Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli, and

Energy Equations

5-1 Introduction
5-2 Conservation of Mass
5-3 Mechanical Energygy
5-4 General Energy Equation
5-5 Energy
gy Analysis
y of Steadyy Flows
5-6 The Bernoulli Equation

Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-1 Introduction

This chapter deals with 3 equations commonly

used in fluid mechanics
ti is
The mass equation
Th i an expression
i off the
th
conservation of mass principle.
The Bernoulli equation is concerned with the
conservation of kinetic, potential, and flow
energies of a fluid stream and their conversion to
each other.
The energy equation is a statement of the
conservation of energy principle.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (1)
Conservation of mass principle is one of the most
f d
fundamental l principles
i i l in i nature.
Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it
cannot be created or destroyed during a process
process.
For closed systems mass conservation is implicit since
the mass of the system remains constant during a
process.
For control volumes,, mass can cross the boundaries
which means that we must keep track of the amount
of mass entering and leaving the control volume.

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (2)
The amount of mass flowing
through a control surface per unit
time is called the mass flow rate
and is denoted m &
The dot over a symbol
y is used to
indicate time rate of change.
Flow rate across the entire cross-
sectional area of a pipe or duct is
obtained
bt i d bby iintegration
t ti

m& = ∫ δ m = ∫ ρVn dAc

Ac Ac
While this expression
p & is exact,,
for m
it is not always convenient for
engineering analyses.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (3)

Integral in m& can be replaced with

average values of ρ and Vn
1
Ac A∫c
Vavg = Vn dAc

For many flows variation of ρ is

very small: m & = ρVavg Ac
Volume flow rate V& is given by

V& = ∫ Vn dAc = Vavg Ac = VAc

Ac

Note: many textbooks use Q

instead of V& for volume flow rate.
Mass and volume flow rates are
related by m& = ρ V&
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (4)

The conservation of
mass principle can be
expressed as

dmCV
m& in − m& out =
dt
Where m & in and m& out are
th ttotal
the t l rates
t off mass
flow into and out of the
CV and dmCV/dt is the
CV,
rate of change of mass
within the CV.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (5)
For CV of arbitrary shape,
rate of change of mass within the CV
dmCV d
dt
= ∫
dt CV
ρ dV
net mass flow rate
r r
( )
m& nett = ∫ δ m& = ∫ ρVn dA = ∫ ρ V n dA
CS CS CS
Therefore, general conservation
of mass for a fixed CV is:
r r
d
∫
dt CV
(
ρ dV + ∫ ρ V n dA = 0 )
CS

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-2 Conservation of Mass (6)
For steady flow, the total
amount off mass contained
i d iin
CV is constant.
Total amount of mass entering
must be equal to total amount
of mass leaving
∑ m& = ∑ m&
in out
For incompressible flows,

∑V A = ∑V A
in
n n
out
n n

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-3 Mechanical Energy (1)
Mechanical energy can be defined as the form of
energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device
such as an ideal turbine.
Flow P/ρ, kinetic V2/g, and potential gz energy are the
forms of mechanical energy emech= P/ρ + V2/g + gz
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during
incompressible flow becomes
P2 − P1 V −V
2 2
Δemech = + 2
+ g ( z2 − z1 )
1
ρ 2
loses, Δemech represents the work
In the absence of loses
supplied to the fluid (Δemech>0) or extracted from the fluid
(Δemech<0).
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-3 Mechanical Energy (2)
Transfer of emech is usually accomplished by a rotating
shaft:
h f shaft
h f workk
Pump, fan, propulsion: receives shaft work (e.g., from
an electric motor) and transfers it to the fluid as
mechanical energy
Turbine: converts emech of a fluid to shaft work.
In the absence of irreversibilities (e.g., friction),
mechanical efficiency of a device or process can be
d fi d as
defined
Emech ,out Emech ,loss
η mech = =1−
Emech ,in Emech,in
If ηmech < 100%, losses have occurred during conversion.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-3 Mechanical Energy (3)
In fluid systems, we are usually interested in
increasing the pressure,
pressure velocity
velocity, and/or
elevation of a fluid.
In these cases, efficiency is better defined as
th ratio
the ti off ((supplied
li d or extracted
t t d work) k) vs. rate
t
of increase in mechanical energy
ΔE& mech , fluid
η pump =
W& shaft ,in

W&shaft ,out
ηturbine =
ΔE& mech , fluid
Overall efficiency must include motor or
generator efficiency.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (1)

One of the most fundamental laws in nature is the 1st

law of thermodynamics, which is also known as the
conservation of energy principle.
It states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms

Falling g rock,, p
picks up
p speed
p
as PE is converted to KE.
If air resistance is neglected
neglected,
PE + KE = constant
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (2)
The energy content of a closed
system can be changed by two
mechanisms: heat transfer Q and
work transfer W.
Conservation of energy
gy for a closed
system can be expressed in rate
form as
& & dEsys
Qnet ,in + Wnet ,in =
dt
Net rate of heat transfer to the
system:
Q& net ,in = Q& in − Q& out
Net p
power input
p to the system:
y
W&net ,in = W&in − W&out
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (3)

Recall general RTT

r r
( )
dBsys d
= ∫ ρ bdV + ∫ ρ b Vr n dA
ddt ddt CV CS

“Derive” energy
gy equation
q using
g B=E and b=e
r r
( )
dEsys d
= Q& net ,in + W&net ,in = ∫ ρ edV + ∫ ρ e Vr n dA
d
dt dt
d CV CS

Break power into rate of shaft and pressure work

r r
W&net ,in = W&shaft ,net ,in + W& pressure ,net ,in (
= W&shaft ,net ,in − ∫ P V n dA)
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (4)
Where does expression for pressure work
come from?
When piston moves down ds under the
influence of F=PA, the work done on the
system
t i δWboundary=PAds.
is PAd
If we divide both sides by dt, we have
ds
δ W& pressure = δ W&boundary = PA = PAV piston
dt
For generalized control volumes:
r r
&
δ W pressure = − PdAVn = − PdA V ⋅ n ( )
Note sign conventions:
r
n is outward pointing normal
Negative sign ensures that work done is
positive when is done on the system.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (5)

Moving
g integral
g for rate of p
pressure work
to RHS of energy equation results in:

⎛ ⎞ r r
Qnet ,in + Wshaftf ,net ,in =
d
∫ ρ edV&+
∫ ⎜
P
ρ
(
+ e ⎟ e Vr ⋅ n dA )
CS ⎝ ⎠
dt CV

Recall that P/ρ is the flow work, which is

the work associated with pushing a fluid
into or out of a CV per unit mass.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-4 General Energy Equation (6)

As with the mass equation,

q , practical
p analysis
y is
often facilitated as averages across inlets and
exits
d & + ∑ m& ⎛ P + e ⎞ − ∑ m& ⎛ P + e ⎞
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in = ∫
dt CV
ρ edV
out
⎜ρ
⎝
⎟
⎠ in ⎝
⎜ρ ⎟
⎠
r r
m= ∫ (
AC
ρ V ⋅ n dAc )
Since e=u+ke+pe = u+V2/2+gz

d & + ∑ m& ⎛ P V 2
⎞ ⎛ P V 2
⎞
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in = ∫ ρ edV ⎜ + u + + gz ⎟ ∑ ⎜
− m& + u + + gz ⎟
dt CV out ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠ in ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
5-5 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows (1)

⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in = ∑ m& ⎜ h + + gz ⎟ − ∑ m& ⎜ h + + gz ⎟
out ⎝ 2 ⎠ in ⎝ 2 ⎠

For steady flow, time rate of change of the

energy content of the CV is zero.
This equation states: the net rate of energy
transfer to a CV by heat and work transfers
during steady flow is equal to the difference
between the rates of outgoing and incoming
energ flo
energy flowss with
ith mass
mass.

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
5-5 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows (2)

For single-stream
g
devices, mass flow rate
is constant.

V22 − V12
qnet ,in + wshaft ,net ,in = h2 − h1 + + g ( z2 − z1 )
2
P1 V12 P2 V22
wshaft ,net ,in + + + gz1 = + + gz2 + ( u2 − u1 − qnet ,in )
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + gz1 + wpump = + + gz2 + wturbine + emech ,loss
ρ1 2 ρ2 2

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
5-5 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows (3)

Divide by g to get each term in units of length

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturbine + hL
ρ1 g 2 g ρ2 g 2 g
Magnitude of each term is now expressed as an
equivalent column height of fluid
fluid, ii.e.,
e Head

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (1)
If we neglect piping losses, and
have a system
y without pumps
p p or ŠEach term has the units of length g and
turbines represents a certain type of head.
ŠThe elevation term, z, is related to the
potential energy of the particle and is
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 called elevation head.
ρ1 g 2 g ρ2 g 2 g Š p/γ, is the pressure head and represents
the height of a column of the fluid that is
needed to produce the pressure p.
ŠV2/2g ,is the velocity head and represents
Thi is
This i the
th Bernoulli
B lli equation
ti the vertical distance for the fluid to fall
freely (neglecting friction) if it is to reach
It can also be derived using
velocity V from rest.
Newton'ss second law of motion
Newton
(see text, p. 187).
3 terms correspond to: pressure,
velocity, and elevation head. 5-20

Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (2)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (3)
2 2
P1 V1 P V
+ + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (4)
‰ Static,Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressure

V2
P+ρ + ρgz = constant (kPa)
2

V2
Pstag = P+ρ (kPa)
2

2(Pstag − P)
V=
ρ

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (5)
It is often convenient
t plot
to l t mechanical
h i l
energy graphically
using
i h heights.
i ht
Hydraulic Grade Line
P
HGL = +z
ρg
Energy Grade Line
(or total energy)
P V2
EGL = + +z
ρ g 2g 5-24

Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (6)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (7)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (8)

The Bernoulli equation

is an approximate relation
between pressure,
l it and
velocity, d elevation
l ti
and is valid in regions of
steady incompressible
steady,
flow where net frictional
forces are negligible.
Equation is useful in flow
regions outside of
boundary layers and
wakes.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (9)

Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation

q
Steady flow: d/dt = 0
Frictionless flow
No shaft work: wpump=wturbine=0
Incompressible flow: ρ = constant
No heat transfer: qnet,in=0
Applied along a streamline (except for irrotational
flow)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (10)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (11)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (12)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (13)

mech in = emech,
emech, mech out + emech,
mech loss

2 2
P1 V1 P V
+ + z1 + hpump,u = 2 + 2 + z 2 + hturbine + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (14)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (15)

Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation

q
Applying Newton’s second law (which is
referred
f d to
t as the
th conservation
ti off linear
li
momentum relation in fluid mechanics) in the
di ti on a particle
s-direction ti l moving
i along
l a
streamline gives

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (16)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations
 5-6 The Bernoulli Equation (17)

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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli,

Y.C. Shih February 2011 and Energy Equations