ANNOUNCEMENT LECTURE 25: Spherical Refracting Surfaces

*Final: Thursday December 17, 2015, 1 PM– 3 PM

*Location: Lambert Fieldhouse
*Covers all readings, lectures, homework from Chapters
28.4 through 33.
*The exam will be multiple choice.
Be sure to bring your student ID card and a hand-written
one-page (two sided) crib sheet plus the crib sheets that
you prepared for exams 1 and 2.
NOTE THAT FEW EQUATIONS WILL BE GIVEN – YOU ARE REMINDED
THAT IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO CREATE WHATEVER TWO-SIDED
CRIB SHEET YOU WANT TO BRING TO THIS EXAM.

The equation sheet that will be given with the exam is

posted on the course homepage. Click on the link on the
11/30/15 left labeled “EquationSheet” 1

Previous Lecture: Geometric Optics Spherically Refracting Surfaces

In situations in which the length scales are >> than If the refracted ray is directed
the light’s wavelength, light propagates as rays toward the central axis, a real Real

incident reflected
image will form on that axis. O C I
ray ray n1 n2
1! r
Reflection: θ i = θ r
n1
r
2 n2 s s’
Refraction: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 refracted
ray
If the refracted ray is directed
If n1 > n2 then 2 > 1 Refracted ray bends away from normal away from the central axis, it Virtual
CANNOT form a real image.
O C
If n2 > n1 then 1 > 2
However, backward extension I
Refracted ray bends toward the normal n1 n2
of the ray can form a virtual s r
image. s’
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 Spherically Refracting Surfaces Spherically Refracting Surfaces

Real n2 > n 1 n2 > n 1

Virtual
O C I Bends toward normal Ray directed away from
n2
n1
Real image formed O C
central axis
I
r n1 n2
Virtual image formed
s s’

Real

n1 > n 2 n1 > n 2 Virtual

O C I
Bends away from normal n1 n2
Bends away from normal
C O I
and central axis n1
Real image formed r n2

s s’
Virtual image formed
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Summary: Spherically Refracting Surfaces Example: Mosquito in Amber

1.  Real Images form on the side of a refracting surface that is A mosquito is embedded in amber
opposite the object. with an index of refraction of 1.6. One
surface of the amber is spherically
2.  Virtual Images form on the same side as the object convex with a radius of curvature 3.0
mm. The mosquito head happens to
3.  For light rays making only small angles with the central axis:
be on the central axis of that surface,

n1 n2 n2 − n1
and when viewed along the axis
appears to be buried 5.0 mm into the
+ = amber. How deep is it really?

s s' r Draw a Picture

4.  When the object faces a convex refracting surface, the radius
of curvature is positive. Virtual

5.  When object faces a concave surface, radius of curvature is

negative. I O C
n1 n2

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 Example: Mosquito in Amber Thin Lenses

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Thin Lenses: Converging Lens Thin Lenses: Diverging Lens

f < 0 for virtual focal points
C2 F1 F2 C1

C1 F2 F1 C2

r2 f Extension
r1
f
r1 r2
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
= (n − 1) ⎜ − ⎟
f ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠
n − 1 > 0 because n glass > n air
r1 > 0 because object
facing convex surface
r2 < 0 because object
facing concave surface 11 12

3
 Images from Thin Lenses Images from Thin Lenses

O C1
I O
C2 F1
I
F1
f
r2 r1
f
s s’ s’

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Images from Thin Lenses Locating Images by Drawing Rays

1

O O F2
3
C1 F2 C2 F1 I
2

s’
r1
s r2
1.  Ray initially parallel to central axis will pass through F2.
2.  Ray passing through F1 will emerge parallel to the
central axis.
3.  Ray passing through center of lens will emerge with no
change in direction because the ray encounters the
two sides of the lens where they are almost parallel.
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4
 Locating Images by Drawing Rays Locating Images by Drawing Rays

2
1
I O
1 F2
F1 2
O
F2 I F1
3

1.  Ray initially parallel to central axis will pass through F2. 3

2.  Backward extension of ray 2 passes through F1

1.  Backward extension of ray 1 passes through F2
3.  Ray 3 passes through center of lens will emerge with
no change in direction. 2.  Extension of ray 2 passes through F1
3.  Ray 3 passes through center of lens will emerge with no
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Two Lens System Example: Two Lens System

Lens 1 Lens 2
Note: If image 1 is located beyond lens
2, s2 for lens 2 is negative. A seed is placed in front of two thin symmetrical coaxial
O
lenses (lens 1 & lens 2) with focal lengths f1=+24 cm & f2=
+9.0 cm, with a lens separation of L=10.0 cm. The seed is
6.0 cm from lens 1. Where is the image of the seed?
s1
1. Let s1 represent 1 1 1 Lens 1: 1 1 1
distance from object, O, = + = + s1 ' = −8.0cm
to lens 1. Find s1’ using: f1 s1 s1 ' f1 s1 s1 '
Image 1 is virtual.
1 1 1 Lens 2: Treat image 1 as O2 for lens 2. O2 is outside the focal
2. Ignore lens 1. Treat
Image 1 as O for lens 2.
= + point of lens 2. So, image 2 will be real & inverted on the other
f 2 s2 s2 ' side of lens 2.
Use s2 = s1’. s2 = L + s1 ' = 18cm
⎛ −s ' ⎞ ⎛ −s ' ⎞ 1 1 1 s2 ' = 18.0cm
3. Overall magnification:
M = m1m2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ = +
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⎝ s1 ⎠ ⎝ s2 ⎠ 19 11/30/15
f 2 s2 s2 ' Image 2 is real.
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Example Figure Table for Lenses
Lens 1 Lens 2

f1 O f2

Lens Type Object Image Location Image Image Sign of

Location Type Orientation f, s’, m
s1
L Converging Inside F Same side as object Virtual Same as object +, -, +

Converging Outside F Side of lens opposite Real Inverted +, +, -

the object
Diverging Anywhere Same side as object Virtual Same as object -, -, +

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