Lesson Plan

Lesson: Non-Ideal Solutions

Aim :

To study non-ideal solutions.

Learning Outcomes :

By the end of the lesson, students will be able to describe the behaviour of non-ideal
solutions which show positive or negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Assumed prior knowledge :

Students should already be familiar with :

1. the different types of intermolecular forces.

2. the behaviour and properties of ideal solutions.

3. Raoult’s law.

Underlying Principles

1. Making the invisible, visible.

2. Enabling students to know what to look for.

Time taken to complete the activities : 80 minutes

Differentiation

Questions in the student notes are designed to enable all students to complete the activity.
The pop-up answers are provided for the students to view when they have considered their
responses. Worksheet questions include questions that require recall, understanding and
application of the new concepts learned.

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Development of Lesson :

No. Steps Strategy Resources

1 Set Induction. • Teacher to quiz students to ensure that
(Ascertaining prior they have the background knowledge.
knowledge and
introducing lesson Teacher to point out lesson objectives for
topic for the day). the day.

2 Student Activity Teacher to go through Activities 1 - 3 • Courseware

with the students.

• Activity 1 : Positive deviation

Students get to view the temperature and

volume changes when a non-ideal
solution which shows positive deviation
from Raoult’s law is formed. They also get
to see how the vapour pressure curve of
such a solution differs from that of an
ideal solution.

• Activity 2 : Negative deviation

Students get to investigate the behaviour

of a non-ideal solution which exhibits
negative deviation from Raoult’s law in
exactly the same manner as in Activity 2.

• Activity 3 : Fractional distillation of

non-ideal solutions

Students are shown how the composition

of a mixture of a non-ideal solution varies
during fractional distillation.

3 Evaluation • Students to answer questions in the • Worksheet

student worksheet on their own.

4 Extension activity • Students to go through the extension • Websites

activities on their own. • Reference
books.

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Worksheet answers

3. Fractional distillation of non-ideal solutions

3.1 The pair of liquids shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law
because the intermolecular forces in the mixture of these two liquids is different from
those in the pure liquids. Butanone and trichloromethane form strong hydrogen bonds
with each other. As a result, the molecules have less tendency to vapourise and the
total vapour pressure of the mixture is less than that calculated by using Raoult’s law.

Cl
CH3

C=O H C Cl

CH2
Cl

hydrogen bonding

3.2 a.

74

72 vapour
Temperature/ oC

liquid
70

68

66

64
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of X

b. The solution is not an ideal solution. It shows a negative deviation from

Raoult’s law.

c. When P and Q are mixed, there is a negative enthalpy change

(i.e. the reaction is exothermic) and a decrease in volume.

d. 0.4 mole fraction of P.

© 2003 Ministry of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 4

3.3 a.

102

100

98
97.2
96
Temperature/oC

vapour
94

92

90 liquid

88
88.1

86

84
0.43
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of propan-1-ol

b. When propan-1-ol and water are mixed, there is a positive enthalpy change
(i.e. the reaction is endothermic) and an increase in volume.

3.4 a. 92 oC.

b. An azeotropic mixture is a mixture which has a fixed composition and a

constant boiling point. It produces a vapour that has the same composition as
the liquid at its boiling point.

c. i. 0.7 mole fraction of A and 0.3 mole fraction of B

ii. 0.7 mole fraction of A and 0.3 mole fraction of B.

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