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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6gu7bzvMqQ
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Topics:
• Introduction
• Main Principles of Static's
Stress
• Normal Stress
• Shear Stress
• Bearing Stress
• Thermal Stress
Mechanics : The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them
Dynamics :
Mechanics of Materials :
1. Kinematics – concerned
The study of the relationships
with the geometric aspects
between the external loads
of the motion
applied to a deformable body and
2. Kinetics – concerned
the intensity of internal forces
with the forces causing the
acting within the body.
motion.
1.1 Introduction 4
- A load may be define as the combined effect of external force
acting on the body.
Point Load:
A point load or concentrated load is one which is considered to act
at a point. In actual practice, the load has to be distributed over
small area, because such small knife-edge contacts are generally
neither possible nor desirable.
Distributed Load:
A distributed load is one which is distributed or spread in some
manner over the length of the beam. If the spread is uniform (i.e.
at the uniform rate, say w kN or N/meter run ) it is said to be
uniformly distributed load and is abbreviated as UDL. If the
spread is not at uniform rate, it is said to be non-uniformly
distributed load. Triangular and trapezoidally distributed loads
fall under this category.
Figure
Free body
diagram w kN
(FBD) w kN/m w kN/m
Axial Load
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Allowable Stress
Deformation of Structural under Axial Load
Statically indeterminate problem
Thermal Stress
Mechanics of material is a study of the relationship
between the external loads applied to a deformable body
and the intensity of internal forces acting within the
body.
ε = ΔL / L
1.1 Introduction 10
Normal Stress,
the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
normal to A
= P / A
(a)
P A
P
A
σ = average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
norm alstrain
L
* L=
Example 1.4:
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of
length L=0.600m and uniform cross section
which undergoes a deformation =15010-6m.
6
150 10 m 6
250 10 m / m
L 0.600m
6
250 10 @ 250
Example 1.5 :
A steel rod 20 mm diameter and 4 m
long is subjected to an axial pull of 40
kN. It is extended by 2.55 mm. if the
loading has within limits of the material,
find:
i.Stress; and
ii.Strain
Solution :
Diameter of steel rod, d = 20 mm @ 0.02 m
Length, l =4m
Pressure, P = 40 kN
Extension, dl = 2.55 mm
i) Stress ii) Strain, e
Using the relation,
P l
A
e
l
40 10 3 N 2.55
0.02 4 1000
2
4
0.0006375
127323 kN / m 2
Tensile test is an experiment to determine
the load-deformation behavior of the
material.
Data from tensile test can be plot into stress
and strain diagram.
Example of test specimen
- note the dog-bone geometry
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Universal Testing Machine - equipment used
to subject a specimen to tension,
compression, bending, etc. loads and
measure its response
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Stress-Strain Diagrams
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Stress-Strain Diagrams
Point C to D
Point D to E
At point E
True stress is calculated using the actual cross sectional area at the
instant the load is measured.
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Some of the materials like aluminum (ductile), does not have clear
yield point likes structural steel. Therefore, stress value called the
offset yield stress, YL is used in line of a yield point stress.
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Brittle material such as ceramic and glass have low tensile
stress value but high in compressive stress. Stress-strain
diagram for brittle material.
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Elasticity refers to the property of a material such that
it returns to its original dimensions after unloading.
Any material which deforms when subjected to load
and returns to its original dimensions when unloaded
is said to be elastic.
If the stress is proportional to the strain, the material
is said to be linear elastic, otherwise it is non-linear
elastic.
Beyond the elastic limit, some residual strain or
permanent strains will remain in the material upon
unloading.
The residual elongation corresponding to the
permanent strain is called the permanent set .
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• The amount of strain which is recovered upon unloading is
called the elastic recovery.
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When an elastic, homogenous and isotropic material
is subjected to uniform tension, it stretches axially
but contracts laterally along its entire length.
Similarly, if the material is subjected to axial
compression, it shortens axially but bulges out
laterally (sideways).
The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain is a constant
known as the Poisson's ratio,
v
lateral
axial
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109.7 MPa
a 0.00053
E 207 x103 MPa
Lateral strain,
l ( a ) 0.29(0.00053)
0.000154
d l ( D) (0.000154)(10)
0.00154cm
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Exercises 1
1. A steel pipe of length L=1.2 m, outside diameter d2=150mm and
inside diameter d1=110mm is compressed by an axial force P=
620kN.The material has modulus of elasticity E= 200GPa and
Poisson’s Ratio v = 0.30.Determine :
a) the shortening, δ (ans: -0.455 mm)
b) the lateral strain,ε lateral (ans: 113.9x10-6)
c) the increase ∆d2 in the outer diameter and the increase ∆d1 in
the inner diameter
(ans: 0.0171 mm and 0.0125mm)
d) the increase ∆t in the wall thickness
(ans: 0.00228 mm)
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2. A hollow circular post ABC as shown in Figure 2 supports a load
P1=7.5 kN acting at the top. A second load P2 is uniformly
distributed around the cap plate at B. The diameters and
thicknesses of the upper and lower parts of the post are dAB=32
mm, tAB= 12mm, dBC 57 mm and tBC=9mm, respectively.
a) Calculate the normal stress, σAB in the upper part
of the post. (ans: 9.95 MPa)
b) If it is desired that the lower part of the post
have the same compressive stress as the upper
part, what should be the magnitude of the load P2?
(ans : P2=6kN)
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3. A standard tension test is used to determine the
properties of an experimental plastic. The test
specimen is a 15 mm diameter rod and it is
subjected to a 3.5 kN tensile force. Knowing that an
elongation of 11 mm and a decrease in diameter of
0.62 mm are observed in a 120 mm gage length.
Determine the modulus of elastics, the modulus of
rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio of the material.
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A force acting parallel or tangential to a section taken
through a material (i.e. in the plane of the material) is called a
shear force
The shear force intensity, i.e. shear force divided by the area
over which it acts, is called the average shear stress,
= shear stress
V
V = shear force
A A = cross-sectional area
Shear stress arises as a result of the direct action of forces
trying to cut through a material, it is known as direct shear
force
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Depending on the type of connection, a connecting
element (bolt, rivet, pin) may be subjected to single
shear or double shear as shown.
Rivet in Single Shear
V P
A d2
4
Rivet in Double Shear
V P 2P
A d2 d 2
2( ) 42
4
Single Shear Double Shear
P F
ave P F
A A ave
A 2A
The effect of shear stress is to distort the shape of a
body by inducing shear strains
The shear strain, is a measure of the angular
distortion of the body.
x V
L
x
L (units: degrees, radians)
distort = herot 44
Bearing stress is also known as a contact stress
Bearing stress in shaft key;
P M r 2M
b
Ab (h 2) L rhL
P
b
td
45
Solution :
502.7 mm2
502.7 mm2
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It also known as Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the
Modulus of Rigidity.
Value of shear modulus can be obtained from the linear
region of shear stress-strain diagram.
G Unit : Pascal or Pa or
N/m2
E
G
2(1 )
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Because of the change in the dimensions of a body
as a result of tension or compression, the volume of
the body also changes within the elastic limit.
Consider a rectangular parallel piped having sides a,
b and c in the x, y and z directions, respectively.
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The tensile force P causes an axial elongation of a
and lateral contractions of b and c in the x, y, and
z directions respectively. Hence,
Initial
body
Change in volume,
V = Final Volume - Initial Volume
= abc(1 + - 2 ) - abc
= abc(1 + - 2 - 1)
= abc( - 2 )
= Vo (1 - 2 )
Hence,
V
(1 2 )
Vo
(1 2 )
E
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Isotropic material is subjected to general triaxial
stress x, y and z.
Since all strain satisfy << 1, so v = x + y + z
x =
1
E
x ( y z )
y = 1
y ( x z )
E
z = 1
z ( x y )
E
1 2
v ( x y z )
E
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Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully support.
(maximum load)
F fa il
FS
Fa llo w
yield
a llo w
yield
or a llo w
FS FS
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If a bar is fixed at both ends, as shown in
fig. (a), two unknown axial reactions
occurs, and the force equilibrium equation
becomes; F 0;
y
FB FA P 0
• In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
• the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence; A / B 0
B / A 0.001m
A B 0.001m
FA L AC FB L CB
0.001m
AE AE
FA (0.4m ) FB(0.8m )
0.001m
0.0025m 2 200 109 Nm 2 0.0025m 2 200 109 Nm 2
or
FA (0.4m ) FB (0.8m ) 3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq ( 2)
FA (0.4m ) ( 20, 000N FA )(0.8m ) 3927.0N
FA 16.6kN
FB 3.39kN
A change in temperature can cause material to change its
dimensions.
If the temperature increases, generally a material expands, whereas if
the temperature decreases, the material will contract.
If this is the case, and the material is homogenous and isotropic, it
has been found from experiment that the deformation of a member
having a length L can be calculated using the formula;
T=(T)L
where
Given: =12x10-6/C
Solution:
FY 0
FA FB F
F(1)
3.6 104
0.012 ( 200 109 )
F 3.6 104 0.012 ( 200 109 )
7.2kN
F 7.2kN
; 72 MPa
A 0.012