions (Serra-Majem et al. 2011), and understanding and improving
education of the dynamic nature of the cultural heritage and resource (Smith et al. 2011c). In
terms of economic benefits, it is suggested that preservation and adaptation of cultural heritage
and resources can be instrumental in stimulating tourism development (Breen 2007; Colacicchi
and Bizzarri 2008; Cumberbatch and Hinds 2013; Sun et al. 2013; Westley et al. 2011).

3.3 Knowledge gaps and research needs

Although cultural heritage and resource research are increasing in interest and diversity, there are a
few important knowledge gaps in the reviewed publications that need to be further explored.
Firstly, future research is needed to design efficient short- and long-term sustainable adaptation
planning that mitigates damage and enhances preservation of non-renewable cultural heritage and
resources. Over the last decade, a number of reviewed publications have emphasized the need for
an interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches to cultural heritage man-
agement, preservation, and adaptation due to the inherent complexity of the processes involved.
These strategies need to be based on sound scientific methodologies and socio-cultural, historical,
and economic understandings of cultural heritage and resources. It is also important to understand
how environment, climate, and human activities have evolved over the lifetime of a particular
heritage or resource. As a recent study by Gomez-Heras and McCabe (2015) highlights, built
heritage can be a recorder of past and present environmental and climate-related changes and can
be used as a proxy to understand socio-ecological interactions, which are often overlooked. Thus,
we find there is a need to identify constraints and factor in climate, budget, and other uncertainties
when designing preservation and adaptation plans.
We also find that community engagement with their cultural values and norms is of critical
importance for future research on preservation planning for cultural heritage and resources.
There are gaps to fill concerning community values and traditional knowledge for preservation
and adaptation. It is essential to identify the value and significance of cultural heritage and
resources from diverse range of community members and stakeholders. Communities’ values
are fundamental in developing a commitment to conservation of cultural heritage and resource
(Kato 2008), which have not been considered often enough and are consequently at risk of
being lost (Mitchell and Barrett 2015). Assessing community’s values and knowledge can
accommodate the lack of accuracy inherent in future climate projections better than some
statistical approaches of risk analysis (Daly 2014). Some scholars demonstrate that to address
climate risks on cultural heritage and resources, both local traditional knowledge and growing
scientific knowledge need to be used for effective implementation of adaptation and preser-
vation (e.g., Carmichael 2015; Leon et al. 2015). Similarly, Brabec and Chilton (2015) argue
that involving community members in decision-making processes so that society can decide
240 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

which aspects of heritage to protect and preserve. Interestingly, Walter and Hamilton (2014)
argue that due to ethical concerns, cultural heritage preservation efforts should address the
needs of communities, rather than encouraging them to become the custodians of landscape to
satisfy the socio-environmental and cultural aspirations of the developed world. In other
words, addressing community needs can have implications to increase awareness of social
and environmental justice issues. Inclusion of a human rights law perspective in the debate on
cultural heritage and climate change may reinforce states’ obligations to protect and preserve
cultural heritage for future generations (Maus 2014).
Secondly, future research may seek to fill significant gaps that we identified related to the
implementation of climate change adaptation and cultural heritage and resources preservation.
Our review shows that this relatively new discipline has a critical gap between where we are
currently (i.e., legislative achievements for protection and preservation of cultural heritage and
resources) and where we want to be (i.e., adapting for preservation). Emphasis is needed,
therefore, on the capacity of cultural heritage and resource managers to prepare for and deal
with the consequences of climate change. We discovered in this review the breadth and
complexity of research, as well as the considerable coordinated effort that it takes to manage,
preserve, and adapt cultural heritage and resources.

4 Conclusions

While there are scientific research methods, approaches, and frameworks for dealing with the
challenges of climate change, we have not found any systematic literature review that links climate
change with cultural heritage or cultural resources. This study offers preliminary insights on the state
of knowledge and how cultural heritage and resources at risk from climate change are being explored
globally. Our intention for this systematic literature review is to help document and direct scholarly
research in climate change and cultural heritage and resource area, which we hope can influence
policy-making for preservation and adaptation of cultural heritage and cultural resources globally.
This systematic review demonstrates that research on cultural heritage and resources at risk
from a changing climate entered research agendas beginning in 2003. This trend increased
significantly over the last decade, especially by individuals within the research and higher
education sector. However, current research is geographically limited, predominantly focusing
on Europe and North America, with most of research conducted in the UK and USA. Very
limited research has been undertaken in Africa, Asia, and South America. Links between
climate change and cultural heritage and resources has engaged a wide range of natural and
social science disciplines with more than half of all publications found in publications specific
to architecture and built environment, climate and natural hazards, and archeology. Although a
wide range of research methods are being employed, additional research applying qualitative
participatory-based methods—such as interviews or focus groups with community members,
stakeholders, or decision-makers—is necessary for applying more of a bottom-up approach to
preservation and adaptation of cultural heritage and resources.
This review demonstrates the significant need of using interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary,
and transdisciplinary approaches in assessing cultural heritage and resources. However, it is
apparent that several potential barriers, limits, and constraints for preservation and adaptation
of cultural heritage and resources have yet to be adequately explored in the literature.
Additional research is also necessary to further explore benefits and opportunities that
preservation and adaptation can provide to communities and stakeholders.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 241

The opening quote of this paper refers to the implementation of preservation and adaptation
of non-renewable cultural heritage and cultural resources. We found that there is a significant
lack of studies that seek to understand if and how the implementation is taking place.
Moreover, many authors are increasingly calling for community engagement in cultural
heritage and resource preservation or adaptation planning. We contend that greater engagement
is necessary, as values are at the crux of cultural heritage and resources management decision
given the embedded place meanings held by an array of stakeholders.

Appendix

Table 2 List of the 124 publications considered in systematic literature review

Authors Year Name of article Publication

Anderson, R.S., 2011 Postglacial history of alpine Quaternary Science Reviews

Jiménez-Moreno, G., Carrión,
J.S., Pérez-Martínez, C.
Apak, S., Uzunoglu, S., Acikgoz, 2008
A.F.
Appelqvist, C., Havenhand, J.N., 2015
Toth, G.B.
Bal, M.C., Allée, P., Liard, M.
Beniston, M.
Bernikola, E., Tornari, V., Nevin, 2008
A., and Kouloumpi, E.
Bertolin, C., Camuffo, D., and
Bighignoli, I.
Bigaran, F., Mazzola, A., and
Stefani, A.
vegetation, fire, and climate
from Laguna de Río Seco,
Sierra Nevada, southern Spain
Mobilising financial resources for Journal of Environmental
sustainable tourism industry Protection and Ecology
on the Balkans
Distribution and abundance of Journal of the Marine Biological
teredinid recruits along the Association of the United
Swedish coast – are Kingdom
shipworms invading the Baltic
Sea?
2015 The origins of a Nardus stricta Quaternary International
grassland through soil
charcoal analyses:
Reconstructing the history of a
mountain cultural landscape
(Mont Lozere, France) since
the Neolithic
2008 Sustainability of the landscape of International Journal of
a UNESCO World Heritage Climatology
Site in the Lake Geneva region
(Switzerland) in a greenhouse
climate
Monitoring of changes in the Lasers in the Conservation of
surface movement of model Artworks (Conference
panel paintings following proceedings)
fluctuations in relative
humidity: Preliminary results
using Digital Holographic
Speckle Pattern Interferometry
2015 Past reconstruction and future Energy and Buildings
forecast of domains of indoor
relative humidity fluctuations
calculated according to EN
15757:2010
2013 Enhancing territorial capital for Acta geographica Slovenica
developing mountain areas:
242 Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254

Table 2 (continued)

Authors Year Name of article Publication

the example of Trentino and

Blankholm, H.P.
Bonazza, A., Messina, P.,
Sabbioni, C., Grossi, C.M.,
and Brimblecombe, P.
Brabec, E. and Chilton, E.
Bratasz, L., Harris, I., Lasyk, L., 2012
Łukomski, M., and
Kozłowski, R.
Breen, C.
Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C.M., 2011
and Harris I.
Butler, J.R., Tawake, A., Skewes, 2012
T., Tawake, L., Mcgrath, V.
Carmichael, B.
Colacicchi, R. and Bizzarri, R.
Constantinidis, D.
Corre, L., Dandin, P., L’Hôte, D., 2015
and Besson, F.
Crowley, P.
its use of medicinal and
aromatic plants
2009 Long-Term Research and Arctic Anthropology
Cultural Resource
Management Strategies in
Light of Climate Change and
Human Impact
2009 Mapping the impact of climate Science of The Total
change on surface recession of Environment
carbonate buildings in Europe
2015 Toward an ecology of cultural Change Over Time: An
heritage International Journal of
Conservation and the Built
Environment
Future climate-induced pressures Journal of Cultural Heritage
on painted wood
2007 Advocacy, international World Archaeology
development and World
Heritage Sites in sub-Saharan
Africa In cultural heritage &
climate change
Climate change critical to cultural Survival and Sustainability,
heritage Environmental Earth Sciences
(Book Chapter)
Integrating Traditional Ecology and Society
Ecological Knowledge and
Fisheries Management in the
Torres Strait, Australia: the
Catalytic Role of Turtles and
Dugong as Cultural Keystone
Species
2015 Supporting Indigenous rangers’ Rangeland Journal
management of
climate-change impacts on
heritage sites: developing an
effective planning tool and
assessing its value
2008 Correlation between Geografia Fisica e Dinamica
environmental evolution, Quaternaria
historical settlement and
cultural heritage upgrading in
Valle Umbra (Central Italy)
2009 GIS for managing the analysis Archaeology in Oceania
and protection of
archaeological remains in the
Willandra Lakes World
Heritage Area
The VIADUC project: Advances in Science & Research
innovation in climate (Conference proceedings)
adaptation through service
design
2011 Interpreting ‘dangerous’ in the Regional Environmental Change
United Nations framework
convention on climate change
and the human rights of Inuit
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Cumberbatch, J.A. and Hinds,
C.J.
Cutler, N. and Viles, H.
Cyffka, B. and Bock, M.
Daire, M.Y., Lopez-Romero, E.,
Proust, J.N.
Daly, C.
Dassanayake, D.R., Burzel, A.
De Kock, T., Boone, M.A., De
Schryver, T., Van Stappen, J.,
Derluyn, H., Masschaele, B.,
De Schutter, G., and Cnudde,
V.
Deason, G., Seekamp, E., and
Barbieri, C.
DeSilvey, C.
Dupont, L. and Van Eetvelde, V. 2013
El Mankibi M., Cantin, R., and
Zoubir, A.
Emery McClure, U.
Ermine, W. and Pittman, J.
Fisichelli, N.A., Schuurman,
G.W., Monahan, W.B.,
Ziesler, P.S.
243
Year Name of article Publication
2013 Barbadian Bio-cultural Heritage: International Journal of
an Analysis of the Flying Fish Intangible heritage
2010 Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Geomicrobiology Journal
Stone Biodeterioration
2008 Degradation of Field Terraces in Geografia Fisica e Dinamica
the Maltese Islands - Reasons, Quaternaria
Processes, and Effects
2012 Coastal Changes and Cultural Journal of Island and Coastal
Heritage (1): Assessment of Archaeology
the Vulnerability of the
Coastal Heritage in Western
France
2014 A Framework for Assessing the Conservation & Management of
Vulnerability of Archaeological Sites
Archaeological Sites to
Climate Change: Theory,
Development, and Application
2015 Methods for the Evaluation of Coastal Engineering Journal
Intangible Flood Losses and
Their Integration in Flood
Risk Analysis
2015 A Pore-Scale Study of Fracture Environmental Science &
Dynamics in Rock Using Technology
X-ray Micro-CT Under Am-
bient Freeze-Thaw Cycling
2014 Perceived impacts of climate Marine Policy
change, coastal development
and policy on oyster
harvesting in the Southeastern
United States
2012 Making sense of transience: an Cultural Geographies
anticipatory history
Assessing the potential impacts Land Use Policy
of climate change on
traditional landscapes and
their heritage values on the
local level: Case studies in the
Dender basin in Flanders,
Belgium
2015 Contribution to the thermal Energy Procedia
renovation of old buildings:
Numerical and Experimental
approach for characterizing a
double window
2015 A Conditional Preservation for Change Over Time: An
Ephemeral Sites International Journal of
Conservation and the Built
Environment
2011 Nikan oti (the future): Adaptation The Economic, Social and
and Adaptive Capacity in Two Political Elements of Climate
First Nations Communities Change, Climate Change
Management (Book Chapter)
2015 Protected Area Tourism in a PLoS One
Changing Climate: Will
Visitation at US National
Parks Warm Up or Overheat?
244
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Gomez-Heras, M. and McCabe,
S.
Gosar, A. and Cigale, D.
Gridan, M.R., Brebu, F.M., and
Bălă, A.C.
Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P., 2007
and Harris, I.
Guido, M., Menozzi, B.I.,
Bellini, C., Placereani, S., and
Montanari, C.
Hatten, J.R., Waste, S.M., Maule, 2014
A.G.
Haugen, A. and Mattsson, J.
Head, L., Adams, M., McGregor, 2014
H.V., and Toole, S.
Head, L. and Atchison, J.
Heckenberger, M.
Holden, L.D., Silcock, D.M.,
Arrowsmith, C.A., and Al
Hassani, M.
Howard, A.J., Challis, K.,
Holden, J., Kincey, M., and
Passmore D.G.
Howard, A.J.
Howard, A.J., Kincey, M., and
Carey, C.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Year Name of article Publication
2015 Weathering of stone-built heri- Anthropocene
tage: A lens through which to
read the Anthropocene
2015 Trends and Characteristics of Mitteilungen der
Tourism Development in Österreichischen
Slovenia Geographischen Gesellschaft
2014 Cultural heritage conserving 14th SGEM GeoConference on
using terrestrial laser scanning Informatics, Geoinformatics
technology and Remote Sensing
(Conference proceedings)
Predicting long term freeze-thaw Science of The Total
risks on Europe built heritage Environment
and archaeological sites in a
changing climate
2013 A palynological contribution to Holocene
the environmental
archaeology of a
Mediterranean mountain
wetland (North West
Apennines, Italy)
Assessing climate-change risks to Climatic Change
cultural and natural resources
in the Yakima River Basin,
Washington, USA
2011 Preparations for climate change’s International Journal of Climate
influences on cultural heritage Change Strategies and
Management
Climate change and Australia WIRE Climate Change
2015 Governing invasive plants: Land Use Policy
Policy and practice in
managing the Gamba grass
(Andropogon gayanus) –
Bushfire nexus in northern
Australia
2013 Who is Amazonia? The ‘salt of Environmental Research Letters
the matter’ for indigenous
sustainability
2015 Laser scanning for the Arabian Archaeology and
documentation and Epigraphy
management of heritage sites
within the Emirate of Fujairah,
United Arab Emirates
2008 The impact of climate change on Climatic Change
archaeological resources in
Britain: a catchment scale
assessment
2013 Managing global heritage in the International Journal of Heritage
face of future climate change: Studies
the importance of
understanding geological and
geomorphological processes
and hazards
2015 Preserving the Legacy of Historic Historic Environment: Policy &
Metal-Mining Industries in Practice
Light of the Water Framework
Directive and Future
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Huijbregts, Z. Kramer, R.P.,
Martens, M.H.J., van
Schijndel, A.W.M., and
Schellen, H.L.
Januchta-Szostak, A.
Kato, K.
Kincey, M. and Challis, K.
Kirleis, W., Pillar, V.D., Behling, 2011
H.
Knight, J. and Harrison, S.
Kuruppu, N.
Lankester, P. and Brimblecombe, 2012
P.
Leissner, J., Kilian, R., Kotova, 2015
L., Jacob, D., Mikolajewicz,
U., Broström, T.,
Ashley-Smith, J., Schellen,
H.L., Martens, M., Van
Schijndel, J., Antretter, F.,
Winkler, M., Bertolin, C.,
Camuffo, D., Simeunovic, G.,
and Vyhlídal, T.
Leon, J.X., Hardcastle, J., James, 2015
R., Albert, S., Kereseka, J.,
and Woodroffe, C.D.
Liu, F., Zhang, y., Feng, z., Hou, 2010
G., Zhou, Q., and Zhang, H.
Long, C. and Smith, A.
245
Year Name of article Publication
Environmental Change in
Mainland Britain: Challenges
for the Heritage Community
2012 A proposed method to assess the Building and Environment
damage risk of future climate
change to museum objects in
historic buildings
2007 Waterfront - The new image of Urban Heritage: Research,
the city transformation of Interpretation, Education
Warta valley in Poznan Scientific Conference
(Conference proceedings)
2008 Addressing global responsibility Environmentalist
for conservation through
cross-cultural collaboration:
Kodama Forest, a forest of tree
spirits
2010 Monitoring fragile upland Journal for Nature Conservation
landscapes: The application of
airborne lidar
Human–environment interactions Vegetation History and
in mountain rainforests: Archaeobotany
archaeobotanical evidence
from central Sulawesi,
Indonesia
2013 ‘A land history of men’: The Applied Geography
intersection of
geomorphology, culture and
heritage in Cornwall,
southwest England
2009 Adapting water resources to Environmental Science & Policy
climate change in Kiribati: the
importance of cultural values
and meanings
The impact of future climate on Science of The Total
historic interiors Environment
Climate for Culture: assessing the Heritage Science
impact of climate change on
the future indoor climate in
historic buildings using
simulations
Supporting Local and Traditional Coastal Management
Knowledge with Science for
Adaptation to Climate
Change: Lessons Learned
from Participatory
Three-Dimensional Modeling
in BoeBoe, Solomon Islands
The impacts of climate change on Journal of Geographical Sciences
the Neolithic cultures of
Gansu-Qinghai region during
the late Holocene
Megathermal
2010
246
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Maio, C.V., Gontz, A.M.,
Tenenbaum, D.E., and
Berkland, E.P.
Margottini, C.
Marzeion, B. and Levermann, A. 2014
Maus, S.
May, P.B., Livesley, S.J., Shears, 2013
I.
Mickler, R., Welch, D., Bigsby,
K., Cheshire, H.
Mitchell, N.J. and Barrett, B.
Mohammadi, P. and Krumbein,
W.E.
Momber, G.
Montanarella, L. and Panagos, P. 2015
Montuori, A., Luzi, G.,
Stramondo, S., Casula, G.,
Bignami, C., Bonali, E.,
Bianchi, M.G., Crosetto, M.
Moradi, A.M. and Akhtarkavan,
M.
Morawitz, M., Hein, N.,
Alexeenko, I., Wilke, M.,
Pedrini, G., Krekel, C., and
Osten, W.
Morris, B.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Year Name of article Publication
Climate change and heritage: Heritage 2010: Heritage and
responding to the crisis sustainable development
(Book Chapter)
2012 Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Journal of Coastal Research
Assessment of Sensitive
Historical Sites on Rainsford
Island, Boston Harbor,
Massachusetts
2015 Engineering Geology in Shaping Engineering Geology for Society
and Preserving the Historic and Territory (Book Chapter)
Urban Landscapes and
Cultural Heritage:
Achievements in UNESCO
World Heritage Sites
Loss of cultural world heritage Environmental Research Letters
and currently inhabited places
to sea-level rise
2014 Hand in hand against climate Cambridge Review of
change: cultural human rights International Affairs
and the protection of cultural
heritage
Managing and Monitoring Tree Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
Health and Soil Water Status
During Extreme Drought in
Melbourne, Victoria
2009 Sea level rise risk assessment for 139th Meeting of the
natural and cultural resources American-Fisheries-Society
on North Carolina DoD (Conference proceedings)
coastal installations
2015 Heritage Values and Agricultural Landscape Research
Landscapes: Towards a New
Synthesis
2008 Biodeterioration of ancient stone Aerobiologia
materials from the Persepolis
monuments (Iran)
2006 Extracting the cultural heritage: International Journal of the
new challenges for the Society for Underwater
underwater archaeologist Technology
Policy relevance of Critical Zone Land Use Policy
Science
2014 Combined use of ground-based International Geoscience and
systems for Cultural Heritage Remote Sensing Symposium
conservation monitoring (IGARSS) (Conference pro-
ceedings)
2008 Adaptation strategy for WSEAS International
sustainability of cultural and Conference on Cultural
historical heritage Heritage and Tourism (CUHT
08) (Conference proceedings)
2013 Detection of transport and age Optics for Arts, Architecture, and
induced damages on artwork: Archaeology IV, Proc. SPIE
an advanced concept 8790 (Conference
proceedings)
2013 Air Today, Gone Tomorrow - the International Journal of
Haar of Scotland and Local Intangible Heritage
Atmosphere as Heritage
‘Sites’
2015 Heritage Science
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Table 2 (continued)
Authors Year
Natali, I., Tomasin, P., Becherini,
F., Bernardi, A., Ciantelli, C.,
Favaro, M., Favoni, O., Forrat
Pérez, V.J., Olteanu, I.D.,
Sanchez, M., Vivarelli, A., and
Bonazza, A.
Nedvědová, K. and Pergl, R. 2013
Nettley, A., Desilvey, C., 2014
Anderson, K., Wetherelt, A.,
and Caseldine, C.,
Norrström, H. 2013
O’Brien, G., Okeefe, P., and 2015
Jayawickrama, J.
Pazlar, T. and Kramar, M. 2015
Pérez, T. and Vacelet, J. 2014
Phillips, H. 2014
Phillips, H. 2015
Pollard-Belsheim, A., Storey, M., 2014
Robinson, C., and Bell, T.
Pouta, E., Neuvonen, M., 2009
Sievänen, T.
Reeder-Myers, L.A. 2015
Rick, T.C., Sillett, T.S., 2014
Ghalambor, C.K., Hofman,
C.A., Ralls, C., Anderson,
R.S., Boser, C.L., Braje, T.J.,
Cayan, D.R., Chesser, T.,
Collins, P.W., Erlandson, J.M.,
Faulkner, K.R., Fleischer, R.,
247
Name of article Publication
Innovative consolidating
products for stone materials:
field exposure tests as a valid
approach for assessing
durability
Cultural heritage and flood Conference on Central Europe
towards Sustainable Building
(CESB13) (Conference pro-
ceedings)
Visualising Sea-Level Rise at a Landscape Research
Coastal Heritage Site: Partici-
patory Process and Creative
Communication
Sustainable and Balanced Energy Sustainability
Efficiency and Preservation in
Our Built Heritage
Developing a model for building Journal of Cultural Heritage
resilience to climate risks for Management and Sustainable
cultural heritage Development
Traditional Timber Structures in International Journal of
Extreme Weather Conditions Architectural Heritage:
Conservation, Analysis, and
Restoration
Effect of Climatic and Mediterranean Sea: Its History
Anthropogenic Disturbances and Present Challenges (Book
on Sponge Fisheries Chapter)
Adaptation to Climate Change at Historic Environment: Policy &
UK World Heritage Sites: Practice
Progress and Challenges
The capacity to adapt to climate Environmental Science & Policy
change at heritage sites-The
development of a conceptual
framework
The CARRA project: 2014 OCEANS Conference
Developing tools to help (Conference proceedings)
heritage managers identify and
respond to coastal hazard
impacts on archaeological
resources
Participation in Cross-country Journal of Leisure Research
Skiing in Finland under Cli-
mate Change: Application of
Multiple Hierarchy Stratifica-
tion Perspective
Cultural Heritage at Risk in the Journal of Island & Coastal
Twenty-First Century: A Vul- Archaeology
nerability Assessment of
Coastal Archaeological Sites
in the United States
Ecological Change on Bioscience
California’s Channel Islands
from the Pleistocene to the
Anthropocene
248
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Funk, W.C., Galipeau, R.,
Huston, A., King, J.,
Laughrin, L., Maldonado, J.,
Eachern, C.M., Muhs, D.R.,
Newsome, S.D.,
Reeder-Myers, L., Still, C.,
and Morrison, S.A.
Ronco, P., Gallina, V., Torresan, 2014
S., Zabeo, A., Semenzin, E.,
Critto, A., and Marcomini, A.
Rotherham, I.D.
Rovella, N., Marabini, S., and
Crisci, G.M.
Sabbioni, C., Cassar, M.,
Brimblecombe, P., Tidblad, J.,
Kozlowski, R., Drdácký, M.,
Saiz-Jimenez, C., Grøntoft, T.,
Wainwright, I., Ariño, X.
Sargent, L. and Slaton, D.
Sarma, R.
Sassa, K., Fukuoka, H., and
Carreno, R.
Scotti, R. and Cadoni, M.
Serra-Majem, L., Bach-Faig, A., 2011
Miranda, G., and
Clapes-Badrinas, C.
Sinnadurai, P.
Skreslet, S., Birkenmajer, K.,
Hacquebord, L., Hobson,
K.A., Melnikov, I.A.
Smith, B.J., Gomez-Heras, M.,
and McCabe, S.
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Year Name of article Publication
The KULTURisk Regional Risk Hydrology and Earth System
Assessment methodology for Sciences
water-related natural hazards –
part 1: physical-environmental
assessment
2015 Bio-cultural heritage and Biodiversity and Conservation
biodiversity: emerging
paradigms in conservation and
planning
2014 Stratigraphy and Conservation of STRATI 2013, 1st International
Cultural Heritage: the Congress on Stratigraphy At
Example of Rupestrian the Cutting Edge of
Churches of Cappadocia Stratigraphy (Conference
(Turkey) proceedings)
2006 Global climate change impact on Heritage, Weathering and
built heritage and cultural Conservation (HWC-2006)
landscapes (Conference Proceedings)
2015 Heading into the wind: Climate Change Over Time: An
change and the implications International Journal of
for managing our cultural Conservation and the Built
landscape legacy Environment
2015 Effects of globalization on the Craft Research
traditional cane and bamboo
household objects: A case
study on the Nyishi group of
Arunachal Pradesh
2009 Landslide Investigation and Landslides – Disaster Risk
Capacity Building in the Reduction (Book Chapter)
Machu Picchu – Aguas
Calientes Area (IPL C101-1)
2007 A historical analysis of traditional Forest Ecology and Management
common forest planning and
management in Seneghe,
Sardinia - Lessons for sustain-
able development
Foreword: Mediterranean diet Public Health Nutrition
and climatic change
2008 Future Parks in Future Climates - 2nd Electronics
Scalable Solutions Systemintegration Technology
Conference, ESTC 2008
(Conference Proceedings)
2004 Logistics for future Jan Mayen Jan Mayen Island in Scientific
island research - Results from Focus (Conference
NATO advanced research Proceedings)
workshop
2008 Understanding the decay of Progress in Physical Geography
stone-built cultural heritage
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Smith, B.J., McCabe, S.,
McAllister, D., Adamson, C.,
Viles, H. A., and Curran J.M.
Smith, B.J., Srinivasan, S.,
Mccabe, S., Mcallister, D.,
Cutler, N.M., and Viles, H.A.
Smith, B.J., Pellitero Ondicol, R., 2011c Mapping Slope Instability at the
and Alexander, G.
Stork, N.E.
Summerell, G.K., Barrett, T.,
Grieve, A.M., Dunn, M.,
Moerkerken, L., Love, J.
Sun, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, L.,
Min, Q., and Yin, W.
Tornari, V., Bernikola, E.,
Bellendorf, P., Bertolin, C.,
Camuffo, D., Kotova, L.,
Jacobs, D., Zarnic, R., Rajcic,
V., and Leissner, J.
Tornari, V., Bernikola, E.,
Tsigarida, N., Andrianakis,
M., Hatzigiannakis, K., and
Leissner, J.
Tornari, V., Bernikola, E.,
Tsigarida, N., Hatzigiannakis,
K., Andrianakis, M., and
Leissner, J.
Tuan, T.H. and Navrud, S.
Vallega, A.
Viles, H.A. and Cutler, N.A.
Walter, R.K. and Hamilton, R.J. 2014 A cultural landscape approach to
Wang, J.J.
249
Year Name of article Publication
2011a A commentary on climate Environmental Earth Sciences
change, stone decay dynamics
and the ‘greening’ of natural
stone buildings: new
perspectives on ‘deep wetting’
2011b Climate Change and the Testing Materials Evaluations
of Complex Moisture
Regimes in Building Stone:
Preliminary Observations on
Possible Strategies
Geoheritage
Giant’s Causeway and
Causeway Coast World
Heritage Site: Implications for
Site Management
2005 The theory and practice of Tropical Rainforests: past,
planning for long-term con- present and future (Book
servation of biodiversity in the Chapter)
wet tropics rainforests of Aus-
tralia
2011 Implementing decision support The 19th International Congress
for natural resource on Modelling and Simulation
management agencies - the (Conference Proceedings)
SCaRPA experience
2013 Adapting to droughts in Mitigation and Adaptation
Yuanyang Terrace of SW Strategies for Global Change
China: insight from disaster
risk reduction
2013 Surface Monitoring Optics for Arts, Architecture, and
Measurements of Materials on Archaeology IV, Proc. SPIE
Environmental Change 8790 (Conference
Conditions proceedings)
2015a Preventive deformation Studies in Conservation
measurements on cultural
heritage materials based on
non-contact surface response
of model samples
2015b Measuring environmental impact Optics for Arts, Architecture, and
by real time laser differential Archaeology V, 95270R, Proc.
displacement technique in SPIE 9527 (Conference
simulated climate conditions proceedings)
2007 Valuing cultural heritage in Environmental and Resource
developing countries: Economics
comparing and pooling
contingent valuation and
choice modelling estimates
2003 The coastal cultural heritage Journal of Cultural Heritage
facing coastal management
2012 Global environmental change Global Change Biology
and the biology of heritage
structures
Ecology and Society
community-based conserva-
tion in Solomon Islands
2015 Journal of Cultural Heritage
250
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Welch, D.
Wessex Archaeology
West, M., Ellis, A.T., Potts, P.J.,
Streli, C., Vanhoof, C.,
Wegrzynek, D., and
Wobrauschek, P.
West, M., Ellis, A.T., Potts, P.J.,
Streli, C., Vanhoof, C.,
Wegrzynek, D., and
Wobrauschek, P.
Westley, K., Bell, T., Renouf,
M.A.P., and Tarasov, L.
Westley, K. and McNeary, R.
Woosnam, K.M. and Kim, H.
Wordsworth, J.
Yahr, R., Coppins, B.J., and Ellis, 2011
C.J.
Zainol, R., Ahmad, F., Nordin,
N.A., Aripin, A.W.M.
Zhang, G., Zhu, C., Wang, J.,
Zhu, G., Ma, C., Zheng, C.,
Zhao, L., Li, Z., Li, L., Jin, A.
Journal unless specifically stated otherwise (i.e., Conference Proceedings, Book Chapter, Report)
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254
Year Name of article Publication
Flood risk maps to cultural
heritage: Measures and
process
2008 What should protected area Biodiversity
managers do to preserve
biodiversity in the face of
climate change?
2013 Archaeological and cultural Wessex Archaeology (Report)
heritage investigations on the
site of the London 2012
Olympic and Paralympic
Games
2012 Atomic spectrometry Journal of Analytical Atomic
update-X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry
spectrometry
2013 2013 Atomic spectrometry Journal of Analytical Atomic
update-A review of advances Spectrometry
in X-ray fluorescence spec-
trometry
2011 Impact Assessment of Current Journal of Island and Coastal
and Future Sea-Level Change Archaeology
on Coastal Archaeological
Resources-Illustrated Exam-
ples From Northern New-
foundland
2014 Assessing the Impact of Coastal Conservation and Management
Erosion on Archaeological of Archaeological Sites
Sites: A Case Study from
Northern Ireland
2014 Hurricane impacts on Tourism Geographies
southeastern United States
coastal national park visitation
2010 Changing the land - the implica- Heritage Management of Farmed
tions of climate-change and Forested. Landscapes in
policies, actions and adapta- Europe (Book chapter)
tions for Scotland’s rural his-
toric environment
Preserved epiphytes as an Journal of Archaeological
archaeological resource in Science
pre-industrial vernacular
buildings
2014 Evaluation of users’ satisfaction 8th International Symposium of
on pedestrian facilities using the Digital Earth (ISDE8), IOP
pair-wise comparison ap- Conference Series: Earth and
proach Environmental Science
(Conference proceedings)
2010 Environmental archaeology on Journal of Geographical Sciences
Longshan Culture (4500–4000
aBP) at Yuhuicun Site in
Bengbu, Anhui Province
Climatic Change (2017) 142:227–254 251

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