ANDERSON’S BRIDGE &

SCHERING’S BRIDGE
 ANDERSON’S BRIDGE

AIM: A)To measure inductance of a given coil by Anderson’s bridge.

B) To determine the value of a given capacitor and to obtain for its dissipation
factor.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ANDERSON'S BRIDGE:-

1KHZ
B
Oscillator
S R
1K Ohm
D
L
C

Q P
1K Ohm 1K Ohm

SCHERING BRIDGE:-

230V
B
50Hz
R
S
100 Ohm - 10 Ohm

C D A

D
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. P (Ω) Q (Ω) R (Ω) S (Ω) r (Ω) C(mf) L = RC(Q+2r)H

S.NO. R2(Ω) C3 ( µ F) R1 (Ω) Cx = C3 (R1/ R2)

PROCEDURE:

ANDERSON’S BRIDGE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep P/ Q ratio 1 and resistance in branch P should be of resistance R.
3. Now adjust the capacitance value.
4. Adjust r and S such a way to reduce sound.
5. Note down the values P, Q, R, S & r .
6. Repeat the above for different values of ‘C’.
7. Calculate self – inductance ‘L’.

SCHERING’S BRIDGE:

1. Connect the circuit show.

2. Oscilloscope is connected across points B and D.
3. The bridge is balanced by adjusting C4 and R4.
4. The readings are tabulated and C1 & r1 are calculated.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections must be avoided.

2. In unbalanced conditions large current flows through the speaker.
3. Sound should be heard clearly where it is reducing more.
4. The readings are taken without any parallax error.

RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1) What is the application of Anderson Bridge?
2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Schering Bridge?
3) What is the application of Schering bride?
4) What is the balancing equation in Schering Bridge?
5) Draw the phasor diagrams for the above two?
C.T. TESTING BY SILSBEE’S METHOD
 C.T. TESTING BY SILSBEE’S METHOD

AIM: To calibrate current transformer by using Silsbee’s method.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Type Range Qty

01

02

03

04

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. IP(A) ISS (A) ISX(A) ∆ I (A) W1(W) W2(W) RX α

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit shown.’

2. Using the auto T/ F, the current through the primary in gradually increased.
3. The difference b/ w C.T secondaries ∆ I should be zero, if it is not zero then
connection to any one of C.T secondaries are reversed .
4. The current Ip through C.T primaries is made equal to a fixed value using
auto T/F.
5. By operating the phase shifter, W1 is made zero. The readings of ammeter and
W2 are noted.
6. Now, W1 is adjusted to maximum value by rotating phase shifting T/ F and
ammeter and W2 readings are noted.
7. Above procedure is repeated for different primary current.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Readings to be taken without parallax error.
RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1) why the C.T & P.T are called instrument transformers?
2) Why we have to close the secondary of a C.T always?
3) What are the different errors in C.T’s?
4) What is the procedure to conduct Silsbee’s method?
5) Is there any another method to test the C.T?
6) What are the advantages & disadvantages in Silsbee’s method?
 CALIBRATION OF PMMC
AMMETER & VOLTMETER
BY USING D.C. POTENTIOMETER
CALIBRATION OF PMMC AMMETER & VOLTMETER BY USING
D.C. POTENTIOMETER

AIM: To calibrate the low range Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter by using D.C.
crampton potentiometer.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Circuit is as shown in figure.

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Calibration of Voltmeter:

Actual reading True reading

% error
(V) (V)

Calibration of Ammeter:

Actual reading True reading

% error
(A) (A)
PROCEDURE:
For Standardisation:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the jockey position on the slide wire nearer to the second terminal of the
potentiometer.
3. Apply 10 V from the power supply.
4. By varying the resistance, obtain the zero deflection in the galvanometer.
5. Remove the high resistance from the circuit and again obtain the balance point in
galvanometer.
6. Now, the potentiometer is std. against the std.cell.

For Calibration of Voltmeter

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the resistance for obtaining the deflection in the voltmeter.
3. Now vary the jockey positions on the slide wire of the potentiometer and obtain
the ‘O’ deflection in the galvanometer.
4. Remove the high resistance from the circuit & obtain exact balancing point.
Voltmeter reading − Potentiometer reading
5. Calculate % error = × 100
Voltmeter reading

For Calibration of Ammeter:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the resistance for obtaining deflection in ammeter.
3. Now vary the jockey positions on the slide wire of the potentiometer and obtain
zero deflection in the galvanometer.
4. Remove the high resistance from the circuit and bring obtain the exact balance
point.
Ammeter reading − Potentiometer reading
5. Calculate % error = × 100
Ammeter reading

6. Vary the resistance for different values in the Ammeter.

For Calibration of Wattmeter:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the resistance for obtaining deflection in wattmeter.
3. Now vary the jockey positions on the slide wire of the potentiometer and obtain
zero deflection in the galvanometer.
4. Remove the high resistance from the circuit and obtain the exact balance point.
5. Calculate % error.
6. Vary the resistance for different values in Wattmeter.

GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be tight.

2. Remove the high resistance and obtain exact balance point.

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1) what is the classification in measuring instruments?
2) what are the different errors in PMMC instruments?
3) what are the different errors in MI instruments?
4) what is the procedure to extend the range of meters?
5) By seeing the instrument How do you identify the moving iron instruments?
6) What is the significance Crompton D.C Potentiometer?
 CALIBRATION OF
POWERFACTOR METER
 CALIBRATION OF POWERFACTOR METER

AIM: To calibrate the given power factor meter using Inductive and Capacitive loads.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Voltage Current Cos φ Cos φ

Wattmeter (W) Error
(V) (A) Observed (actual)

Tabular form when calibrating used capacitive load:

Wattmeter Cos φ Sin φ

Voltage Current Actual
= W/ V1. Cos φ Error
(V) (A) VARS Observed
I1
PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram in fig.(1).

2. A Rheostat is connected is series with the capacitive load for the single – phase.
The supply is switched ON.
3. The Voltmeter reading is noted. The load is switched ON in steps and the
corresponding values of current, Voltage, Wattmeter and p.f are noted.
4. Now, the supply is switched OFF and is connected as in Fig. (2).
5. The supply is switched ON and steps 3 is repeated.
6. % error is calculated in both the cases.

GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.
3. All the connections are checked before starting the experiment.

RESULTS:
Viva Questions:
1)what is the purpose of controlling, deflecting & damping torque?
2) How do you produce the damping torque in Power factor meter?
3) why the controlling torque is not necessary in p.f meters?
4) what is the construction of p.f meter?
CALIBTATION OF WATTMETER BY
PHANTOM LOADING
 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY PHANTOM LOADING

AIM: To calibrate the given Wattmeter by

Phantom loading.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02

03

04

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Calibration of U.P.F. Wattmeter:

Amp
Volts Watt (W) True Correction
S.No. % error
(V) (A) Value factor

Calibration of L.P.F. Wattmeter:

Amp
Volts Watt (W) True Correction
S.No. % error
(V) (A) Value factor
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply the rated voltage to the pressure coil and low voltage to the current coil of
the Wattmeter.
3. For different values of current through the ammeter measure and record the
readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of voltage applied to the current
coil of the Wattmeter.
5. True power = VI (UPF)
= VI Cos φ (LPF)
Actgual − True
6. Calculate % error = × 100
True
True − Actual
7. % correction error factor = × 100
True

GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Readings must be observed with any parallax error.

2. Connections must be tight.
3. Junctions must be avoided at the terminals of voltmeter and ammeter.
RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1) What is the advantages of phantom loading method?
2) what is the significance of calibration of any meter?
3) what is the construction of wattmeter?
4) What are the different errors occur in wattmeter?
5) What are the different compensating techniques to reduce the errors?
6) What is the significance of multiplication factor?
CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER
 CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER

AIM: To calibrate energy meter using wattmeter with inductive coil.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

No. of W (watt) Actual

S.NO. IL (A) t (s) % error
rev X4 Reading
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown.

2. Vary the load in steps and note down ammeter and wattmeter readings.
3. Note down the no. of revolution made of by the energy meters and note down the
time taken by using stop watch.
4. By using the energy meter constant, calculate the energy for definite no. of
revolutions .
Wi − Wa
5. % error = × 100
Wi

GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections must be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.
3. Stop watch must be operate properly.

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1) what do you mean by creeping?
2) what is meter constant?
3) What are the different errors in energy meters/
4) what are the compensating methods to reduce the errors?
5)what is the purpose of braking magnet?
DETERMINATION OF CHOKE COIL
PARAMETERS
 DETERMINATION OF CHOKE COIL
PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine the choke coil parameters using 3 – ammeter and 3 – voltmeter
methods.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01

02

03

04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLES:

S.NO. A1 (A) A2 (A) A3 (A) Cos φ R (Ω) L (H) V1 X0 (Ω)

3 – Voltmeter Method:

S.NO. V1 (V) V2 (V) V3 (V) COS φ R (Ω) L (H) A (A) X0 (Ω)

PROCEDURE:
3 – Ammeter Method:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown.
2. Give the supply of 1 – φ 230 V A.C, 50 Hz to variac.
3. Now, by slowly varying the variac note down different values of A1, A2 and A3.
A12 − A22 − A32
4. Calculate Cos φ =
2 A2 A3
5. Calculate the internal resistance and inductance of the choke coil.
3 – Voltmeter Method:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown.
2. Give the supply of 230V, 50 Hz A.C. and note down the value of V1, V2 and V3
by varying the variac.
V12 − V22 − V32
3. Calculate Cos φ =
2V2V3
4. Calculate the internal resistance and inductance of the choke coil.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.
3. Before switch ON supply variac position should be at same voltage.
RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1) what is the application of chock?
2) What are the parameters in this circuit?
3) Draw the phasor diagram for the two circuits?
4) What is inductance?
5) What is the significance of power factor?
MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER
USING TWO C.T’S & ONE
WATTMETER
 MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER USING TWO C.T’S & ONE
WATTMETER

AIM: To measure the active power of a balanced load. Using single wattmeter and two
C.T’s.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Rating Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. I1 (A) I2 (A) I (A) V)V) W(W) WThe WPral.(W)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. By adjusting variac, applying 3 - φ voltage to the circuit.
3. Vary the load until the ammeter gives full scale deflection.
4. Read the ammeter in the C.C of wattmeter.
5. This wattmeter reading gives active power consumed by the load.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Avoid the parallax error.
3. Before switching ON check fuse ratings.
RESULTS:
Viva Questions:
1) How many types of powers are there?
2) What is the significance of CT?
3) Why you have to close the secondary of a C.T always?
4) What are the different errors in C.T’s?
5) What is the significance of multiplying factor in watt meters?
MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE POWER
 MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE POWER

AIM: Measuring reactive power of a 3 - φ circuit using single wattmeter.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. VL (V) IL (A) W (watt) √3 W √3 VLIL Sin φ

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Initially variac should be in minimum position .
3. Close the TPST switch on slowly vary the variac until voltmeter reads line voltage
of 415 V.
4. Now apply load in step – by – step until rated current recommended.
5. Note down the readings of Wattmeter, Voltmeter and Ammeter and tabulate.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be tight.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1) what is reactive power?
2) What are the different powers available?
3) What is the difference between balanced load & un balanced load?
MEASUREMENTS OF LOW RESISTANCE
BY KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE
 MEASUREMENTS OF LOW RESISTANCE BY KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

AIM: To determine the low resistance by Kelvin’s double bridge.

S.NO. ITEMS Qty Specifications

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Unknown Resistance – 1

P
S.NO. P/Q S(Ω) X= S
Q

Unknown Resistance – 2

P
S.NO. P/Q S(Ω) X= S
Q
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Across the terminal ‘R’ unknown resistance can be measured by ammeter.
3. The ratio P/ Q is adjusted to a particular value.
4. For this ratio, known resistance ‘S’ is varied until galvanometer shows null
deflection and obtain balance bridge conditions for different P/ Q ratio.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.
3. At balance condition galvanometer must read zero deflection.

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1) what are the advantages & disadvantages of Kelvin’s double bridge?
2) What is the extension in Kelvin’s double bridge?
3) What is the application of Kelvin’s double bridge?
MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE BY
SCHERING’S BRIDGE
 MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE BY
SCHERING’S BRIDGE
AIM: To determine the value of a given capacitor and to obtain for its dissipation factor.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. Apparatus required Range Type Qty

01
02
03
04

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SCHERING BRIDGE:-

230V
B
50Hz
R
S
100 Ohm - 10 Ohm

C D A

D
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. R2(Ω) C3 ( µ F) R1 (Ω) Cx = C3 (R1/ R2)

PRECEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit show.

2. Oscilloscope is connected across points B and D.
3. The bridge is balanced by adjusting C4 and R4.
4. The readings are tabulated and C1 & r1 are calculated.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid the loose connections.

2. The readings are taken without any parallax error.

RESULT: