12-77 Steam is throttled from 4.5 MPa and 300°C to 2.5 MPa.

Estimate the temperature change of

the steam during this process and the average Joule-Thomson coefficient.
Analysis The enthalpy of steam at 4.5 MPa and T = 300°C is h = 2944.2 kJ/kg. Now consider a
throttling process from this state to 2.5 MPa. The temperature of the steam at the end of this throttling
process is
P=2.5 MPa
T2=273.72°C
h=2944.2 kJ/kg

Thus the temperature drop during this throttling process is

= ΔT=T2-T1= 273.72 − 300 = −26.28°C
The average Joule-Thomson coefficient for this process is determined from
∂T ΔT (273.72 − 300)°C
μ=( ) =( ) = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟒°𝐂/𝐌𝐏𝐚
∂P h ΔP h=3204.7 KJ/Kg (2.5 − 4.5)MPa

12-78 rigid tank contains 1.2 m3 of argon at 100°C and 1 MPa. Heat is now transferred to argon until
the temperature in the tank rises to 0°C. Using the generalized charts, determine (a) the mass of the
argon in the tank, (b) the final pressure, and (c) the heat transfer.
Analysis (a) The compressibility factor of argon at the initial state is
determined from the generalized chart to be
T1 173
TR1 = = = 1.146
Tcr 151
𝑍1 = 0.95 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍ℎ1 = 0.18
P1 1
PR1 = = = 0.206
Pcr 4.86

ZRT (0.95)(0.2081 KPa .m3 /kg.k) m3

Pv = ZRT v= P
= 1000 KPA
= 0.0342 kg

V 1.2 m3
m= = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟏 𝐤𝐠
v 0.0342 m3 /kg
(b) The specific volume of argon remains constant during this process, v2 = v1.thus
T1 273
TR1 = = = 1.808 𝑃𝑅2 = 3.15
Tcr 151
𝑍2 = 0.99
v2 0.0342 m3 /kg
vR1 = = = 5.29 𝑍ℎ2 ≅ 0
RTcr /Pcr (0.2081 KPa . m3 /kg. k) (151 k) (4860 kPa)

P2 = PR2 Pcr = (0.315)(4860) = 1531 kPa

(c) The energy balance relation for this closed system can be expressed as
Ein − Eout = ∆Esystem

Qin = ∆U = m(u2 − u1 )
Qin = m[h2 − h1 − (P2 v2 − P1 v1 )] = m[h2 − h1 − R(Z2 T2 − Z1 T1 )]
where

h2 − h1 = RTcr (Zh1 − Zh2 ) + (h2 − h1 )ideal

= (0.2081)(151)(0.18 − 0) + 0.5203(0 − (−100)) = 57.69 kJ/kg
Thus,
Qin = (35.1 kg ) [ 57.69 − (0.2081 kJ/kg ⋅ K)[(0.99)(273) − (0.95)(173)]K] = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐉

12-79 Argon enters a turbine at a specified state and leaves at another specified state. Power output
of the turbine and exergy destruction during this process are to be determined using the generalized
charts.
Properties The gas constant and critical properties of Argon are R = 0.2081 kJ/kg.K, Tcr = 151 K,
and Pcr = 4.86 MPa (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) The enthalpy and entropy departures of argon at the
specified states are determined from the generalized charts to be
T1 600
TR1 = = = 3.97
Tcr 151
𝑍ℎ1 ≅ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑠1 ≅ 0
P1 7
PR1 = = = 1.44
Pcr 4.86
Thus argon behaves as an ideal gas at turbine inlet. Also,
T2 280
TR2 = = = 1.85
Tcr 151
𝑍ℎ2 ≅ 0.04 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑠2 ≅ 0.02
P2 1
PR2 = = = 0.206
Pcr 4.86

h2 − h1 = RTcr (Zh1 − Zh2 ) + (h2 − h1 )ideal

= (0.2081)(151)(0 − 0.04) + 0.5203(280 − 600) = −167.8 kJ/kg
The power output of the turbine is to be determined from the energy balance equation

Eiṅ − Eout
̇ = ∆Ėsystem = 0 (steady) Eiṅ = Eout
̇

ṁ(h1 + V1 2 /2) = ṁ(h2 + V2 2 /2) + Q̇ out + Ẇout

V2 2 − V1 2
Ẇout = −ṁ [(h2 − h1 ) + ] − Q̇out
2

m 2 m 2 KJ
Kg (150 ) − (100 ) 1 Kg 60KJ
Ẇout = − (5 ) [−167.8 + s s ( )] − = 747.8 KW
s 2 m 2 s
1000 2
s

Siṅ − Sout
̇ + Sgen
̇ = ∆Ṡsystem = 0
 Q̇out Q̇ out
ṁs1 − ṁs2 − + Ṡgen = 0 Ṡgen = ṁ(s2 − s1 ) +
Tb,out T0
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from
its definition, Xdestroyed = T0 Ṡgen ,
Q ̇
Ẋdestroyed = T0 (ṁ(s2 − s1 ) + Tout)
0

Where, s2 − s1 = R(Zs1 − Zs2 ) + (s2 − s1 )ideal

T P 280 1
And, (s2 − s1 )ideal = cp ln T2 − R ln P2 = 0.5203ln 600 − 0.2081 ln 7 = 0.0084 KJ / Kg. k
1 1

Thus, s2 − s1 = R(Zs1 − Zs2 ) + (s2 − s1 )ideal =(0.2081)[0 − (0.02)]+ 0.0084 = 0.0042 kJ/kg ⋅ K
kg kJ 60 Kw
Substituting, Ẋ destroyed = (298 K) ((5 s ) (0.0042 kg ⋅ K) + 298 K ) = 66.3 KW