4.

Using the electromagnetic spectrum, select a frequency used in medical treatment and
explain how it is used and select a frequency used in wireless transmission and explain
its application.

Rayos x

A class of electromagnetic spectrum are x-rays whose wavelength (λ) is in the range of 10
nanometers to 100 picometers (10-8 to 10-11 cm) and energies between 200 and 100,000 eV.
It is a form of ionizing radiation, so it can be dangerous. X-ray photographs or radiographs and
fluoroscopy are widely used in medicine as diagnostic tools. In radiotherapy, x-rays are used to
treat certain diseases, particularly cancer, exposing tumors to radiation.

Radio

The radio is a wireless medium that transfers data through low frequency electromagnetic
waves to distant places by an electrical conductor and an antenna. The transmission frequency
- or travel speed and data processing - for information transmitted through a radio system
ranges from 10 kilohertz (kHz) to 1 gigahertz (GHz). Sometimes, electromagnetic waves have
interference in case of obstructions such as mountains or in reception locations very far from
the radio signal. Thus, in these circumstances, the frequency is disabled

5. Define the following concepts and give an example of a practical application where
they are used:

- Power loss
- Coupled transmission lines
- Load impedance
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Loss tangent

POWER LOSS
The attenuation is described mathematically by the law of the inverse square which describes
how the power density is reduced with the distance to the source. The continuous
electromagnetic field is dispersed as the wave front moves away from the source, which causes
the electromagnetic waves to move further and further away from each other, consequently, the
number of waves per unit area is smaller.

IMPEDANCE OF LOAD
Component that demands current or power from an electrical circuit. Normally it is located in
parallel with the output terminal of the circuit, so the load impedance is in parallel with the output
impedance of the circuit, changing the voltage and current values supplied. The lower the value
of the load impedance, the higher the current demand of the electrical circuit, bringing it to its
maximum operating capacity. Therefore, the impedance adjustment is recommended for the
proper operation of the circuit. If the load impedance is equal to the output impedance, an
Impedance Coupling is presented, so the current transfer is maximum and equal for both
elements.

REFRACTION
Refraction is the change of direction and speed that a wave experiences when passing from
one medium to another with different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave strikes obliquely
on the separation surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices. The
refraction originates in the change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.
An example of this phenomenon is seen in radio waves, refraction is especially important in the
ionosphere, in which a continuous series of refractions are produced that allow radio waves to
travel from one point on the planet to another.

REFLECTION
Reflection is the change of direction of a wave, which, when coming into contact with the
surface of separation between two changing media, returns to the point where it originated.
Common examples are the reflection of light, sound and waves in the water.

TANGENT OF LOSSES
It is the measure of the state of an insulation, also called a dissipation factor and is a measure
of the dielectric loss of a solid or liquid insulator, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation
and the conditions of it