Calgary BFA Design Guidelines

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ACCESSIBILITY THE CITY OF CALGARY 2002

PUBLISHING INFORMATION
TITLE: ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES
AUTHOR: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ACCESSIBILITY (ACA)
PRINTING DATE: JANUARY 2002
ADDITIONAL COPIES: THE CITY OF CALGARY (#8115)

LAND USE AND MOBILITY
PLANNING AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY INFORMATION CENTRE
4TH FLOOR, 800 McLEOD TRAIL SE
P.O. BOX 2100, STATION “M”
CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 2M5
(403) 268-5333
THIS DOCUMENT IS INTENDED TO SUPPLEMENT SECTION 3.8 OF THE

ALBERTA BUILDING CODE 1997. REFERENCE MUST BE MADE TO THE
CODE FOR ALL MANDATORY PROVISIONS.
INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge with thanks the quotation of excerpts (with permission) from the Alberta Building Code 1997.
We also acknowledge with thanks the following individuals who contributed to the preparation of these guidelines:
Siri Tillekeratne, P.Eng., Building Codes Officer, City of Calgary, Building Regulations Division
Linnie C.L. Tse, M.E.Des., Designs For Living
Roger Woodgate, representing the interests of people with visual impairments
Peng Peng, M.E.Des., Research Assistant, Department of Environmental Design, University of Calgary
Jeanette Grindle, Carol Ayn Crowley, and Kim Hathaway, City of Calgary, Land Use and Mobility
Mr. Peng’s summer employment was made possible by a grant from the City of Calgary, Development and Building Approvals.
ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES i

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Today people with disabilities are in the mainstream of society. A society in which the opportunities are the same for everyone is
enriched by the diversity of its active and contributing members. Therefore a well-designed environment which is safe,
convenient, comfortable, and readily accessible benefits everyone. Design solutions that also respond to the climatic variations
in a winter city like Calgary increase and enhance the accessibility to the outdoors throughout the year.
The City of Calgary wishes to set an example by creating a more liveable and accessible city. To this end, it established the
Advisory Committee on Accessibility (ACA) and published these Guidelines.
The Advisory Committee on Accessibility, consisting of members with disabilities or representing such groups from the community
and City of Calgary business unit representatives, was established by the City Council to improve access to buildings and other
services. The terms of reference of the ACA are:
To review and make recommendations to City Council through the Standing Policy Committee on Community and Protective
Services on policy issues, the accessibility of municipal properties, information and services for people with diabilities, and to be a
resource to City Council and City Administration in addressing accessibility issues.
ii ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

INTRODUCTION
ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

This document gives guidelines for accessibility. It is designed both as a working tool to provide a common point of reference
and as a means to increase the awareness of the needs of people with disabilities and the elderly. It is anticipated that design
professionals, the building industry, government, and the community as a whole will take these guidelines and implement them.
Formulation of the Guidelines has been based primarily on:
1. Experience and knowledge of people with disabilities from the community;
2. Expertise acquired by City of Calgary business units through planning and review of major projects; and
3. Documentation of standards/guidelines by other authorities, provinces and countries.
FORMAT OF THE GUIDELINES
This document consists of six chapters: General Design Considerations, Vehicular Access, Circulation, Public Facilities,
Communication and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The chapters are divided into sections, each
having the following structure:
1. A statement of the principle/rationale behind making a particular area accessible;
2. Requirements in Section 3.8 of the Alberta Building Code (ABC) 1997, Barrier-Free Design, in relation to each specific
area of concern;
3. Comments on any deficiencies or possible improvements to existing regulations; and
4. Proposals to improve access.
ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. I
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................... II
ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................................................. III
A. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................... 3
A.1 BARRIER-FREE PATH OF TRAVEL ................................................................................................................................. 3

A.1.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
A.1.2 Existing Regulations ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
A.1.2.1 Barrier-Free Path of Travel ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
A.1.2.2 Areas Requiring Barrier-Free Access .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
A.1.3 Comments ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6
A.1.4 Proposed Guidelines ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
A.2 GROUND, FLOOR AND WALL SURFACES .................................................................................................................... 7

A.2.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
A.2.2 Existing Regulations ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
A.2.3 Comments ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
A.2.4 Proposed Guidelines ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
A.2.4.1 General Considerations .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
A.2.4.2 Ground and Floor Surfaces ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
A.2.4.3 Wall Surfaces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
A.3 ILLUMINATION AND ACOUSTICS ................................................................................................................................. 10

A.3.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
A.3.2 Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
A.3.2.1 Minimum Lighting Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
A.3.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A.3.4. Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

A.3.4.1 Illumination ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
A.3.4.2 Acoustics ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
A.4 LOCATION OF CONTROLS, DISPENSERSAND RECEPTACLES.............................................................................. 12

A.4.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
A.4.2. Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
A.4.3. Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
A.4.4 Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
A.4.4.1 Safety and Emergency Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
A.4.4.2 Automatic Door Controls .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
A.4.4.3 Lighting Fixtures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
A.4.4.4 Electrical Outlets ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
A.4.4.5 Thermostats .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
A.4.4.6 Breaker Panels .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
A.4.4.7 Washroom Fixtures ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
B. VEHICULAR ACCESS .................................................................................................................................................17
B.1 PARKING .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17

B.1.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
B.1.2 Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
B.1.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
B.1.4 Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
B.1.4.1 Signage ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
B.1.4.2 Ratio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
B.1.4.3 Specifications ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
B.1.4.4 Parkades ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
B.1.4.5 Street Parking ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
B.1.4.6 Winter Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
B.2 LAY-BYS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22

B.2.2 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
B.3 LIGHT TRAIL TRANSIT (LRT)........................................................................................................................................ 23

B.3.2 Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
B.3.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
B.3.4.1 Ramps ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
B.3.4.2 Handrails and Guards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
B.3.4.3 Public Telephones ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
B.3.4.4 Elevators ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
B.3.4.5 Doors and Doorways ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
B.3.4.6 Announcements ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
B.3.4.7 Transit Shelters .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
C. CIRCULATION ...............................................................................................................................................................29
C.1 EXTERIOR WALKWAYS ................................................................................................................................................. 29

C.1.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
C.1.2 Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
C.1.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 30
C.1.4 Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
C.1.4.1 Pathways ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
C.1.4.2 Sidewalks ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
C.2 SIDEWALK CURB CUTS................................................................................................................................................ 32

C.2.2 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
C.2.3.1 Specifications ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
C.2.3.2 Location and its Factors ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
C.3 RAMPS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 34

C.3.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
C.4 HANDRAILS AND GUARDS ........................................................................................................................................... 37

C.4.2.1 Handrails ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
C.4.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
C.5 STAIRS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40

C.5.2.1 Protecting Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
C.5.2.2 Tactile Warning Strip ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
C.5.2.3 Slip Resistance of Stairs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
C.5.2.4 Minimum Number of Risers ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
C.5.2.5 Landings .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
C.5.2.6 Treads and Risers ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
C.5.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
C.5.4.1 Specifications for Both Interior and Exterior Stairs ................................................................................................................................................................... 44
C.6 BUILDING ENTRANCES ................................................................................................................................................. 45

C.6.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
C.7 DOORS AND DOORWAYS .............................................................................................................................................. 47

C.7.2.1 Doors and Door Hardware ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
C.7.2.1 Exit Doors ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
C.7.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 50
C.7.4.1 Specifications for People with Visual Impairments .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
C.7.4.2 Door Openers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
C.7.4.3 Kick Plates ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
C.7.4.4 Entrances and Gates .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
C.8 INTERIOR CORRIDORS ................................................................................................................................................. 52

C.8.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 53
C.9 ELEVATORS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54

C.9.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
C.9.4.1 Clear Space .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
C.9.4.2 Door Closure .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
C.9.4.3 Hall Buttons .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
C.9.4.4 Verbal Annunciators ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
C.9.4.5 Exterior Elevators .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
C.10 +15 SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................................... 58

C.10.2.1 Width of Bridges and Walkways ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
C.10.2.2 Ramps/Elevators ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
C.10.2.3 Floor Surfaces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
C.10.2.4 Stairs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
C.10.2.5 Access/Doors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59
C.10.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
C.11 EMERGENCY EGRESS .................................................................................................................................................. 60

C.11.2.1 Audibility of Alarm Systems ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
C.11.2.2 Visual Signals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
C.11.2.3 Manual Pull Stations ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
C.11.2.4 Voice Communication Systems (Required for Buildings Coming Under Article 3.2.6.8) .................................................................................................. 62
C.11.2.5 Protection on Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel ................................................................................................................................................ 62
C.11.2.6 Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3.3.1.7....................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
C.11.2.7 Location of Exits ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
C.11.2.8 Horizontal Exits .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64

C.11.2.9 Doors ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
C.11.2.10 Door Release Hardware ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
C.11.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
C.11.4.1 Visual Alarms .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
C.11.4.2 Tactile Strip on Exit Door .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
C.11.4.3 Areas of Refuge ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
C.11.4.4 Emergency Evacuation Chair ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES .....................................................................................................................................................71
D.1 WASHROOMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 71

D.1.1 Principle/Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 71
D.1.2 Existing Regulations .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
D.1.2.1 Barrier-Free Washrooms .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
D.1.2.2 Water Closet Stalls ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 72
D.1.2.3 Water Closets and Urinals ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
D.1.2.4 Urinals ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
D.1.2.5 Lavatories ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
D.1.2.6 Special Washrooms (containing one toilet and one lavatory) ................................................................................................................................................ 78
D.1.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 79
D.1.4 Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
D.1.4.1 Entrances ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
D.1.4.2 Locking Devices ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
D.1.4.3 Water Closet Stall Doors .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
D.1.4.4 Width and Depth of Water Closet Stalls .................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
D.1.4.5 Lavatory Knee Space .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
D.1.4.6 Counter Space in Individual Washrooms .................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
D.2 SHOWER ROOMS........................................................................................................................................................... 81

D.2.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 83
D.2.4.1 Shower Fixtures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
D.2.4.2 Common Showers ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
D.2.4.3 Individual Change/Shower Room ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
D.3 TICKET COUNTERSAND SERVICE COUNTERS ........................................................................................................ 84

D.3.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 84
D.3.4.1 Counters .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
D.3.4.2 Cafeterias ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 85
D.4 INTERIOR SEATING IN PUBLIC FACILITIES ................................................................................................................ 85

D.4.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 87
D.5 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SITE FURNITUREAND FIXTURES ................................................................................. 88

D.5.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 89
D.5.4.1 Drinking Fountains ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 90
D.5.4.2 Permanent Barriers ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
D.5.4.3 Overhead Signs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 90
D.5.4.4 Automated Teller Machines .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
D.5.4.5 Benches .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
D.5.4.6 Picnic Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
D.5.4.7 Trash Containers ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
D.6 PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS ........................................................................................................................................ 92

D.6.2.1 Exterior Walks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 92
D.6.3 Comments .......................................................................................................................................................................... 93
D.7 RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL CENTRES .............................................................................................................. 94

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

D.7.3.1 Swimming Pools ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
D.7.3.2 Ice Rink/Exercise Areas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
D.7.3.3 Exhibitions ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98
E. COMMUNICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................101
E.1 PUBLIC TELEPHONES................................................................................................................................................. 101

E.1.1 Principle/Rationale ........................................................................................................................................................... 101
E.1.2 Existing Regulations ........................................................................................................................................................ 101
E.1.3 Comments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 102
E.1.4 Proposed Guidelines ........................................................................................................................................................ 102
E.2 ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES................................................................................................................................ 103

E.2.3 Comments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 103
E.2.4.1 Induction Loops ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
E.2.4.2 FM Radio Frequency Systems ..................................................................................................................................................................................................104
E.2.4.3 Infrared Systems ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
E.3 SIGNAGE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 104

E.3.2.1 International Symbol ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
E.3.2.2 Floor Numbering ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
E.3.3 Comments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 106
E.3.4.1 Lettering and Numbers ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................107
E.3.4.2 Location of Signs .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
E.3.4.3 Building Directional Maps ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................108
E.4 AUDIBLE PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SIGNALS.............................................................................................................. 108

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
E.4.3 Comments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 108

E.5 DETECTABLE WARNING SURFACES ........................................................................................................................ 109

E.5.3 Comments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 110
F. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED).....................................................115
F.1 CPTED ............................................................................................................................................................................ 115

F.1.1 Principle/Rationale ........................................................................................................................................................... 115
F.1.2 Natural Access Control ..................................................................................................................................................... 115
F.1.2.1 Natural Strategies ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 115
F.1.3 Natural Surveillance ......................................................................................................................................................... 115
F.1.3.1 Organised Strategies .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 116
F.1.4 Territorial Behaviour ......................................................................................................................................................... 116
F.1.4.1 Mechanical Strategies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 116
F.1.5 CPTED Strategies ............................................................................................................................................................. 116
GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................................................................119
xii ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

A. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES 1

GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
A. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERA TIONS
A.1 BARRIER-FREE PATH OF TRAVEL
A.1.1 Principle/Rationale
Barrier-free pathways allow the movement of people by removing or

minimizing obstructions and hazards.
A.1.2 Existing Regulations
A.1.2.1 Barrier-Free Path of Travel
Alberta Building Code 1997 3.8.1.3.
“1) Except as permitted in Subsection 3.8.3., every barrier-free path

of travel shall provide an unobstructed width of not less than
920 mm for the passage of persons using wheelchairs.”
“1)f) Exterior walks that form part of a barrier-free path of travel shall be
free from obstructions for the full width of the walk to a minimum
height of 1 980 mm, except that handrails are permitted to project
not more than 100 mm from either or both sides into the clear
area.”
“3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), obstructions located within

1 980 mm of the floor shall not project more than 100 mm
horizontally into exit passageways, a public corridor, a corridor
used by the public or a corridor serving classrooms or patients’
sleeping rooms in a manner that would create a hazard for visually
impaired persons travelling adjacent to walls.

4) The horizontal projection of an obstruction referred to in Sentence

(3) is permitted to be more than 100 mm provided the clearance
between the obstruction and the floor is less than 680 mm. (See
Appendix A.)”
A.1.2.2 Areas Requiring Barrier-Free Access
“1) Except as permitted by Sentences (2), (3) and (4), a barrier-free

path of travel from the entrances required by Sentence 3.8.1.2.(1)
shall be provided throughout all normally occupied floor areas.
2) A barrier-free path of travel for persons using wheelchairs is not

required
a) to service rooms,
b) to elevator machine rooms,
c) to janitors’ rooms,
d) to service spaces,
e) to crawl spaces,
f) to attic or roof spaces,
g) to mezzanines not served by a passenger elevator or other
platform equipped passenger elevating device,
h) to high hazard industrial occupancies,
i) within portions of a floor area with fixed seats in an assembly
occupancy where those portions are not part of the barrier-free
pathway of travel to spaces designated for use by persons
using wheelchairs,
j) within floor levels of a residential suite that are not at the same
level as the entry level to the suite,
k) within a residential suite that has not been required by other
provisions of this Code to be barrier-free, or
l) within those parts of a floor area that are not at the same level
as the entry level, provided amenities and uses provided on
4 ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

any raised or sunken level are accessible on the entry level by

means of a barrier-free path of travel.
3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), Sentence (1) does not apply

to storeys above or below the first storey of a building that does
not exceed 2 storeys in building height, where the storey does not
exceed 600 m 2 in area.
4) Sentence (1) does not apply to storeys above or below the first
storey in buildings of residential occupancy which do not exceed 3
storeys in building height or 600 m 2 in area and are not served by
a passenger type elevator or other platform equipped passenger
elevating device.
5) Except where a barrier-free path of travel is not required in Article

3.8.2.1. in an assembly occupancy, the number of spaces
designated for use by persons using wheelchairs within rooms or
areas with fixed seats shall conform to Table 3.8.2.1. and be
disbursed
a) in each floor level of seating,

b) in each price range of seating, and
c) in each viewing section of seating. (See Article 3.8.3.6. for the
design requirements.)”

Table 3.8.2.1 - Designated Wheelchair Spaces

Forming Part of Sentence 3.8.2.1(5)
Number of Fixed Seats Number of Spaces Required

in Seating Area for Wheelchairs
2 - 100 2
101 - 200 3
201 - 300 4
301 - 400 5
401 - 500 6
501 - 900 7
901 - 1 300 8
1 301 - 1 700 9
each increment of up to 400 seats one additional space
in excess of 1 700
A.1.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code requires the horizontal projection of an

obstruction to be less than 680 mm above the floor. People who are
visually impaired find this height to be above cane detection, and
recommend a lower minimum of 200 mm to reduce the risk of collision
with the obstruction.
Temporary hazards are often overlooked, e.g., snow removal often results
in snowbanks along sidewalks, which block access.
A.1.4 Proposed Guidelines
Free-standing or cantilevered staircases, escalators, ramps and

intermediate floor levels shall be avoided or have a barrier to prevent
access to the overhung area.

Guy-wires near walkways shall be clearly marked throughout their length

to at least 1 980 mm above the ground and shall have a physical barrier
beneath.
Temporary signs or parked vehicles shall not block a path of travel.
Wind buffers shall be set back from the sidewalk in such a manner that
the walk will still be protected from winds, yet the snow will be deposited
next to the walk rather than covering the walk.
A.2 GROUND, FLOOR AND WALL SURFACES
The tactile quality of surfaces shall be designed to support visual

information regarding orientation, direction and location.
Surface materials of circulation routes shall not impede pedestrian

movement, particularly for those in wheelchairs, or distort the perception
of people who are visually impaired. Likewise, wall surfaces shall not
distort perception or cause physical harm.
“2) Interior and exterior walking surfaces that are within a barrier-free
path of travel shall
a) have no opening that will permit the passage of a sphere more
than 13 mm diam,
b) have any elongated openings oriented approximately
perpendicular to the direction of travel,
c) be stable, firm and slip-resistant,
d) be bevelled at a maximum slope of 1 in 2 at changes in level
not more than 13 mm, and

e) be provided with sloped floors or ramps at changes in level

more than 13 mm.”
“I)a) Exterior walks that form part of a barrier-free path of travel shall
have a slip-resistant continuous surface.”
A.2.3 Comments
Since ground and floor surfaces are an important aspect of access, they
should be designed to ensure safe and easy movement. It is important
that the freeze/thaw cycle and positive drainage be considered when
designing ground surfaces. There should be a consistency of materials
and colours in recurring situations to provide satisfactory sensory
information about the environment.
A.2.4.1 General Considerations
Auditory information shall be used in conjunction with visual information.
There shall be a balance between too soft/absorbent and too hard/

reflective materials and surfaces. Some sound reverberation aids people
who are blind by providing a sense of the size of the space and the
location of walls or openings, while some sound absorption helps people
who are hard of hearing by reducing background noise.
A.2.4.2 Ground and Floor Surfaces
Outdoor floor and walk surfaces shall not have surfaces made of brick or
stone, unless they are laid on a firm base and level with adjacent surfaces
and embedded in concrete.

Gratings, manholes and catch basins shall be located outside of

walkways wherever possible. Otherwise they shall be flush with the
adjacent surface and the elongated openings shall be perpendicular to
the pedestrian flow.
An electrical vault grating shall have openings no larger than 20 mm x 90

mm to meet the ventilation requirements of the transformer and to
prevent the front wheels of a wheelchair from falling through. Small solid
plates, like footprints, placed in the direction of the pedestrian traffic and
accommodating an average stride, allow persons wearing high heels to
safely cross over.
Carpets that are laid on the floor, stairs or ramp surfaces shall be securely
attached. They shall have a tight weave, low pile and firm underlay.
Exposed edges of carpet shall be fastened to the floor surface with trim
along the entire exposed edge. The carpet trim shall be bevelled with a
slope of no greater than 1 in 2.
All floor finishes shall be slip resistant, continuous and stable. The floor
surface shall have a coefficient of friction of no less than 0.5 wet or dry.
Nosing on interior/exterior stairs shall be provided with a contrasting

colour to aid people with visual impairments. Nosing extending more than
34 mm shall be bevelled, to prevent catching a toe.
A.2.4.3 Wall Surfaces
Wall surfaces shall not be extremely rough or uneven. They shall be

tactile without causing discomfort or injury.
Sharp angles or junctions of finishes shall be avoided and wall fixtures

shall be recessed.

Wall surfaces shall have a matte finish to prevent glare.
Wall surfaces shall not be entirely of mirror or glass, or else there shall be
a horizontal warning strip, a minimum 130 mm wide and 1 350 mm above
the floor.
Note: Mirrors shall be set no less than 900 mm from the floor.
A.3 ILLUMINATION AND ACOUSTICS
High levels of illumination consistent throughout a setting, without

creating glare, improve a person’s ability to see. The minimization of
ambient noise and the reduction of layering of different sounds improve a
person’s ability to hear.
A.3.2.1 Minimum Lighting Requirements
“1) An exit, a public corridor or a corridor providing access to exit for

the public or serving patients’ sleeping rooms or classrooms shall
be equipped to provide illumination to an average level of not less
than 50 lx at floor or tread level and at angles and intersections at
changes of level where there are stairs or ramps.”
A.3.3 Comments
Consistency in the levels of illumination is a primary concern for people

with visual impairments, since their ability to adjust from one level to

another is often slow. This is particularly important when making the

transition from the exterior to the interior.
A.3.4. Proposed Guidelines
A.3.4.1 Illumination
The level of illumination shall be increased to emphasize stairs,

entrances, obstacles, information signs, and hazardous areas.
The minimum level of illumination on signs shall be 200 lx.
Controls and operating mechanisms shall be capable of being illuminated

to at least a level of 100 lx.
Lights must be controlled and directed so that they do not create glare.
Increased levels of illumination or a greater distribution of fixtures for

outdoor lighting is important to people with visual impairments.
Windows shall be designed and located to prevent glare, especially in

areas of circulation.
A.3.4.2 Acoustics
Carpets or sound-absorbing materials shall be used on floors to aid

people who are hard of hearing.
Background noise can be difficult for a hard-of-hearing person. When

possible, switches shall be installed to turn off noisy devices such as fans.
The placement of speakers of public address systems shall not be near

crucial areas of communication, such as over an information or service
desk.

A.4 LOCATION OF CONTROLS, DISPENSERSAND

RECEPTACLES
Controls shall be accessible to everyone for ease of use.
A.4.2. Existing Regulations
“1) Except as required by Article 3.8.3.5. for elevators, controls for the
operation of building services or safety devices, including electrical
switches, thermostats and intercom switches, intended to be
operated by the occupant and located in a barrier-free path of
travel shall be accessible to a person using a wheelchair, operable
with one hand and mounted not more than 1 400 mm above the
floor.”
A.4.3. Comments
Often controls are either too high, too low or too far away to reach. Some
controls are too difficult to grasp and turn. Controls shall require only one
hand to operate.
Emergency controls shall not be placed too high for people in

wheelchairs. They shall not be too low, thereby preventing children from
misusing them.
Buildings used by the public shall have controls at a height that can be
reached by everyone without excessive stretching or bending. A
maximum height of 1 200 mm is allowable although 1 000 mm is
preferable.

A.4.4.1 Safety and Emergency Controls
Emergency controls such as fire alarms shall be located with their highest
operable parts 1 400 mm above the floor (measured to their centres).
This will prevent children from misusing them.
A.4.4.2 Automatic Door Controls
The optimum height for automatic door controls is 800 mm above the
floor surface.
A.4.4.3 Lighting Fixtures
The highest operable part of light switches and other non-emergency

controls shall be 1 000 mm above the floor. Rocker switches are
preferable to toggle switches as they are easier to use.
A.4.4.4 Electrical Outlets
Electrical outlets shall be mounted at a minimum height of 600 mm

measured from the floor to the centre line of the outlet.
A.4.4.5 Thermostats
Thermostats and other adjustable devices shall have large and raised
writing and be oriented for easy reading.
A.4.4.6 Breaker Panels
The base of a breaker panel shall be 1 200 mm above the finished floor
surface.

A.4.4.7 Washroom Fixtures
In washrooms, dispensers and receptacles shall be mounted with their

highest operable part above the floor surface within the following ranges.
(a) Paper towel dispensers/hand dryers; 1 100 mm – 1 300 mm;
(b) Soap dispensers: 900 mm to 1 000 mm;
(c) Toilet paper dispensers: 750 mm - 850 mm;
(d) Toilet seat cover dispensers: 900 mm – 1 000 mm; and
(e) Waste receptacles: 900 mm – 1 000 mm;
A coat hook projecting more than 25 mm shall ideally be mounted on a

solid wall, but if the door is the only possible site to mount a hook, then it
shall be mounted near the hinge edge of the door. Near the latch edge it
presents an eye-level hazard to persons with visual impairment.
All washroom fixtures shall be installed for safety and ease of access.
Controls, dispensers and receptacles shall not require the use of two
hands, or two simultaneous movements by one hand to operate.
A single-function towel dispenser (requiring only one hand and only one
movement to release the towel) is recommended.
Taps shall have a lever type action for easy operation.

B. VEHICULAR ACCESS

VEHICULAR ACCESS
B. VEHICULAR ACCESS
B.1 PARKING
B.1.1 Principle/Rationale
Accessible parking stalls within parking lots shall be located as close as

possible to a main accessible entrance and provide enough space to get
in and out of a vehicle. Consideration shall be given to create better and
safer conditions for both users of wheelchairs and pedestrians,
particularly in winter, when icy parking lots become treacherous.
Street parking shall also be made wheelchair accessible, since in some

areas of the city this is the only type of parking available. However,
current City policy does not allow for midblock ramps. Therefore,
accessible parking shall be located at both ends of a block.
B.1.2 Existing Regulations
“1) A barrier-free path of travel shall be provided from the entrance

described in Article 3.8.1.2. to
a) an exterior parking area, if exterior parking is provided, and
b) at least one parking level, if parking is provided in a parking

structure, and to every level of the parking structure, where it
is served by a passenger elevator.”
Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3 8.2.2. Access to Parking Areas “The
Planning Act provides a mechanism for determining the characteristics of
our communities. Where the Planning Act requires parking, the building
code requires that a percentage of parking spaces be designed to allow

VEHICULAR ACCESS
persons using wheelchairs sufficient room to get in and out of a vehicle.

A barrier-free path of travel shall also be provided from the parking area
to the building.
The designer must provide a properly identified and unobstructed path of

travel from the parking area to the entrance which is accessible. The
entrance chosen should, in any case, be one normally used by the
occupants of the building. Long paths of travel are not recommended.”
“(2) Where more than eleven parking stalls are required by the
planning regulations made pursuant to the Municipal Government
Act, parking stalls for use by disabled persons shall be provided in
conformance with Table 3.8.2.2.
Table 3.8.2.2.
Designated Parking Spaces
Forming Part of Sentence 3.8.2.2(2)
Number of Designated Stalls

Number of
Required for Use by
Parking Stalls Required
Disabled Persons
11 - 25 1
26 - 50 2
51 - 100 3
for each additional increment one additional stall

of 100 or part thereof
3) If an exterior passenger loading zone is provided, it shall have:
a) an access aisle not less than 1 500 mm wide and 6 000 mm

long adjacent and parallel to the vehicle pull-up space,

VEHICULAR ACCESS
b) a curb ramp, where there are curbs between the access aisle
and the vehicle pull-up space, and
c) a height clearance of not less than 2 750 mm at the vehicle
pull-up space and along the vehicle access and egress
routes.”
B.1.3 Comments
Requiring persons with disabilities to pass behind vehicles that would

normally back out of a space shall be avoided. Asphalt, concrete or firm
gravel are acceptable parking surfaces. Curb cuts shall be at least 1 000
mm wide. Parallel parking stalls shall be at least 7 000 mm in length.
The Alberta Building Code minimum width of 3 700 mm for a accessible

parking stall is less than the 4 000 mm required by the Calgary Land Use
Bylaw. To facilitate moving from a vehicle to a wheelchair or for the use
of mobility aids, the 4 000 mm minimum width is preferred. The greater
width allows for the length of the lift of a vehicle and the turning space of
a wheelchair user as he/she disembarks.
Alternative provisions for pedestrians and people in wheelchairs shall be

considered, instead of forcing them into areas designed for vehicular
traffic and water drainage.
B.1.4 Proposed Guidelines
B.1.4.1 Signage
Parking stalls for people with disabilities shall be identified with the
international symbol of access and shall include the words “Permit

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Required.” The international symbol of access shall be posted on a

vertical sign and also painted in blue on the ground to aid in clearly
identifying the stall.
Paint the symbol only and not the entire parking space because paint is
slippery when wet.
B.1.4.2 Ratio
A higher ratio of stalls shall be provided for areas of higher concentrations

used by individuals with mobility impairments. These include health
service facilities, hospitals, shopping centres, senior citizens’ residences,
recreational facilities, and residential facilities for people with disabilities.
Parking stalls shall be distributed throughout a parking lot to provide a

choice of locations and the shortest and safest travel paths to each
entrance.
B.1.4.3 Specifications
If two adjacent parking spaces are to be designated for people with

disabilities, the total width of both spaces shall be 6 800 mm, including a
1 500 mm wide access aisle separating the two stalls. The aisle shall be
clearly marked in blue.
Pedestrian access through a parking lot and to a building entrance shall

be safe. Where pedestrian walks cross vehicular routes, there shall be
contrast of colour and texture.
In gravel parking lots, there shall be parking for people with disabilities
adjoining a hard surface. A paved surface shall be provided from the
designated parking stall to the sidewalk.
Parking blocks or wheelstops shall be set back so that vehicles do not

overhang to reduce the clear width of accessible routes. Clearance

VEHICULAR ACCESS
between the wheelstops shall allow a wheelchair to pass through. In

addition, they shall be colour contrasted from the paving material so they
are not a hazard, in particular to people with visual impairments.
B.1.4.4 Parkades
Multi-level parkades shall provide parking stalls for people with disabilities
on each level, adjacent to accessible elevators. Where elevators are not
provided, designated parking shall be available at grade.
Minimum vertical clearance is 3 000 mm to allow access by vans.
B.1.4.5 Street Parking
Where designated parking stalls are provided on the street, height of

parking meters shall be in the range of 900 to 1 100 mm. Parking meters
shall not require twisting or pinching of the wrist to operate.
Street parking stalls for persons with disabilities shall be located as close
as possible to sidewalk curb cuts, to provide easy manoeuvrability and
safety from street to sidewalk.
Parking meters shall be placed at either end of street parking stalls with
no obstructions in front or to the side of the coin slot on the meter, and in
a well-lit and protected area.
B.1.4.6 Winter Conditions
A large parking lot shall be divided with vegetation into smaller sections
that are still efficient for snow removal, yet provide wind protection and
control drifting snow. Such vegetation shall be no higher than 1 100 mm
(see Section F for other guidelines).

VEHICULAR ACCESS
B.2 LAY-BYS
Lay-bys are roadside drop-off areas, separated from the flow of vehicular
traffic. They are usually located in front of buildings along busy streets
and their main function is to allow passengers to get in and out of vehicles
safely and conveniently. They are especially beneficial for people who
may have mobility limitations, seniors, persons with strollers, or those who
are loading or unloading large or heavy items.
B.2.2 Comments
The provision of lay-bys shall be encouraged, especially where streets

are narrow or where there is a steady flow of traffic.
The City’s standards require that the minimum width of the sidewalk
behind the lay-by to be at least 3 000 mm and a minimum length of 7 600
mm.
Lay-bys shall be provided close to main entrances of buildings. They

shall have a minimum width of 3 700 mm and a minimum length of 7 600
mm.
It is recognized that it may not be reasonable to expect lay-bys in many

downtown sites where competing interests for land may render lay-bys
nonfunctional or beyond reasonable cost.
A curb maintains a separation between vehicles and pedestrians for their

safety and for proper drainage.
Where lay-bys are provided, curb cuts shall be placed in the lay-by for
wheelchair access. The slope of the curb cut shall not exceed 1 in 12.

VEHICULAR ACCESS
The curb shall be a roll curb to allow a Handi-Bus to back onto the
sidewalk, and then lower its ramp directly onto the sidewalk to load and
unload passengers.
Building entrances adjacent to lay-bys shall be covered where possible, to

provide shelter from precipitation, and to keep the sidewalk free of snow
and ice. The minimum clearance of a covering shall be 3 000 mm from
the ground.
B.3 LIGHT TRAIL TRANSIT (LRT)
Non-ambulatory and semi-ambulatory people shall not have to rely solely

on specialized transportation services for travel. Having an accessible
public transit system would relieve the burden on those services. With
changing demographics and increasing numbers of people with
disabilities, those services are being stretched to their limit. With an
accessible LRT system, people with disabilities and seniors will have
alternative means of travel.
B.3.2 Existing Regulations
Currently, there are no written guidelines addressing LRT accessibility.
B.3.3 Comments
The City of Calgary has recognized the needs of the disabled community
concerning public transit and has implemented structural changes to
accommodate them. These changes include modifications to some LRT
vehicles to accommodate wheelchairs and decals to indicate which ones
have been modified. Handrails in all stations are reduced in diameter
where required. Elevators, including exterior ones, are installed where
required. Features to ensure safety and convenience include protruding

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red emergency call buttons linked to the transit system and glass walls to
increase visibility.
Certain requirements (listed below) shall be emphasized concerning

access to the LRT. They are discussed in other sections of these
Guidelines and reference shall be made to these sections.
B.3.4.1 Ramps
Long ramps require a physical exertion beyond the capability of many

people, including those in wheelchairs. In addition, ramps exposed to the
weather become particularly hazardous when covered with snow and ice.
Refer to Section C.3.
B.3.4.2 Handrails and Guards
B.3.4.3 Public Telephones
A pay telephone shall be mounted on walls or in an enclosure that will

allow access for a wheelchair, yet be detectable by a cane. Refer to
Section E.1.
B.3.4.4 Elevators
Climatic variations shall be considered in the placement of exterior

elevators. The orientation shall be away from the prevailing winds and
blowing snow. Alternatively, a vestibule shall be added to keep the car
free of snow, rain, and debris. Refer to Section C.9.

VEHICULAR ACCESS
B.3.4.5 Doors and Doorways
B.3.4.6 Announcements
Devices providing visual and audible announcements of delay of service

or emergency situations shall be used. Refer to Section C.11.
B.3.4.7 Transit Shelters
Transit shelters shall serve as drop-off points in an accessible transit

system. They provide protection from the weather, especially for seniors
and people with mobility difficulties. They also serve as rest stations, so
there shall be benches. Shelters shall be set back from the curb to allow
sufficient space for pedestrian circulation and drifting snow. Entrances to
shelters shall face the traffic so a visually impaired person is aware of the
arrival of a bus.

C. CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION
C. CIRCULATION
C.1 EXTERIOR WALKWAYS
C.1.1 Principle/Rationale
People want to be able to move throughout a city safely, conveniently,

and independently. Exterior pathways and sidewalks that have obstacles
or hazards make movement more difficult. When there is a conflict
between vehicular and pedestrian traffic, a pedestrian right-of-way shall
prevail, promoting the notion of access.
C.1.2 Existing Regulations
“1) Exterior walks that form part of a barrier-free path of travel shall
a) have a slip-resistant, continuous and even surface,
b) be not less than 1 100 mm wide,
c) have a level area adjacent to an entrance doorway conforming
to Clause 3.8.3.4.(1)(c),
d) have a minimum 75 mm high curb where, in the absence of
walls, railings, or other barriers on either or both sides of the
walk, where the vertical drop from the walk exceeds 75 mm,
e) have a minimum 1 100 mm wide surface of a different texture
and contrasting in colour to that surrounding it, where the path
of travel is level and even with adjacent surfaces;
f) be free from obstructions for the full width of the walk to a
minimum height of 1 980 mm, except that handrails are
permitted to project not more than 100 mm from either or both
sides into the clear area,
g) be designed as a ramp where the gradient of the walk is
greater than 1:20, and
h) have a cross slope of not more than 1:50”.

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“4) Where construction operations necessitate the obstruction of the

sidewalk, a temporary sidewalk shall be provided where
necessary, and it shall be kept clear of obstruction at all times.”
C.1.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code requires a minimum width of 1 100 mm for

exterior walkways. The placement of lampposts, transformers,
mailboxes, newspaper boxes, trash containers, bus shelters, cross
ramps, and other obstacles can greatly reduce the barrier-free path of
travel.
Snow removal practices often clear the street, but block curbs with
snowbanks, making it difficult or impossible to cross the street.
C.1.4 Proposed Guidelines
C.1.4.1 Pathways
Pathways shall have a hard packed surface, complementing the park and
surrounding aesthetics.
Pathways shall follow the contours of the land with its edges clearly
defining the route.
There shall be rest areas at regular intervals. Where the gradient is

steeper, rest areas shall be placed closer together.
Maze gates shall have a minimum width of 1 200 mm and a minimum

clearance of 1 500 mm to allow passage of wheelchairs, as well as
adapted or tandem bicycles used by persons with physical disabilities or
visual impairments.

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Pathways shall be designed to drain water to avoid puddles and ice

buildup. They shall also be maintained clear of snow and ice in winter.
Plant materials shall be used to minimize the adverse effects of the

weather, such as wind, glare, and temperature. Plants shall be regularly
pruned to avoid becoming a hazard.
C.1.4.2 Sidewalks
Where there are likely to be many people using mobility aids, the
minimum width of a sidewalk shall be 1 500 mm.
Gratings, manhole covers, electrical vaults, and other access covers shall
be placed adjacent to walkways unless prevented by site constraints. If
this does occur, the gratings shall have a maximum clear opening of 13
mm, although, due to the ventilation requirements, the gratings on
electrical vaults may be larger. The long dimension of the openings shall
lie perpendicular to the path of travel. (Refer to Section A.2 of these
Guidelines.)
Joints in sidewalks or between bricks or stones shall not exceed 13 mm in

width and 6 mm in depth, and shall be flush with the adjoining surface.
A level surface shall be maintained behind cross ramps for smooth

pedestrian and wheelchair travel.
Street furniture, including trees and lampposts, shall be located within a

defined zone along the outer edge of walkways, leaving a clear path of
travel.
Sidewalks shall be designed to drain water to prevent puddles and ice

build-up.

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C.2 SIDEWALK CURB CUTS
Curb cuts shall be installed at corners and other appropriate locations to

ease movement from sidewalk to street by minimizing the changes in
grade.
There are no provisions in the Alberta Building Code relating to curb cuts
for pedestrian street traffic.
C.2.2 Comments
In Calgary, sidewalks are constructed with curb cuts in developing

residential areas of the city. Curb cuts are also constructed when curb
and gutter work is undertaken in existing sidewalks, or when they are
replaced.
In designing curb cuts, care shall be taken to prevent them from

becoming hazards to people with visual impairments, who may not notice
them and walk inadvertently into the intersection. Curb cuts located right
on the corner shall be avoided, because they force people using
wheelchairs and people pushing strollers into the intersection, rather than
the safe area of the crosswalk.
C.2.3.1 Specifications
The minimum width of curb cuts, exclusive of flared sides shall be 1 000
mm, or 1 200 mm where exposed to snow.

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The slope of a curb cut shall not exceed 1 in 12 and shall be not less than
1 in 15 unless sidewalk constraints do not allow these ratios.
The edges shall be curved rather than cut sharply so all four wheels of a
wheelchair maintain contact with the ground at all times.
The bottom of corner curb cuts shall have a clear area not less than 1 200
mm long within the crosswalk area.
Surfaces of curb cuts shall be slip resistant.
Curb cuts shall contrast in texture from the surrounding sidewalk, so they
can be identified by the visually impaired. A raised texture is more
perceptible. Through curb cuts shall be considered in traffic islands
where practicable.
Drainage shall be designed to prevent water and snow accumulating at

the bottom of curb cuts. However, catch basins shall not be located in
front of the curb cuts.
C.2.3.2 Location and its Factors
Where the width of sidewalks provide adequate space, curb cuts shall be
offset from the main flow of pedestrian traffic and still be within the
crosswalk area. The corner curb shall be maintained as a clearly defined
edge and be cane detectable.
A level area shall be provided behind the curb cut to maintain an even
pedestrian surface.
Raised islands in crossings shall have curb cuts at both sides and a level
area not less than 1 200 mm long in the middle. Where an island is less
than 3.6 m wide, the two ramps and the flat area between shall all be
reduced by an equal amount.

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C.3 RAMPS
For changes in levels, ramps are essential in providing an easier and

often safer means of ascent and descent for people who are unable to
use stairs.
“1) A ramp located in a barrier-free path of travel shall
a) have a width of not less than 870 mm between handrails,

b) have a slope of not more than 1 in 12 (see Appendix A),
c) have a level area not less than 1 500 by 1 500 mm at the top
and bottom and at intermediate levels of a ramp leading to a
door, so that on the latch side the level area extends not less
than
i) 600 mm beyond the edge of the door opening, where the
door opens towards the ramp, or
ii) 300 mm beyond the edge of the door opening where the
door opens away from the ramp, (see Appendix A)
d) have a level area not less than 1 200 mm long and at least the
same width as the ramp at intervals of not more than 9 m
along its length,
e) have a level area not less than 1 200 by 1 200 mm where a
ramp makes a 90° turn,
f) have a level area not less than 1 500 mm by 1 500 mm where
a ramp makes a 180° turn, and
g) except as permitted by Sentence (2), be equipped with
handrails and guards conforming to Articles 3.4.6.4. and
3.4.6.5.”

CIRCULATION
C.3.3 Comments
The requirements for ramps in CAN/CSA-B651-M90, Barrier-Free Design,

(see Section C.3.4) generally exceed those of the Alberta Building Code.
The minimum clear width in the CSA standard is greater and
accommodates all sizes of wheelchairs. Similarly, the dimensions of a
level area are longer, which is important at corners and switchbacks.
Changes in levels shall be limited as slopes require greater physical

exertion and skill from people with disabilities. If ramps are too steep or
too long, they become obstacles. Slopes between 1:25 and 1:20 are
recommended.
Climatic variations shall be considered in designing exterior ramps to

prevent them from being unusable in adverse conditions. Ramps shall be
maintained free of snow and ice.
The minimum clear width of a ramp shall be 950 mm between handrails.
Where passing of wheelchairs is likely to occur frequently, the options

are:
(a) to widen the ramp to 1 800 mm; or
(b) to widen the rest areas to 1 800 mm.
Ramps shall have level landings at the top and bottom of each run and
also where they change direction. The landings shall be at least as wide
as the widest ramp run leading to them, and have a length not less than
1 500 mm. The 1 500 mm accommodates the length of a wheelchair as it
negotiates a corner.

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Visual and textural cues at the top and bottom of the ramp shall be
provided for people with visual impairments. Nonglare materials shall be
considered.
The maximum cross slope of ramp surfaces shall be 1:50.
Exterior ramps shall be protected from rain, snow, and ice, or maintained
free of snow and ice by appropriate subsurface heating and drainage
systems.
If a ramp needs to be longer than 18 m a mechanical means of ascent

and descent shall be considered.
C.4 HANDRAILS AND GUARDS
Handrails are important features in barrier-free access. They shall be

easy to grasp and provide a firm and comfortable grip. People with visual
impairments use handrails as guides. People with mobility impairments
use them for leverage to get up ramps and the semi-ambulatory use them
for balance on stairs or walkways. It is important that handrails be placed
at a height that is safe and convenient for everyone.
C.4.2.1 Handrails
1) An exit ramp or stairway shall have a handrail on at least one side,

and if 1 100 mm or more in width, shall have handrails on both
sides.

CIRCULATION
2) If the required width of a ramp or flight of stairs is more than 2 200

mm, one or more intermediate handrails continuous between
landings shall be provided, and located so that there will be not
more than 1 650 mm between handrails.
3) Handrails shall be continuously graspable along their entire length

and shall have
a) a circular cross-section with an outside diameter not less than

30 mm and not more than 50 mm, or
b) any non-circular shape with a graspable portion that has a

perimeter not less than 100 mm and not more than 155 mm
and whose largest cross-sectional dimension is not more than
57 mm.
4) Handrails on stairs and ramps shall be not less than 865 mm and
not more than 965 mm height, measured vertically from a line
drawn through the outside edge of the stair nosing or from the
surface of the ramp, except that handrails not meeting these
requirements are permitted provided they are installed in addition
to the required handrail.
5) At least one handrail shall be continuous throughout the length of

the stairway, including landings, except where interrupted by
doorways or newels at changes in direction (see Appendix A).”
Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3.4.6.4.(5)
“Blind or visually impaired persons rely on handrails to guide them on

stairways. A continuous handrail will assist them in negotiating stairs at
changes in direction. The extended handrail is useful to persons with
physical limitations to steady themselves before using the stairs.
Handrails should however, return to the wall, floor or post, so as not to
constitute a hazard to blind or visually-impaired persons.”

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Comment: A change of texture of the handrail over the last

300 mm from each end will warn the users with visual
impairments that they are approaching the end. This is
particularly important at stairs or steps.
“6) Handrails shall be terminated in a manner which will not obstruct

pedestrian travel or create a hazard. (See A-3.4.6.5(5) in
Appendix A.)
7) At least one handrail at the sides of a stairway or ramp shall

extend horizontally not less than 300 mm beyond the top and
bottom of the stairway or ramp. (See A-3.4.6.4(5) in Appendix A.)
8) A clearance of not less than 40 mm shall be provided between

every handrail and any wall to which it is fastened.
9) Handrails and their supports shall be designed and constructed to

withstand the loading values obtained from the nonconcurrent
application of
a) a concentrated load not less than 0.9 kN applied at any point
and in any direction for all handrails, and
b) a uniform load not less than 0.7 kN/m applied in any direction
to handrails not located within dwelling units.”
C.4.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code provides extensive details on specifications for

handrails and guards, but does not always require handrails on both sides
of a ramp or stairway. Handrails located on both sides aid people with the
use of only one hand.

CIRCULATION
Handrails shall be located on both sides of a ramp or stairway.
The outside diameter or width of a handrail shall be 35-40 mm, to ensure

that those with limited hand functions are able to firmly grasp it. In
addition, the smaller dimension enables people wearing gloves in winter
to easily and firmly grasp the handrail. In stair wells, especially exits,
tactile cues e.g. several notches or a rough texture shall be left on the
inside on the last 300 mm on both ends of the handrail as a signal to
persons with visual impairments that they are approaching the last step.
Note: Designers shall consult with the City Building Regulations Division
for alternative designs and diameters. All handrails shall be colour/
brightness contrasted from their surrounding surfaces.
C.5 STAIRS
Some ambulatory people with balance problems or visual impairments

find stairs easier to use than ramps. It is important that the rise and run
be designed so the stairs are not overly strenuous or create a hazard.
C.5.2.1 Protecting Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel
Alberta Building Code 1997 3.3.1.7
“1) Every floor area above or below the first storey that is not
sprinklered throughout and that has a barrier-free path of travel
shall
a) be served by an elevator,

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i) conforming to Sentences 3.2.6.5.(4) to (6), and
ii) protected against fire in conformance with Clauses

3.2.6.5.(5)(b) or (c).
b) be divided into at least 2 zones by fire separations conforming to

Sentences (2), (3) and (4) so that
i) persons with physical disabilities can be accommodated in

each zone, and
ii) the travel distance from any point in one zone to a doorway
leading to another zone shall be not more than the value
for travel distance permitted by Sentence 3.4.2.5.(1) for the
occupancy classification of the zone,
c) have an exterior exit at ground level, or
d) have a ramp leading to ground level. (See Appendix A.)
2) The fire separations referred to in Clause (1)(b) shall have a fire-

resistance rating not less than 45 minutes.
3) A door acting as a closure in a fire separation referred to in Clause

(1)(b) shall be weatherstripped or otherwise designed and
installed to retard the passage of smoke. (See A-3.3.3.5.(6) in
Appendix A.)”
C.5.2.2 Tactile Warning Strip
“4) In a barrier-free path of travel, a downward change in elevation

shall be signalled by the use of a 600 mm wide tactile warning
strip placed 250 mm from the edge and for the full width of a stair,

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escalator, moving walkway, ramp or platform and identified using

colour and brightness contrast.”
C.5.2.3 Slip Resistance of Stairs
“1) The surfaces of ramps, and landings and treads
a) shall have a finish that is slip resistant, and
b) if accessible to the public, shall have either a colour

contrast or a distinctive pattern to demarcate the leading
edge of the tread and the leading edge of the landing, as
well as the beginning and end of a ramp.
2) Treads and landings of exterior exit stairs more than 10 m high

shall be designed to be free of ice and snow accumulations.”
C.5.2.4 Minimum Number of Risers
“1) Except as permitted by Sentence 3.3.2.13.(1), every flight of

interior stairs shall have not less than 3 risers.”
“1) In a Group A, Division 2 occupancy used for the serving of food

and beverages, an interior flight of stairs with fewer than 3 risers is
permitted provided it
a) is not less than 900 mm wide,
b) is illuminated at all times that occupants are on the premises,
and
c) has a handrail on each side.”

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C.5.2.5 Landings
“2) The length and width of landings shall be at least the width of
stairways in which they occur, except that in a straight run the
length of a landing need not be more than 1100 mm.
3) Where a doorway or stairway empties onto a ramp through a side

wall, there shall be a level area extending across the full width of
the ramp, and for a distance of 300 mm on either side of the wall
opening, excepting one side when it abuts on an end wall.
4) Where a door or stairway empties onto a ramp through an end

wall, there shall be a level area extending across the full width of
the ramp and along its length for not less than 900 mm.
5) A landing shall be provided at the top and bottom of every flight of

stairs.”
C.5.2.6 Treads and Risers
“1) Except as permitted for dwelling units and by Sentence 3.4.7.4.(1)

for fire escapes, steps for stairs shall have a run of not less than
280 mm between successive steps.
2) Steps for stairs referred to in Sentence (1) shall have a rise

between successive treads not less than 125 mm and not more
than 180 mm.
3) Treads and risers in every exit stair, except a fire escape stair,
shall have uniform run and rise in any one flight, and shall not alter
significantly in run and rise in successive flights in any stair
system. (See Appendix A.)

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4) The leading edge of a stair tread shall have either a radius or a

bevel between 8 mm and 13 mm in horizontal dimension.
5) The front edge of stair treads in exits and public access to exits
shall be at right angles to the direction of exit travel.”
C.5.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code provides adequate dimensions for the rise and
run of steps. Although the basic functional requirements for stairs remain
constant, outdoor climatic variations shall be recognized and allowed for.
C.5.4.1 Specifications for Both Interior and Exterior Stairs
Stairs shall be located out of direct walkways or corridors.
Isolated steps shall be avoided, since they are often difficult for people
with visual impairments to detect.
A flight of stairs shall have uniform dimensions and no open risers.
Nosings shall not project more than 38 mm, nor have projecting
undersides, and shall be bevelled.
The horizontal face of nosings shall be colour-contrasted with the tread.

This ensures the tread edge is more clearly visible in descent.
Detectable warning surfaces shall be provided at the top of the stairs.
Illumination shall be positioned to minimize glare and shadow.
Heavily patterned carpets or tiles shall not be used on stairs as they

create figure-ground confusion and obscure the definition of the tread
nosing.
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Stairs shall be protected from climatic variations or maintained free of

snow and ice.
Stairs shall not be shaded by vegetation or other elements which prevent

snow and ice from melting.
C.6 BUILDING ENTRANCES
Entrances, particularly the main accessible one, shall be readily

distinguishable in the façade and shall provide an easy transition into the
building. The effect of seasonal weather conditions, such as strong winds
and drifting snow, shall be considered in the design of building entrances.
“1) In addition to the barrier-free entrances required by Sentence (2),

not less than 50% of the pedestrian entrances to a building in
Sentence 3.8.1.1.(1), including walkways leading to the entrances
from a public thoroughfare and from on site parking areas, shall
be barrier-free.
2) A suite of assembly occupancy, business and personal services

occupancy or mercantile occupancy that is located in the first
storey of a building, or in a storey to which a barrier-free path of
travel is provided, and that is completely separated from the
remainder of the building so that there is no access to the
remainder of the building, shall have at least one barrier-free
entrance.
3) A barrier-free entrance required by Sentences (1) or (2) shall be

designed in accordance with Article 3.8.3.3.

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4) At a barrier-free entrance that includes more than one doorway,

only one of the doorways is required to be designed in accordance
with the requirements of Article 3.8.3.3.
5) Where entrances are equipped with security systems, both visual

and audible signals shall be used to indicate when the door lock is
released.”
Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3.8.1.2.
“A-3.8.1.2. Entrances An accessible route should exist from the

sidewalk or roadway and parking area to an accessible building entrance.
This route should be located so that persons using wheelchairs do not
have to pass behind parked cars.
To provide more general access to buildings, not less than 50% of the
pedestrian entrances are required to be barrier-free. This should include
a principal entrance. If the 50% calculation results in a fraction, the
number of barrier-free entrances should be the next higher unit value.
For the purpose of determining the number of entrances to a building,
several adjacent doors in a bank of doors are considered to be a single
entrance”.
“11) A vestibule located in a barrier-free path of travel shall be

arranged to allow the movement of persons using wheelchairs
between doors and shall provide a distance between 2 doors in
series of not less than 1 200 mm plus the width of any door that
swings into the space in the path of travel from one door to
another.”
C.6.3 Comments
Although the Alberta Building Code has no requirements for entrances

being distinguishable or providing an easy transition, design consideration
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shall be given to these two important factors as they benefit everyone. A

distinguishable entrance provides direction and orientation.
When the door lock is released, visual and audible signals shall be used
to alert both the visitors and the occupants.
Identification of an entrance shall be enhanced by good lighting and

signage.
Providing adequate transition from exterior to interior light assists people

with visual impairments, who may be slower to adjust to the difference in
levels of light. This transition space shall be well lit.
Entrances shall be designed so that wind and snow do not prevent the
normal use of doors.
When entrances must be located towards the prevailing winds, measures

to minimize the effects shall be used, such as walls and/or vegetation.
Drainage shall be directed away from the entrance.
Rugs with non-slip underpadding at entrances ease the transition from

the outdoor environment to interior spaces by absorbing much of the
snow, ice and slush accumulated on winter boots and shoes. This
prevents people from slipping on any smooth floor materials used inside.
C.7 DOORS AND DOORWAYS
Doors that are wide and easy to open benefit everyone. The passage is
easier for people with disabilities, seniors, people carrying packages, or
those wheeling strollers.

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C.7.2.1 Doors and Door Hardware
“1) A door that opens into or is located within a public corridor or other
facility that provides access to exit from a suite shall
a) provide a clear opening of not less than 800 mm if there is only

one door leaf,
b) in a doorway with multiple leaves, have the active leaf

providing a clear opening of not less than 800 mm, and
c) not open onto a step.”
“5) Door release hardware shall be installed not more than 1 200 mm
above the finished floor.”
Comments:
Door width shall not be less than 920 mm. Door release hardware
installed between 1 000 mm or 1 100 mm shall be the standard.
“1) Every doorway that is located in a barrier-free path of travel shall

have a clear width not less than 800 mm when the door is in the
open position. (See Appendix A.)
2) Every doorway into rooms within a suite of residential occupancy

shall have a clear width of not less than 800 mm when the door is
in the open position. (See Appendix A.)

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3) Door operating devices shall be of a design which does not

require tight grasping and twisting of the wrist as the only means
of operation. (See Appendix A.)
4) A threshold for a doorway referred to in Sentence (1) or (2) shall

be not more than 13 mm higher than the finished floor surface and
shall be bevelled to facilitate the passage of persons using
wheelchairs.
5) Except as permitted by Sentence (6), doors that provide a barrier-

free path of travel at an entrance referred to in Article 3.8.1.2. shall
be equipped with a power door operator in
a) a hotel,
b) a building of Group B, Division 2 major occupancy, and
c) a building of Group A, D or E major occupancy more than 500
m 2 in building area. (See Appendix A.)”
“11) A vestibule located in a barrier-free path of travel shall be

arranged to allow the movement of persons using wheelchairs
between doors and shall provide a distance between 2 doors in
series of not less than 1 200 mm plus the width of any door that
swings into the space in the path of travel from one door to
another.
12) Only the active leaf in a multiple leaf door in a barrier-free path of
travel need conform to the requirements of this Article.”
C.7.2.1 Exit Doors
“2) The required width of an exit shall be not less than
a) 1 100 mm for
i) corridors and passageways, and

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ii) stairs and ramps that serve more than 3 storeys above
grade or more than one storey below grade,
b) 900 mm for stairs and ramps that serve not more than 3
storeys above grade or not more than one storey below grade,
c) 1 650 mm stairs and ramps serving patients’ sleeping rooms,
d) 1 050 mm for doorways serving patients’ sleeping rooms, and
e) 790 mm for doorways not serving patients’ sleeping rooms.
(See Appendix A.)”
C.7.3 Comments
People with limited mobility, strength, or balancing difficulties find opening

doors, particularly exterior doors, difficult if not impossible. This is
compounded by adverse climatic and lighting conditions. Automatic door
opening devices shall be used.
C.7.4.1 Specifications for People with Visual Impairments
Door push plates shall be of contrasting colours for the visually impaired.
Plate glass doors shall be designed so that people with visual

impairments can readily identify them.
Numbers on doors shall be raised and located at eye level for easy
reading by people with visual impairments.
Due to fire regulations, almost all exit doors must open outward, which
can create a hazard for people with visual impairments. To rectify this
problem, such doors shall be recessed in a vestibule so as not to create a
hazard for people walking beside a building.
In hotels, hospitals, nursing homes, educational institutions, office

buildings, apartment buildings and other similar structures, all doors

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opening to a corridor or hallway normally used by the public shall be

marked with tactile signage in raised Arabic numerals (with braille as an
additional option). Arabic characters shall be a minimum of 50 mm high,
and raised at least 0.75 mm, and shall be placed on the door or on the
wall on either side of the door, within 50 mm of the jamb, at a height of
between 1 500 mm and 1 800 mm from the floor.
C.7.4.2 Door Openers
Automatic door openers, power assisted mechanisms or magnetic door

hold-open devices shall be used on doors on major public pedestrian
thoroughfares.
Manual door openers shall be mounted at a height of 1 000 to 1 100 mm

from the floor.
All manual door openers shall be of single-function lever type so that they
do not require grasping and twisting of the wrist.
Clearance between the handle and the door shall be a minimum of 50

mm. This will aid those with limited hand functions, and allow the door to
be opened using only one arm.
C.7.4.3 Kick Plates
The bottom of a manual door shall have a smooth uninterrupted kick plate
to protect the door from wheelchair footrests. A minimum height of 300
mm is recommended.
C.7.4.4 Entrances and Gates
In any set of two or more doors or gates, whether within a building, at an

entrance to a building, or completely outside, the door opening control or
handle shall alternate between right and left hand operation.

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This will enable persons with the use of only one hand, such as
amputees, and persons affected by cerebral palsy and strokes, to operate
the door on the side of their choice, and avoid the need to reach across or
even travel backwards through the door. In addition, persons using
walking aids such as a support or guiding cane, or a guide dog, and
persons carrying luggage or packages, would also be able to use the free
hand to open the door without the awkwardness of having to reach
across.
Doors in a series shall open in the same direction. This requires single
doors hung in a series to be hinged on the same side.
Note: The size of the landing shall be taken into consideration.
Doormats shall be secured and shall not project more than 13 mm above
the floor finish.
When turnstiles or revolving doors are provided, a swing door shall be

placed immediately to one side of the revolving door or turnstile, for easy
access by people with disabilities.
Automatic door closers shall have a delay feature keeping the door open
for a minimum of 8 seconds, with the door held at an angle of between
70° and 90°.
Sliding automatic doors shall be installed in new construction.
C.8 INTERIOR CORRIDORS
Where many wheelchairs are likely to be used, a corridor shall be wide

enough for two wheelchairs to pass.

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“1) The minimum width of a public corridor shall be 1 100 mm.
2) Except as required by Sentence 3.3.3.3.(2), the minimum

unobstructed width of a corridor used by the public or a corridor
serving classrooms or patients’ sleeping rooms shall be 1 100 mm.
3) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), obstructions located within

horizontally into an exit passageway, a public corridor, a corridor
sleeping rooms in a manner that would create a hazard for a
person with a visual disability travelling adjacent to the walls.

between the obstruction and the floor is less than 680 mm.”
Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3.3.1.9.
“4) The sweep of a cane used by blind or visually impaired persons

normally detects obstructions that are within 680 mm of the floor.
Any obstructions above this height would not normally be detected
and can, therefore, create a hazard if it projects more than 100
mm into the path of travel.”
C.8.3 Comments
The minimum clearance of an interior corridor required by the Alberta

Building Code is greater than that of other publications. Several others
recommend a minimum clear width of 915 mm. The Alberta Building
Code requires a minimum of 1 100 mm, which is preferred.

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However, additional manoeuvring space is necessary at corners and

doorways. The length of a wheelchair, including footrests shall be
considered in determining the turning radius.
The Alberta Building Code requirement that objects protruding more than
100 mm from the wall shall extend to within 680 mm of the floor is not
effective. The limit shall be set lower to 250 mm to ensure that canes will
detect such objects.
The ideal width of an interior corridor is 1 525 mm, which allows two
wheelchairs to pass each other without difficulty.
Due to space restrictions, a corridor width of 1 525 mm is difficult to

achieve in some areas. The minimum width for private corridors,
including store and restaurant aisles shall be 920 mm.
At corners and doorways, the minimum depth of floor area shall be 1 200
mm. For greater ease of manoeuvrability, 1 500 mm is recommended.
Objects which protrude more than 100 mm from the wall shall continue to
within 200 mm from the floor.
C.9 ELEVATORS
An elevator is vital to a non-ambulatory person because it often provides

the only access to the different levels of a building. A poorly designed
elevator can be as much of a barrier as stairs.

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“1) Where passenger elevators are used in a barrier-free path of

travel, features described in Appendix E of CAN/CSA-B44, “Safety
Code for Elevators” shall be included in their design and
construction.
2) Passenger elevating devices used in a barrier-free path of travel

shall conform to the requirements of CAN/CSA-B355, “Lifts for
Persons with Physical Disabilities.”
C.9.3 Comments
Elevator requirements for access by people with disabilities are not a

mandatory part of the CAN/CSA-B44-00, Safety Code for Elevators, but
are only provided as reference where accessibility is being incorporated.
It is recommended that the Alberta Building Code require all passenger
elevators to be accessible to people with disabilities.
Floor registration buttons shall be raised, since flush or recessed buttons

are difficult to activate by people with limited manual dexterity.
Floor registration buttons within the car shall be clearly marked with tactile
signage in the form of raised Arabic numerals and letters, and where
there is room, braille signage shall also be added.
Where there is no audible signal to indicate which floor the elevator has
stopped at, tactile signage in the form of larger Arabic numerals and
letters shall also be affixed at a height of 1 200 mm above the floor, on
both sides of the door opening, within the hall.

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C.9.4.1 Clear Space
The minimum turning space in front of elevator doors shall be 1 200 mm.
C.9.4.2 Door Closure
Doors on elevators shall start to close after 8 seconds in the fully open
position.
C.9.4.3 Hall Buttons
Hall buttons shall be located on each wall between elevators and shall be
easily identifiable.
No obstructions shall be placed under hall elevator call buttons.
C.9.4.4 Verbal Annunciators
Verbal annunciators identifying the floor level and the direction of travel
shall be installed for people with visual impairments, and for those who
cannot see the floor indicator at the back of a crowded elevator.
Arrival of an elevator shall be indicated by a verbal announcement or a

clear audible signal located within the hall, near the door of the arriving
car.
C.9.4.5 Exterior Elevators
Exterior elevators shall be oriented away from the prevailing winds to

keep the car free of snow, rain and debris. Waiting areas shall be
sheltered, positively drained, and well lit.
Glass walls shall be installed to ensure security by increasing visibility.

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C.10 +15 SYSTEM
An accessible +15 system allows people with disabilities to travel through

the downtown core easily and quickly without having to contend with
hazards such as vehicular traffic and sidewalk obstructions at grade level.
Since non-ambulatory persons have limited mobility, adverse weather

conditions can hinder their movement. The +15 system provides
alternative routes through the downtown which are always warm and dry.
The glass construction allows a visual connection with the outdoors,
reducing security problems.
The +15 design policies which affect access are found in the following
City of Calgary documents: Land Use Bylaw 2P80, +15 Policy, Downtown
Handbook of Public Improvements, Alberta Building Code applications to
+15 systems, the Standard Development Agreement, and the Report on
City of Calgary +15 Access Stairs.
C.10.2.1 Width of Bridges and Walkways
“The minimum unobstructed width for +15 bridges, walkways and lane
links shall be 4 500 mm. Widths up to 6 000 mm should be encouraged
only in locations where high pedestrian volume is anticipated (retail
areas).”
C.10.2.2 Ramps/Elevators
“One elevator must provide access to both grade and +15 levels.”
“All walkways should be negotiable by the disabled with elevator access.”

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“+15 bridges, walkways, and lane links shall be accessible to persons

with push carts or carriages, the elderly, the physically handicapped and
others whose mobility is impaired. Where ramps are provided to achieve
this objective, maximum ramp grades of 1 in 12 should be required.”
C.10.2.3 Floor Surfaces
“All +15 walkways should provide a hard surface flooring material to allow
for easy maintenance and to contribute to the perception of walkways as
completely public.” (Refer to Section A.2)
C.10.2.4 Stairs
“The minimum unobstructed width for +15 stairs shall be 2 000 mm.”
“Stairs should be clearly visible and directly adjacent and accessible to

street or avenue sidewalk and +15 system.”
C.10.2.5 Access/Doors
“Access points should be located at both ends of every bridge.”
“The provision of magnetically controlled doors (wired to the building’s

smoke detector and emergency fire alarm systems) or other such devices
on +15 bridges that reduce pedestrian barriers while maintaining
adequate fire protection should be encouraged.”
C.10.3 Comments
The design guidelines and policy that have been compiled by Land Use
and Mobility of The City of Calgary have taken into consideration the
needs of people with disabilities. They have identified ramping of access
areas, width of stairs and width of bridges to make travelling convenient.
The +15 policy is very specific about door opening devices for new +15

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bridges. City of Calgary Land Use & Mobility requires that automatic door
openers or electromagnetic hold-open devices be installed at both ends
of bridges.
The rise and run relationship of stairs shall be more gentle for an easier
ascent or descent. Exterior stairs shall be protected, or properly drained.
Refer to Section C.5 Stairs.
C.11 EMERGENCY EGRESS
The incorporation of barrier-free principles in the regulations governing

safety and egress benefits everyone, particularly in an emergency. It is
essential that everyone, including people who are blind or deaf, receive
the same emergency warnings, and that people who have physical
impairments are able to evacuate a building safely and quickly.
C.11.2.1 Audibility of Alarm Systems
“1) Audible signal devices forming part of a fire alarm system shall be
installed in a building so that alert signals and alarm signals are
clearly audible throughout the floor area in which they are
installed.”
Note: Audible signals during an emergency shall be intermittent to allow

verbal communication.

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C.11.2.2 Visual Signals
“1) Visual signal appliances shall conform to CAN/ULC-S526,

“Standard for Visual Signal Appliances.
2) Visual signal devices required by Sentences 3.2.4.18.(4) and

3.2.4.19.(7) and (8) shall be installed so that the signal from at
least one device is visible throughout the floor area or portion
thereof in which they are installed. (See Appendix A.)
3) A visual signal appliance shall be installed in close proximity to

each required audible signal appliance.
4) In addition to the requirements for the fire alarm and detection

systems in this Subsection, visual signals from smoke detectors
required in sleeping rooms of Group B occupancy shall be
provided so that staff serving these rooms can easily identify the
room or location of fire alarm initiation. (See Appendix A.)”
C.11.2.3 Manual Pull Stations
“1) Except as permitted by Sentences (2) and (3), if a fire alarm

system is installed, a manual pull station shall be installed
a) in every floor area near the principal entrance to the building,

and
b) near every required exit.

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C.11.2.4 Voice Communication Systems (Required for Buildings Coming Under

Article 3.2.6.8)
“1) A voice communication system required in Subsection 3.2.6 shall

consist of
a) a 2-way communication system in each floor, with connections

to the central alarm and control facility and to the mechanical
control centre, and
b) loudspeakers operated from the central alarm and control
facility which are designed and located so as to be audible in
all parts of the building, except that this requirement does not
apply to elevator cars. (See Appendix A.)”
“4) The voice communication system referred to in Clause (1)(b) shall

be designed so that voice instructions can be transmitted
selectively to any zone or zones while maintaining an alert signal
or alarm signal to other zones in the building.
5) The 2-way communication system referred to in Clause (1)(a)

shall be installed so that emergency telephones are located in
each floor area near exit stair shafts.”
C.11.2.5 Protection on Floor Areas with a Barrier-Free Path of Travel
“1) Every floor area above or below the first storey that is not
sprinklered throughout and that has a barrier-free path of travel
shall
a) be served by an elevator

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i) conforming to Sentences 3.2.6.5.(4) to (6), and
ii) protected against fire in conformance with Clauses

3.2.6.5.(5)(b) or (c),
b) be divided into at least 2 zones by fire separations conforming

to Sentences (2), (3) and (4) so that
i) persons with physical disabilities can be accommodated in

each zone, and
ii) the travel distance from any point in one zone to a doorway
leading to another zone shall be not more than the value
for travel distance permitted by Sentence 3.4.2.5.(1) for the
occupancy classification of the zone,
c) have an exterior exit at ground level, or
d) have a ramp leading to ground level.

“4) In a barrier-free path of travel a downward change in elevation

shall be signalled by the use of a 600 mm wide tactile warning
strip placed 250 mm from the edge and for the full width of a stair,
escalator, moving walkway, ramp or platform and identified using
colour and brightness contrast.”
C.11.2.6 Alberta Building Code 1997 A-3.3.1.7.
“1) Temporary Refuge for Persons with Disabilities
These measures are intended to provide temporary refuge for

persons with disabilities. It is acknowledged, however, that the
measures cannot provide absolute safety for all occupants in the
fire area. It may, therefore, be necessary to develop special

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arrangements in the fire safety plan to evacuate persons with

disabilities from these areas. Details for suitable plans are
contained in the Alberta Fire code.
The protected elevator referred to in Clause 3.3.1.7.(1)(a) is

intended to be used by fire fighters as a means for evacuating
persons with disabilities. It is not intended that this elevator be
used by persons with disabilities as a means of egress without the
assistance of fire fighters.
If an estimate is to be made of the number of persons with

disabilities in a floor area who can be accommodated in each zone
in Clause 3.3.1.7.(1)(b), this estimate may be based on Table
3.8.2.1., which is used to determine the minimum number of
spaces to be provided for wheelchair occupants in fixed seating
areas. If more precise information is available, it should be used
for sizing the zones.”
C.11.2.7 Location of Exits
“4) Exits shall be located and arranged so that they are clearly visible
or their locations are clearly indicated and they are accessible at
all times.”
C.11.2.8 Horizontal Exits
“1) The floor area on each side of a horizontal exit shall be sufficient
to accommodate the occupants of both floor areas, allowing not
less than 0.5 m 2 of clear floor space per person, except that 1.5
m 2 shall be provided for each person in a wheelchair and 2.5 m 2
for each bedridden patient.”

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“3) In a horizontal exit where there is a difference in level between the

connected floor areas, gradients not exceeding those specified for
ramps in Article 3.4.6.6. are permitted to be used.
4) No stairs or steps shall be used in a horizontal exit.”
C.11.2.9 Doors
“2) No exit door shall open directly onto a step except that, where
there is danger of blockage from ice or snow, an exit door is
permitted to open onto not more than one step which shall be not
more than 150 mm high.
3) Exit doors shall be clearly identifiable.

C.11.2.10 Door Release Hardware
“3) Except as required by Sentence 3.8.3.3.(7), every exit door shall

be designed and installed so that, when the latch is released, the
door will open under a force of not more than 90 N applied at the
knob or other latch releasing device.”
“7) Except as permitted by Sentence (8) and except for a door with a
power door operator, a closer for a door in a barrier-free path of
travel shall be designed to permit the door to open when the force
applied to the handle, push plate or latch-releasing device is not
more than:

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a) 38N in case of an exterior door, or

b) 22N in case of an interior door.
8) Sentence (7) does not apply to a door at the entrance to a

dwelling unit, or where greater forces are required in order to
close and latch the door against the prevailing difference in air
pressure on opposite sides of the door. (See Appendix A.)”
C.11.3 Comments
Emergency evacuation requirements rely on the minimum standards of

egress and suitable operational procedures, such as the “buddy system.”
People with disabilities must arrange in advance with co-workers or
neighbours for assistance. It is important that the exits and pull stations
are easily located and that the emergency procedures are clear.
C.11.4.1 Visual Alarms
Visual alarms shall be lights that flash at a frequency of approximately 1

Hz in conjunction with the audible emergency alarms. They shall be
significantly brighter than the ambient light.
The Epilepsy Society has indicated that a flash rate less than 5 Hz poses
no danger to undiagnosed epileptics.
C.11.4.2 Tactile Strip on Exit Door
There shall be a tactile strip, such as a decal, beside or preferably below,

the handle of an exit door to clearly identify it as the exit door to people
who are blind. This is also beneficial if the area is full of smoke and the
exit sign is not visible to all people.

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C.11.4.3 Areas of Refuge
Areas of refuge provide not less than 0.5 m2 of floor space per
ambulatory occupant and 1.5 m2 of floor space per non-ambulatory
occupant.
Areas of refuge shall be separated from the floor area by a fire separation
having a fire-resistance rating at least equal to that required for an exit.
Areas of refuge shall be served by an exit or a firefighters’ elevator.
Non-ambulatory occupants in areas of refuge shall not obstruct egress.

The door shall not encroach on the space for wheelchairs.
C.11.4.4 Emergency Evacuation Chair
An emergency evacuation chair shall be readily available and provide fast

egress.

D. PUBLIC FACILITIES

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.1 WASHROOMS
D.1.1 Principle/Rationale
It is important that there are washrooms that can serve the needs of
people with disabilities. Every floor that is served by an elevator shall
have an accessible washroom that is easily located and clearly marked as
accessible.
D.1.2 Existing Regulations
D.1.2.1 Barrier-Free Washrooms
Alberta Building Code1997 3.8.2.3.
“1) In a building where a washroom is required in accordance with

Part 7, a barrier-free washroom and a barrier-free path of travel to
the washroom shall be provided.
2) Except as permitted by Sentence (3), all washrooms in a barrier-

free path shall be barrier-free in accordance with the appropriate
requirements in Articles 3.8.3.8. to 3.8.3.12.
3) A washroom need not conform to the requirements of Sentence

(1) provided
a) it is located within a suite of residential occupancy that has not

been designated by Sentence 3.8.1.1.(4) to be accessible, or
b) it is located in an individual suite having an area of less than

500 m 2 where barrier-free washrooms are provided on the
same floor area within 45 m.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
4) If alterations are made to an existing building, special washrooms

conforming to Article 3.8.3.12. are permitted to be provided in lieu
of facilities for persons with physical disabilities in washrooms
used by the general public.
5) In addition to the requirements of Sentence (2), at least one

special washroom conforming to Article 3.8.3.12. shall be provided
in a regional transportation terminal.
6) Where more than one water closet is provided in a washroom, a

barrier-free stall shall be provided for every 10 stalls or part
thereof.
7) For temporary uses, such as outdoor fairs and festivals, a barrier-

free stall shall be provided for every 10 stalls or part thereof.”
D.1.2.2 Water Closet Stalls
“1) A water closet stall or enclosure in a washroom required by Article

3.8.2.3. to be barrier-free shall
a) be not less than 1 500 mm wide by 1 500 mm deep,
b) be equipped with a door which shall

i) be capable of being locked from the inside with a sliding
latch,
ii) provide a clear opening of not less than 760 mm with the
door in the open position,
iii) swing outward, unless sufficient room is provided within
the stall or enclosure to permit the door to be closed
without interfering with the person using a wheelchair, (see
Appendix A)

PUBLIC FACILITIES
iv) be provided on the inside with a door pull not less than 140
mm long located so that its midpoint is not less than 200
mm and not more than 300 mm from the hinged side of the
door and not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 000
mm from the floor (see Appendix A), and
v) be provided with a door pull on the outside, near the latch
side of the door,
c) have a water closet located so that its centreline is not less

than 460 mm and not more than 480 mm from an adjacent
side wall on one side
d) be equipped with knurled finished grab bars as described in

Sentence (2),
e) be equipped with a coat hook mounted not more than 1 400

mm above the floor on a side wall and projecting not more
than 50 mm from the wall, and
f) have a clearance of not less than 1 700 mm between the

outside of the stall face and the face of an in-swinging
washroom door and 1 400 mm between the outside of the stall
face and any wall-mounted fixture.
(See Appendix A.)
2) A grab bar required in Sentence (1) shall:
a) be mounted
i) horizontally on the wall beside the water closet, and be not

less than 1 200 mm in length, located with its centreline
between 300 mm and 330 mm above the height of the
toilet seat and with its midpoint located in line with the front
edge of the water closet, or

PUBLIC FACILITIES
ii) on the wall beside the water closet and have a horizontal
portion 600 mm in length with a 600 mm extension
extending upwards to the front and away from the
horizontal portion at an angle of 60° to the horizontal with
the centreline of the horizontal portion between 300 mm
and 330 mm above the height of the toilet seat and the
intersection of the horizontal and sloping portions located
in line with the front edge of the water closet,
b) be installed to resist a load of not less than 1.3 kN applied

vertically or horizontally,
c) be not less than 30 mm and not more than 40 mm in diameter,

and
d) have a clearance of not less than 35 mm and not more than

45 mm from the wall.”
A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iii) Water Closet Stalls “Doors to water closet

stalls for persons with physical disabilities should swing outward,
preferably against a side wall.”
A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iv) Door Pulls The door pull should consist of a

D-shaped handle mounted either horizontally or vertically. The
centerlines are the lines drawn through the long axis and the short axis of
the handle. If the handle is installed in the horizontal position, the short or
transverse axis is the centerline which must be located at between 200
and 300 mm from the hinged side of the door, and the long or longitudinal
axis is the one which is located between 900 and 1 000 mm from the
floor. If the handle is installed in the vertical position, the distance is
measured from the longitudinal axis to the hinged side of the door, while
the distance from the floor is measured to the transverse axis.
A-3.8.3.8.(2) Grab Bars The required grab bar referred to in Clause

3.8.3.8.(1)(d) must be mounted horizontally. It is the designer’s

PUBLIC FACILITIES
prerogative to exceed the minimum requirements found in the ABC and

specify the installation of additional grab bars in other locations. These
additional grab bars may be of different configurations and can be
installed in other orientations.
D.1.2.3 Water Closets and Urinals
“1) A water closet for a person with physical disabilities shall
a) be equipped with a seat located at not less than 400 mm and

not more than 460 mm above the floor,
b) be equipped with hand-operated flushing controls that are
easily accessible to a wheelchair user or be automatically
operable,
c) be equipped with a seat lid or other back support, and
d) not have a spring-actuated seat.
“A-3.8.3.9. Water Closets Wall-mounted water closets or floor

models with receding bases are preferable because they provide the least
amount of obstruction.”
D.1.2.4 Urinals
“1) If urinals are provided in a barrier-free washroom, at least one

urinal shall be

PUBLIC FACILITIES
a) wall mounted, with the rim located between 488 mm and 512
mm above the floor, or
b) floor mounted, with the rim level with the finished floor.
2) The urinal described in Sentence (1) shall have
a) clear width of approach of 800 mm centred on the urinal,

b) no step in front, and
c) installed on each side a vertically mounted grab bar that is not
less than 300 mm long, with its centreline 1 000 mm above the
floor, and located not more than 380 mm from the centreline of
the urinal.
“A-3.8.3.10.(2) Urinals Men with disabilities are often able to use

the urinal in a public washroom. Grab bars, on both sides of the urinal,
are essential for those who are able to support themselves in a standing
position. Grab bars are also very useful for the elderly and men who have
had a stroke, who might be using a cane. In addition, some men using
wheelchairs use a leg storage bag, and require a draining location. The
draining is often electronically controlled from a valve near the ground. It
is best that the bottom of the urinal be flush with the floor to facilitate the
draining mechanism of the leg bag. In no case should it be more than 20
mm above the floor.”
D.1.2.5 Lavatories
“1) A barrier-free washroom shall be provided with a lavatory which

shall
a) be located so that the distance between the centreline of the

lavatory and the side wall is not less than 460 mm,
b) have a rim height not more than 865 mm above the floor,

PUBLIC FACILITIES
c) have a clearance beneath the lavatory not less than

i) 760 mm wide,
ii) 735 mm high at the front edge,
iii) 685 mm high at a point 205 mm back from the front edge,
and
iv) 230 mm high over the distance from a point 280 mm to a
point 430 mm back from the front edge
(see Appendix A),
d) have exposed parts insulated where they would otherwise
present a burn hazard (see Appendix A),
e) be equipped with faucet handles of the lever type without
spring loading or be automatically operable, and
f) have soap or towel dispensers located not more than 1 200
mm above the floor in an area that is accessible to persons
using wheelchairs.
2) The lavatory required by Sentence (1) is permitted to be built into

a counter provided the height and clearances required by
Sentence (1) are maintained.
3) Shelves or other projections above lavatories shall be located so

that they will not present a hazard to a person with a visual
disability.
4) If mirrors are provided in a barrier-free washroom, at least one

mirror shall be
a) mounted with its bottom edge not more than 1 000 mm above
the floor, or
b) be inclined to the vertical to be usable by a person using a
wheelchair.”
“A-3.8.3.11.(1)(d) Lavatories Persons who have lost the sense of

touch in their limbs cannot feel hot or cold and are susceptible to burns
without knowing. The parts referred to in Clause 3.8.3.11.(1)(d) could
include the sink and both supply and waste pipes. The hazard can be

PUBLIC FACILITIES
prevented by insulating the parts, enclosing them, or by limiting the

temperature of the hot water to a maximum of 45° C.”
D.1.2.6 Special Washrooms (containing one toilet and one lavatory)
“1) A special washroom provided primarily for the use of persons of

both sexes with physical disabilities and an attendant shall
a) be equipped with a door capable of being locked from the
inside and released from the outside in case of emergency
and which has
i) a sliding latch operating and locking mechanisms located
not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 000 mm above
the floor, and
ii) on an outward swinging door, a door pull not less than 140
mm long located on the inside so that its midpoint is not
less than 200 mm and not more than 300 mm from the
hinged side of the door and not less than 900 mm and not
more than 1 000 mm above the floor (see A-
3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iv) in Appendix A),
b) be provided with a lavatory conforming to Article 3.8.3.11.,
c) be equipped with a water closet conforming to the
requirements of Article 3.8.3.9.,
d) be equipped with grab bars conforming to Sentence
3.8.3.8.(2),
e) have no dimension less than 1 700 mm,
f) have fixture clearances conforming to Articles 3.8.3.9. to
3.8.3.11.,
g) be equipped with a coat hook conforming to Clause
3.8.3.8.(1)(e), a folding table for changing babies and a shelf
located not more than 1 200 mm above the floor,
h) have a doorway conforming to Article 3.8.3.3.,
i) be designed to permit a person using a wheelchair to back in
alongside the water closet, and

PUBLIC FACILITIES
j) be designed to permit a person using a wheelchair to turn in

an open space that has a diameter of not less than 1 500 mm.
A-3.8.3.12. Special Washrooms Unobstructed areas in front of the

lavatory, in front of the water closet and on one side of the water closet
are necessary for maneuverability of a person using a wheelchair.
Although outward swinging doors are preferable for accessibility, inward
swing doors are also permitted.”
D.1.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code provides detailed requirements for accessible

public washrooms. There are still some areas of the Code that could be
modified to make access more convenient for people with disabilities.
These are addressed in Section D.1.4.
Provision of individual washrooms for people with disabilities allows family

members or caregivers of the opposite gender to provide assistance
without the discomfort and inconvenience of choosing either the men’s or
women’s washrooms. These rooms may also be used by parents with
infants requiring diaper changes. Including this option increases the use
of the room, thereby reducing the opportunity for vandalism. It is
preferred that these washrooms are located in high traffic areas, thus
providing additional security to users.
D.1.4 Proposed Guidelines
D.1.4.1 Entrances
The entrances to washrooms are often difficult or impossible for people

with disabilities to use, especially where there are vestibules with two
doors. Therefore it is important to either eliminate the doors or provide
only one entry door to washrooms. Washrooms shall be designed so that
doors are not required simply to prevent the fixtures inside from being
viewed by passersby.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Entrances with an L-configuration shall have a minimum depth of 1 200

mm to allow a wheelchair to turn the corner easily. However, L-shaped
entrances shall be as wide as possible.
D.1.4.2 Locking Devices
Water closet stalls or enclosure doors shall be equipped with locking

devices that do not require pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate. A
sliding lock is preferred.
D.1.4.3 Water Closet Stall Doors
Water closet stall doors shall have a clear opening of 800 mm (this is
greater than the 760 mm required by the Alberta Building Code) and shall
be self-closing.
D.1.4.4 Width and Depth of Water Closet Stalls
Water closet stalls shall have a clear unobstructed space from the closet
bowl to the door of at least 1 500 mm in width by 1 500 mm in depth.
This will allow for easy manoeuvrability of the wheelchair when in the
stall.
D.1.4.5 Lavatory Knee Space
To maximize knee space below the lavatory, “P” traps in drain lines shall
be offset horizontally so that a minimum of 280 mm is provided from the
front of the counter to the face of the “P” trap. The bottom of the counter
from the floor shall be 725 to 800 mm.
D.1.4.6 Counter Space in Individual Washrooms
A counter with sufficient space to change an infant’s diaper shall be

provided.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.2 SHOWER ROOMS
Showers in public facilities shall be made accessible to allow people with

disabilities to participate in recreational activities. They shall have the
convenience of being able to take a shower after strenuous activity.
“3.8.3.13. Showers
1) If showers are provided in a building of assembly occupancy, at

least one shower stall shall be barrier-free and shall
a) be not less than 1 500 mm wide and 900 mm deep,

b) have a clear floor space at the entrance to the shower not less
than 900 mm deep and the same width as the shower, except
that fixtures are permitted to project into that space provided
they do not restrict access to the shower (see Appendix A),
c) have a slip-resistant floor surface,
d) have a bevelled threshold not more than 13 mm higher than
the finished floor,
e) be equipped with a hinged seat that is not spring-loaded or a
fixed seat that is
i) not less than 450 mm wide and 400 mm deep,
ii) mounted approximately 450 mm above the floor, and
iii) designed to carry a minimum load of 1.3 kN,
f) be equipped with a horizontal knurled finished grab bar which
shall
i) be not less than 900 mm long located on the wall 100 mm
from the back of the seat,
ii) be mounted approximately 750 mm above the floor,

PUBLIC FACILITIES
iii) be located on the wall opposite the entrance to the shower

so that not less than 300 mm of its length is at one side of
the seat, and
iv) conform to Clauses 3.8.3.8.(2)(b), (c) and (d),
(see Appendix A),
g) be equipped with a pressure-equalizing or thermostatic mixing
valve controlled by a lever or other device operable with a
closed fist from the seated position located on the side wall
200 mm in front of the seat,
h) be equipped with a hand-held shower head with not less than
1 500 mm of flexible hose located so that it can be reached
from the seated position and equipped with a support so that it
can operate as a fixed shower head, and,
i) have fully recessed soap holders which can be reached from
the seated position and located on the side wall 100 mm in
front of the seat.”
“A-3.8.3.13.(1)(b) Clear Space at Entrances to Showers.

The clear space at the entrance to a shower may be encroached upon by
fixtures such as a wall hung sink which does not interfere with the leg
rests of the wheelchair. However, this sink could restrict movement for
persons who need to make a lateral transfer if it were installed at the seat
end of the shower.”
“A-3.8.3.13.(1)(f) Grab Bars.

One horizontal grab bar is required to be installed on the wall next to the
seat. A grab bar behind the seat would prevent the user from leaning
back against the wall, while one located on the wall opposite the seat
cannot be reached from the seated position. The seat itself may be used
in conjunction with the bar for transfer. If design flexibility is required, fold
away grab bars can be used as an alternative.”

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.2.3 Comments
The Alberta Building Code satisfies the main requirements for an

accessible shower room. One area the Code does not provide for is
common showers. This is discussed under Proposed Guidelines.
D.2.4.1 Shower Fixtures
A diverter mechanism on the hand-held shower shall be provided to

protect people with disabilities against misdirection of spray.
A shelf for storing soap, sponges and brushes shall be provided at 850
mm above floor level.
D.2.4.2 Common Showers
Common showers shall have bevelled thresholds no more than 13 mm in

height allowing wheelchairs to pass over with minimal hindrance.
A shower wheelchair shall be provided for use in the shower room.
A flexible hand-held shower sprayer shall be provided.
The slope of shower room floor to drain shall be 1 in 20.
D.2.4.3 Individual Change/Shower Room
Similar to individual washrooms, provision of individual change/shower

rooms for people with disabilities allows family members or caregivers of
the opposite gender to provide assistance without the discomfort or
inconvenience of choosing either the men’s or women’s change/shower
rooms.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.3 TICKET COUNTERS AND SERVICE COUNTERS
People with disabilities must attend to day-to-day business such as

banking, paying bills, and activities such as booking or registering for
recreational or educational programs. The excessive height of
countertops can make these tasks difficult. Therefore an area for people
in wheelchairs to conduct their business with privacy at a convenient
height and with adequate knee space shall be provided.
“(1) Every counter more than 2 m long serving the public shall have at
least one barrier-free section in conformance with Sentences (2)
and (3). (See Appendix A) (See A-3.8.2.1. in Appendix A)
(2) A barrier-free counter surface shall be not more than 865 mm

above the floor.
(3) Knee space beneath barrier-free counters intended to be used as

work surfaces shall be not less than
a) 760 mm wide,
b) 685 mm high, and
c) 485 mm deep.“
D.3.3 Comments
CAN/CSA-B651-M90, Barrier-Free Design recommends the same

counter dimensions as the Alberta Building Code, but also includes a
minimum clear floor space of not less than 750 x 1 200 mm in front of a
counter or work surface to ensure accessibility.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
However, the recommended and preferred knee space beneath barrier-

free counters intended to be used as work surfaces shall be 720 mm –
800 mm.
D.3.4.1 Counters
Counters shall be cane detectable and colour/brightness contrasted from

their surroundings.
Counter surfaces shall have a non-glare, matte finish.
Where a glass partition separates customers from the service personnel,

there shall be an adequate speaker system to facilitate communication.
D.3.4.2 Cafeterias
The height of counters for conveying trays shall be a maximum of 865

mm.
The maximum distance to any liquid dispenser shall be within reach

limitations of wheelchair users unless employees are behind the cafeteria
line at all times.
Food shall be located a maximum 450 mm from the edge of the counter.
D.4 INTERIOR SEATING IN PUBLIC FACILITIES
People with disabilities, like most other people, enjoy going to plays,
movies, and sporting events. However, this is often impossible because
of the lack of available seating.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
“5) Except where a barrier-free path of travel is not required in Article

3.8.2.1. in an assembly occupancy, the number of spaces
designated for use by persons using wheelchairs within rooms or
areas with fixed seats shall conform to Table 3.8.2.1. and be
disbursed
a) in each floor level of seating,
b) in each price range of seating, and
c) in each viewing section of seating.
(See Article 3.8.3.6. for the design requirements.)”
Table 3.8.2.1 - Designated Wheelchair Spaces

Forming Part of Sentence 3.8.2.1.(5)
Number of Fixed Seats Number of Spaces Required

in Seating Area for Wheelchairs
2 - 100 2
101 - 200 3
201 – 300 4
301 – 400 5
401 – 500 6
501 – 900 7
901 – 1 300 8
1 301 – 1 700 9
each increment of up to 400 one additional space
seats in excess of 1 700
“1) Spaces designated for use by persons using wheelchairs referred

to in Sentence 3.8.2.1.(5) shall be

PUBLIC FACILITIES
a) clear and level, or level with easily removable seating,

b) not less than 900 mm wide and 1 525 mm long to permit a
person using a wheelchair to enter from a side approach and
1 220 mm long where the person using a wheelchair enters
from the front or rear of the space,
c) arranged so that at least 2 designated spaces are side by side,
d) located adjoining a barrier-free path of travel without infringing
on egress from any row of seating or any aisle requirements,
and
e) situated, as part of the designated seating plan, to provide a
choice of viewing locations and a clear view of the event taking
place.”
D.4.3 Comments
Removable chairs can be installed in public facilities to accommodate

wheelchairs without loss of revenue to the owner. If there is no need for
these wheelchair spaces, the seats can be placed back for the general
public.
Spaces provided for persons in wheelchairs shall provide sight-lines equal

to those provided for the majority of the audience.
Spaces for persons in wheelchairs shall be level, and the path of travel to
them shall meet the requirements of Section 3.8, “Interior Corridors.”
Seats shall be provided for persons with orthotics or prostheses. The

seats shall be at least 800 mm wide.
It is recommended that the number of spaces required for wheelchair

users in Table 3.8.2.1. be increased by at least 2 per number of fixed
seats to accommodate a larger number of wheelchair users expected in
the future.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
All exits shall be accessible from the wheelchair stations in case of an

emergency.
D.5 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SITE FURNITUREAND

FIXTURES
Site furniture and fixtures play an integral part in creating a functional,

enjoyable and accessible environment. They shall be designed and
located for safety, comfort and convenience and not constitute a hazard.
Readily available resting places are important, especially for those who
tire easily.
Winter conditions shall not impede the use of exterior site furniture and
fixtures intended for year-round use.
“3) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), obstructions located within

horizontally into an exit passageway, a public corridor, a corridor
sleeping rooms in a manner that would create a hazard for a
person with a visual disability travelling adjacent to the walls.

between the obstruction and the floor is less than 680 mm. (See
Appendix A.)”

PUBLIC FACILITIES
“A-3.3.1.9.(4) Obstruction in Corridor. The sweep of a cane used by

blind or visually impaired persons normally detects obstructions that are
within 680 mm of the floor. Any obstruction above this height would not
normally be detected and can, therefore, create a hazard if it projects
more than 100 mm into the path of travel.”
Drinking Fountains
“1) If drinking fountains are provided, at least one shall be barrier-free

and shall
a) have a spout located near the front of the unit not more than
915 mm above the floor, and
b) be equipped with controls that are easily operable from a
wheelchair using one hand with a force of not more than 22 N
or be automatically operable.”
D.5.3 Comments
Neither the Alberta Building Code nor the Calgary Land Use Bylaw gives
standards governing the location of interior or exterior site furniture. This
results in a lack of consistency of placement and creates numerous
hazards for people with visual impairments. The difference between
interior and exterior conditions shall be recognized. For the exterior, the
standards of climatic protection, illumination, and drainage are important.
The choice of materials for site furniture shall invite use and be
comfortable regardless of the time of the year. Winter conditions can
make some materials, like concrete and metal, unpleasant to use.
As noted in Section A.1.3, the prescribed height of 680 mm is too high to

be cane detectable. Therefore, 200 mm is recommended.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.5.4.1 Drinking Fountains
Fountains shall extend to within a maximum distance of 255 mm above

the floor, with front panel sloping 50 to 90 mm inwards. This will allow a
close side approach for wheelchairs and will not be hazardous for people
with visual impairments when using a cane.
D.5.4.2 Permanent Barriers
At least one post shall be removable and this shall be identified with the
international symbol of accessibility. If not, an alternative passageway
such as a gate, similarly marked, shall be available for access.
Bollards shall be placed to minimize obstruction to pedestrian flow. The

minimum clearance between bollards shall be 1 200 mm. The minimum
height shall be 600 mm and they shall be colour contrasted from the
surrounding paving to be more visible.
Chains, cables or ropes are not recommended as permanent or

temporary barriers unless they are easily visible. They shall be placed at
a height of no more than 250 mm and no lower than 150 mm, so they can
be detected by the visually impaired.
D.5.4.3 Overhead Signs
Overhead signs shall have a clearance of 2 100 mm from the bottom

edge of the sign to the walking surface.
D.5.4.4 Automated Teller Machines
Where there is more than one automated teller machine, at least one of
them shall be accessible to people in wheelchairs. Where there is only
one, it shall be accessible. The highest operable control shall be

PUBLIC FACILITIES
1 100 mm from the floor. The knee space shall be not less than 700 mm
high and 500 mm deep.
D.5.4.5 Benches
Benches with arm and back rests shall be adjacent to an accessible

route. The seat height shall be between 450 and 500 mm from the
ground. There shall be an adjacent level, firm ground surface at least
850 x 1 200 mm to accommodate a wheelchair.
Heel space is also necessary to make rising from a seated position

easier.
Seat surfaces shall be pitched to shed water, but not drain out on to
walking surfaces where wetness or ice may create a hazard.
Seat surfaces and vertical supports shall be designed to avoid

accumulating snow and debris.
Benches shall be colour contrasted from the surrounding area so that

persons with visual impairments can see them. Also, a bright colour will
deter unwanted behaviour or criminal activity.
D.5.4.6 Picnic Tables
Picnic tables shall be adjacent to an accessible route on a level, firm

ground surface. The knee space under the table shall be at least 750 mm
wide x 500 mm deep x 700 mm high.
Table and seat surfaces shall shed water, and be kept free of snow and
debris.
D.5.4.7 Trash Containers
Trash containers shall be adjacent to, but not obstruct, the walkway.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Trash container designs shall include ease of use and exclusion of rain
and snow. They shall be operable with one hand.
The maximum height of the opening shall be 900 mm.
D.6 PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS
Parks and playgrounds that are accessible provide an opportunity for

people with disabilities to have access to the outdoors and to take an
active part in community life.
D.6.2.1 Exterior Walks
“1) Exterior walks that form part of a barrier-free path of travel shall
a) have a slip-resistant, continuous and even surface,
b) be not less than 1 100 mm wide,
c) have a level area adjacent to an entrance doorway conforming
to Clause 3.8.3.4.(1)(c),
d) have a minimum 75 mm high curb where, in the absence of
walls, railings, or other barriers on either or both sides of the
walk, where the vertical drop from the walk exceeds 75 mm,
e) have a minimum 1 100 mm wide surface of a different texture
and contrasting in colour to that surrounding it, where the path
of travel is level and even with adjacent surfaces,
f) be free from obstructions for the full width of the walk to a
minimum height of 1 980 mm, except that handrails are
permitted to project not more than 100 mm from either or both
sides into the clear area,

PUBLIC FACILITIES
g) be designed as a ramp where the gradient of the walk is

greater than 1 in 20, and
h) have a cross slope of not more than 1:50.
2) The width of an exterior walk in a barrier-free path of travel that is

more than 30 m long shall be increased to not less than 1 500 mm
for a length of 2 000 mm at intervals of not more than 30 m.”
D.6.3 Comments
All recreational areas do not need to be completely barrier-free. A

diversity of accessibility within a single recreational area enhances
everyone’s opportunity to enjoy the outdoors, without “segregation by
disability.”
Parks and playgrounds shall be accessible from surrounding communities

and include a continuous accessible walkway throughout.
Devices such as posts or maze gates designed to prevent vehicular

access shall not also prevent access to people with disabilities. Posts
shall have a minimum clearance of 1 200 mm. Maze gates shall also
have a minimum clearance of 1 200 mm and a minimum depth of
1 500 mm to accommodate a wheelchair’s length.
Paths shall have firm bases, and unprotected joints shall not exceed
13 mm in width. This will make travelling easier for people using
wheelchairs. Paths shall also have positive drainage and good
illumination.
Fences, earth berms, or other similar structures used to define a space or

give direction shall not be higher than 1 000 mm to allow a person in a
wheelchair to see over them.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Also, keeping the height to no more than 1 000 mm deters unwanted

behaviour or criminal activity.
Signs pointing out areas of interest or possible hazards shall have raised
characters in colours that contrast with the background. The sign surface
shall be 1 000 to 1 200 mm from the ground and tilted and well lit.
Protected rest areas shall be provided at regular intervals along any walk
system. These areas shall be placed closer together where the gradient
is greater than 1 in 12 due to existing geographical conditions. Where it
is appropriate, rest areas shall be heated for inclement weather
conditions.
The physical organization of a park or playground shall be readily

comprehensible by those with visual impairments who rely on cognitive
mapping for orientation.
D.7 RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL CENTRES
Centres designed and constructed to meet accessibility standards enable

people with disabilities to take an active part in community life. Additional
consideration shall be given to ensure that the facilities and exhibitions
operated in these centres are also accessible.
“1) Ramps, ladders or recessed stairs shall be provided at the shallow

end of a swimming pool if the water depth is greater than 600 mm.
2) Ramps shall comply with the requirements of Sentence

3.8.3.4.(1).

PUBLIC FACILITIES
3) Two ladders shall be provided at the deep end of a swimming

pool, one at each side of the swimming pool.
4) Stairs or ladders in the deep end of a swimming pool shall be

placed to direct a bather away from diving boards and the diving
area.
5) Recessed steps with grab-rails may be used in lieu of ladders.
6) In any swimming pool where stairs or ramps are used they shall
have a nonslip surface sufficiently sloped towards the swimming
pool to prevent an accumulation of settleable solids.
7) Stairs and seats or their edges shall be finished in a manner that

contrasts with the swimming pool colour.
8) Treads of a ladder in a swimming pool shall be not less than 75

mm wide over their full length and have nonslip surfaces.
9) A ladder shall be corrosion-resistant and shall be rigidly installed.
10) Steps shall be designed with a maximum riser height of 200 mm

and a minimum tread width of 250 mm.
11) The authority having jurisdiction may accept a variance from the
dimensions required by Sentence (10) for a whirlpool or a special
purpose swimming pool in which space considerations prevent
compliance with Sentence (10), and shall notify the Administrator
of the variance.”
“1) Except for specific requirements of Article 7.3.4.8., Sentences

7.3.4.13.(9), (10) and (11), Sentence 7.3.4.14.(2) and Sentences
7.3.5.3.(20) and (21), a nonporous, impervious, hard-surfaced

PUBLIC FACILITIES
area shall be provided around the entire swimming pool, solely for
the use of bathers, not less than 1.8 m in width and providing not
less than 0.9 m of unobstructed passage behind a diving board,
support column, or a slide or other piece of play equipment and its
supporting structure.
2) The deck area of a deck level swimming pool shall have a slope of
not less than 1:50 and not more than 1:25 away from the
swimming pool for a distance of at least 0.6 m with positive
drainage to the deck drains.
3) For a deck level swimming pool, the width of deck beyond the
edge of the gutter drained to the circulation system of the deck
level swimming pool shall be not greater than 900 mm.
4) For the deck area of a swimming pool in which recessed gutters or

skimmers are used, the deck shall be sloped not less than 1:50
and not more than 1:25 away from the swimming pool and drained
to waste.
5) All walks, decks and terraces surrounding a swimming pool shall

be uniformly sloped not less than 1:50 and not more than 1:25 to
drains or points at which the water will have a free unobstructed
flow at all times to points of collection.
6) A deck surface must be nonslip when wet, sufficiently smooth to

facilitate disinfecting and finished so that there will be no
discomfort to bare feet.
7) Where a brushed concrete finish is used on a deck surface, the

brushing must be done toward the drains.
8) The deck of an outdoor swimming pool shall be not less than 150
mm above the finished ground elevation.”

PUBLIC FACILITIES
“1) The depth of water in a swimming pool shall be plainly marked at

the points of minimum depth, maximum depth, 1.2 m depth, and
at the points of break between gentle and steep bottom slopes.
2) The words “DEEP AREA” and “SHALLOW AREA” shall be clearly

marked at appropriate locations.
3) Depth markings for a swimming pool to indicate the depth shall be

placed on the deck in legible numerals at least 100 mm high in a
colour contrasting with the background and be visible both by day
and under artificial lighting.
4) If possible, depth markings shall also be located on the wall of the

swimming pool, above the operating water level.
5) Depth markings must be placed on both sides and both ends of a

swimming pool; the distance between markings shall be not more
than 7.6 m.
6) At the 1.2 m mark and at any point in a swimming pool where the
slope is greater than 1:12, the swimming pool must be equipped
with provisions for the installation of a safety line having a
minimum diameter of 19 mm and equipped with floats.
7) Where movable or adjustable water depth or floors are installed in

a swimming pool, suitable markings shall be incorporated to
advise bathers of these features.
8) The words “VARIABLE DEPTH – NO DIVING” shall be clearly

marked at appropriate locations.”

PUBLIC FACILITIES
D.7.3.1 Swimming Pools
There shall be a ramp and stairs with handrails located at the shallow end
of the pool.
Stairs rather than ladders shall be provided whenever possible, since

stairs are more easily negotiated and can be used to sit upon if wide
enough.
It is recommended that power hoists shall be provided in pools to assist

people in wheelchairs getting in and out. Ramps may be difficult for some
people with disabilities to use.
D.7.3.2 Ice Rink/Exercise Areas
Level access shall be provided to ice rinks and exercise areas.
D.7.3.3 Exhibitions
Visual information shall also be given audibly.
Exhibition areas shall be barrier-free or an alternative method of

interpreting the message shall be provided, such as audio-visual
presentations, or the next best alternative in a location that is accessible.
Important artefacts, labels and graphics shall be placed at an elevation

which makes viewing comfortable (1 000 – 1 200 mm above ground level
for table displays; 1 200 – 1 500 mm above ground level for wall mounted
displays) for all visitors. Labels on horizontal surfaces shall be tilted to
allow for better viewing.
Lighting fixtures shall be designed and placed in such a way that no glare
or reflection is created on the illuminated object.

E. COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS
E. COMMUNICATIONS
E.1 PUBLIC TELEPHONES
E.1.1 Principle/Rationale
Public telephones that are not accessible to people with disabilities deny
a basic service that most of us take for granted. Also it denies well-being
and safety in an emergency.
E.1.2 Existing Regulations
“1) If built-in shelves or counters are provided for public telephones,

they shall be level and shall
a) be not less than 265 mm deep,

b) have, for each telephone provided, a clear space adjacent to
the phone, not less than 265 mm wide, having no obstruction
within 265 mm above the surface, and
c) have a top surface not more than 865 mm above the floor.
2) A wall-hung telephone provided above a shelf or counter section

described in Sentence (1) shall be located so that the receiver and
coin slot are not more than 1 370 mm above the floor.
3) Where public telephones are provided in entrance foyers of

buildings classified as Group A, Group B, Division 1, hospitals in
Group B, Division 2, police station in Group D, or Group E, or in
lobbies of hotels and motels, at least one telephone shall be
provided with a built-in telecommunication device for the deaf
(TDD).

COMMUNICATIONS
E.1.3 Comments
Telephones are essential for communication and providing a sense of

security. Where several public telephones are grouped together, at least
one of them shall be accessible to people in wheelchairs and those with
hearing difficulties. Where there is only one, it shall be wheelchair
accessible and have a variable volume control.
E.1.4 Proposed Guidelines
Accessible pay telephones shall be identified with the International

Symbol of Access.
Telephones shall be offset with a space beside them to provide room for
the TDD carried by people with hearing impairments.
A pay telephone shall be mounted on a wall, on a freestanding pylon or in

an enclosure which will allow access for a person using a wheelchair to
the telephone, and still be cane detectable.
The length of the cord from the telephone to the handset shall be a
minimum of 1 000 mm.
There shall be 800 mm clearance from the floor surface to the underside
of any enclosure or shelf. There shall be a minimum clear floor space of
800 mm in front of a telephone to allow access for people in wheelchairs.
A bench that is either stationary or swing away shall be considered near

an accessible telephone.
The minimum illumination level on operating mechanisms, the directory,

and shelf shall be 200 lx.
Protection from prevailing winds and blowing snow shall be considered

for exterior telephones. In addition, ambient noise, such as vehicular

COMMUNICATIONS
traffic, shall be considered when locating exterior telephones, or a means

to minimize the noise, such as an enclosed booth, shall be included. This
will make communication easier for people who are hearing impaired.
E.2 ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES
Many people who use hearing aids have difficulty functioning in noisy
environments and when the speaker or speakers are at a distance.
There are several systems available which can overcome the combined
problems of distance and background noise.
“1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), in a building of assembly

occupancy, all assembly areas with an area of more than 100 m 2
shall be equipped with an assistive listening system comprising
the entire seating area.
2) If the assistive listening system required by Sentence (1) is an

induction loop system, only half the seating area in the room need
be encompassed.”
E.2.3 Comments
Types of assistive listening systems include induction loops, FM radio

frequency systems and infrared systems. All these aid hearing without
disturbing the listening enjoyment of other people. The choice and size
(power) of the system will depend on the type of application and the size
of the room.

COMMUNICATIONS
E.2.4.1 Induction Loops
Induction loops shall be considered in box offices, ticket and other

counters, alcoves within large spaces, as well as in theatres, halls and
churches.
Counters equipped with loops shall be clearly signed and in regular use.
E.2.4.2 FM Radio Frequency Systems
FM Systems shall be considered in large public facilities, such as airports

and other transport terminals. When clearly marked, the FM broadcast
area provides the traveller with an easily located listening zone, so that all
information, especially important announcements, is readily available.
E.2.4.3 Infrared Systems
Infrared rays are contained within an enclosed space in which they are
being used for transmission. Individual transmissions shall be blocked by
solid barriers so there will be no interference.
The system shall be shielded from the sun, or the strength of

transmission increased to avoid interference.
E.3 SIGNAGE
The purpose of signs is to provide information and direction. They shall

be strategically placed for high visibility and be simple and consistent for
easy comprehension. Raised characters provide tactile cues for persons
who are blind.

COMMUNICATIONS
E.3.2.1 International Symbol
“1) Signs incorporating the international symbol of accessibility for

persons with physical disabilities shall be installed to indicate the
location of a barrier-free entrance. (See Appendix A.)
2) A washroom, shower, elevator or parking space designed to be

barrier-free shall be identified by a sign consisting of the
international symbol of accessibility for persons with physical
disabilities and by appropriate graphic or written direction to
indicate clearly the type of facility available. (See Appendix A.)
3) Facilities and services for persons with a specific disability shall be

identified using nationally recognized symbols. (See Appendix A.)”
“A-3.8.3.1.(1) to (2) Accessibility Signs. The official symbol, shown in

Figure A-3.8.3.1.(1), indicates to persons with physical disabilities that
they will have reasonable freedom of movement within a building so
signed. The symbol is usually white on a blue background; where these
colours do not stand out, the sign can be set on a white background. An
arrow can be added to indicate direction or the location of an accessible
space or facility.
A-3.8.3.1.(3) Accessibility Signs. The location of special facilities or

services for persons with a specific disability should be indicated by an
internationally recognized sign. Facilities for the hard of hearing are
identified by a stylized ear. Telecommunication devices for the deaf are
identified by a stylized keyboard. The location facilities and services for
persons with vision impairments or persons who are blind are denoted by
a stylized person walking with a cane.”

COMMUNICATIONS
E.3.2.2 Floor Numbering
“1) Arabic numerals indicating the assigned floor number shall
a) be mounted permanently on the stair side of the wall at the

latch side of doors to exit stair shafts,
b) be not less than 60 mm high, raised approximately 0.75 mm
above the surface,
c) be located 1 350 mm from the finished floor and beginning not
more than 150 mm from the door, and
d) be contrasting in colour with the surface on which they are
applied.”
“A-3.4.6.18.(1)(d) Colour Contrast.

Identification of floor and other signs intended to facilitate orientation for
visually-impaired persons should offer maximum colour contrast to be
effective. For this reason, it is recommended that white on black or black
on white be used, as this combination produces the best legibility. It is
also recommended that the sign surfaces be processed to prevent glare.”
E.3.3 Comments
Signs and symbols shall be kept simple and consistent. Symbols are
preferable to words, particularly for those with language or reading
difficulties. Consideration of lettering size and style, use of appropriate
colours for contrast, and a non-distracting background shall ensure
legibility.
Standard symbols shall be used to identify washrooms and for which

gender they are designated, to allow easy comprehension by people with
cognitive disabilities.

COMMUNICATIONS
All public buildings shall be required to have signs indicating accessible

facilities within. These signs shall be located near the entrance to direct
people upon entry to the building and be placed along the route to provide
reassurance, which is essential to people with cognitive impairments.
E.3.4.1 Lettering and Numbers
Lettering and numbers shall be 60 mm minimum in height and be raised

at least 0.75 mm.
Lettering and numbers shall have a width-to-height ratio between 3:5 and
1:1 and have a stroke-width-to-height ratio between 1:5 and 1:10.
No ornate lettering shall be used on signs because it is difficult for people

who are visually or cognitively impaired to read.
Contrasting colours shall be used on signs to provide easy reading,

especially for people who are visually impaired.
Raised letters, numbers and symbols shall be between 1 200 and 1 400
mm from the floor. All characters shall be clearly separated. They shall
be located at standard positions within a building.
E.3.4.2 Location of Signs
Direction signs shall be placed at focal points on main traffic routes.

Signs shall be located to indicate a through route with a location sign at
the destination.
Suspended signs that must be placed overhead shall have a clearance of

2 200 mm from the bottom edge of the sign to the walking surface.

COMMUNICATIONS
E.3.4.3 Building Directional Maps
Directional maps shall be located at the entrances to buildings at a height

of 1 200 to 1 400 mm and be tilted. This will allow persons in
wheelchairs to read them easily. Raised characters shall be used for
people who are blind.
E.4 AUDIBLE PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SIGNALS
Audible pedestrian traffic signals assist in safe travel across an

intersection. The audible signal acts as confirmation of the traffic flow
and as a directional indicator for people who are blind, and often serves
as a pacer to people who are cognitively impaired.
Currently there are no regulations governing audible pedestrian traffic

signals.
E.4.3 Comments
Audible pedestrian traffic signals shall be located at crosswalks in high

traffic areas. One audible sound unit shall be installed at each end of a
crosswalk. When the unit is operated, a tone shall sound for the full
duration of the “walk” interval.
When audible light signals are utilized, they shall be closely monitored for
mechanical malfunctions.

COMMUNICATIONS
If push buttons are used, they shall be placed on the first pole away from
the intersecting street at a height of 1 000 - 1 100 mm, on the side of the
pole parallel to the crosswalk.
Push buttons which activate visual pedestrian signals shall also operate
the audible pedestrian indicators.
The audible sound cue shall be clearly audible above the ambient noise
of the crosswalk area.
Audible signal posts shall constantly emit a slow, intermittent sound which
is distinguishable from the crossing signals, to indicate to a blind person
the presence of the crosswalk, the location of the push-button, and to act
as an audible beacon on the opposite side of the road.
Under normal crosswalk conditions the number of tones to be used shall

be two. One tone shall be for pedestrians crossing in the east-west
direction, and a second, different tone shall be for pedestrians crossing in
the north-south direction. For safety, the two tones shall be consistent
throughout the city.
All traffic signals shall be set to allow sufficient time for pedestrians to
safely complete the crossing.
E.5 DETECTABLE WARNING SURFACES
Detectable warning surfaces identify any hazards, such as changes in

grade, to people with visual impairments. A uniform system is essential
for easy and immediate comprehension.

COMMUNICATIONS
Alberta Building Code 1997 3.3.1.7.(4)
“In a barrier-free path of travel a downward change in elevation shall be

signalled by the use of a 600 mm wide tactile warning strip placed 250
mm from the edge and for the full width of a stair, escalator, moving
walkway, ramp or platform and identified using colour and brightness
contrast.”
E.5.3 Comments
Detectable warning surfaces are not commonly used. Further research is

required to achieve a higher level of standardization and effectiveness. A
tactile warning system shall be limited in its application to specific design
elements to prevent diverse individual interpretations and usages of such
an important warning system.
CAN/CSA-B651-M90, Barrier-Free Design requires that detactable

warnings on walking surfaces shall be at least 900 mm long, which is
preferred to the 600 mm in the Alberta Building Code. The 900 mm
detectable warning surface ensures that people will detect it regardless of
stride length.
All detectable warning surfaces in a building must be consistent in:

placement, materials used, and the warning message they convey to
people with visual impairments.
A detectable warning surface shall consistently present detectable

differences in resiliency, texture, colour/brightness contrast, and sound in
order to be discernible to a maximum number of people with visual
impairments. The textural difference shall be sufficient to enable easy
detection under foot or a long cane tip.

COMMUNICATIONS
There shall not be any flooring material utilized in a building which could
be confused with the detectable warning surface.
Tactile warning strips are recommended at both the top and bottom of
stairways and ramps.

F. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
F. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENT AL

DESIGN (CPTED)
F.1 CPTED
F.1.1 Principle/Rationale
The proper design and effective use of the physical environment will
produce behavioural effects that will reduce the incidence and fear of
crime, thereby improving the quality of life.
Note: All designs should be given a CPTED review to ensure that the
physical environment does not perpetuate criminal behaviours or
activities.
F.1.2 Natural Access Control
Access control uses doors, shrubs, fences, gates and other physical
design elements to discourage access to an area by all but its intended
users.
F.1.2.1 Natural Strategies
Safety and security are provided through the design and layout of space,
the location of windows etc. Natural strategies have low human and
capital resource requirements.
F.1.3 Natural Surveillance
Surveillance is achieved by placing windows in locations that allow

intended users to see or be seen while ensuring that intruders will be
observed as well. Surveillance is enhanced by providing adequate
lighting and landscaping that allow for unobstructed views.

F.1.3.1 Organised Strategies
Security guards or police provide surveillance and access control but are
labour intensive and expensive.
F.1.4 Territorial Behaviour
Territory is defined by sidewalks, landscaping, porches, and other

elements that establish the boundaries between public and private areas.
F.1.4.1 Mechanical Strategies
Capital or hardware intensive security, e.g. alarms or cameras, provide

access control and surveillance. Mechanical strategies may require
additional employees to watch monitors, for example.
F.1.5 CPTED Strategies
The general design strategies listed above can be applied in any

environment to improve natural access control, natural surveillance, and
territorial behaviour to:
• provide a clear border definition of controlled space;

• provide a clearly marked transition from public to semi-public to
private space;
• locate gathering areas in places with natural surveillance and
access control, and away from the view of potential offenders;
• place safe activities in unsafe locations, and unsafe activities in
safe locations;
• provide natural barriers to conflicting activities;
• improve the scheduling of space to provide for effective and
critical intensity of uses;
• design space to increase the perception of natural surveillance;
and

• overcome distance and isolation through improved

communications and design efficiencies, e.g., emergency
telephones, pedestrian paths.
For more information or a CPTED review of designs, please contact:
Calgary Police Services

District # (local area)
Community Liaison Officer (C.L.O.)
or
Calgary Police Services

Crime Prevention Unit
315 – 10 Ave SE, 4 th Floor
Telephone: (403) 509-1754

Fax: (403) 509-1757

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY
Aging Disability – An effect of the aging processes that significantly reduces mobility, flexibility, coordination and perceptiveness.
Ambulatory – Able to walk without artificial aids.
Area of Refuge – An area that will hold occupants until they can exit a building or where they can wait during a fire or similar
emergency for a period of time.
Barrier-Free Design – The incorporation and utilization of design principles to construct an environment that is functional, safe,
and convenient for all users, including those with any type of disability.
Blind – Having no sight or having severely reduced sight.
Cognitive Disability – Any loss or disturbance of the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory and reasoning.
Deaf – Having no hearing or having severely reduced hearing.
Detectable Warning Surface – A material, different in tactility from surrounding surfaces, to provide warning by being detectable
under foot, and provide a noticeably different sound when struck with a long cane.
Disability – Any definable restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered usual for
a human being.
FM Radio Frequency System – A system to convert sound to a designated FM frequency. The FM signal is then converted
back to sound by a small transmitter worn by the system user. It carries the sound directly to the user, while cutting out
any background noise.
Handicap – An artificially imposed disadvantage of an individual resulting from environmental and social barriers.
Hearing Impaired – The ability to hear to some extent with or without an amplification device such as a hearing aid.
Hazard – An architectural or environmental obstruction in the path of travel that cannot be readily detected and negotiated.
Impairment – Any loss or disturbance of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure and functioning of the body.

GLOSSARY
Induction Loop – An insulated cable laid around a listening area, with a microphone or other input source such as a TV or loop
amplifier. The loop sets up a magnetic field so that a person using a hearing aid with a pick-up coil can receive sound
without loss or distortion due to bad acoustics or extraneous noise.
Infrared Systems – Systems using light rays for the transmission of sound.
Kilonewton (kN) – A unit of force equal to one thousand newtons, or approximately 225 lbs.
Lux (lx) – A unit of illumination.
Newton (N) – A unit of force. (See Kilonewton)
Non-ambulatory – Requiring the use of a mobility aid.
Obstacle – An architectural or environmental obstruction in the path of travel that can be easily detected and negotiated; it can
also serve as a landmark and assist in orientation.
Semi-ambulatory – Able to walk only with the aid of braces, crutches or a walker, due to an arthritic or other disabling condition.
Sensory Information – Visual, tactile and auditory information.
Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (TDD) – Any device, such as a teletypewriter or Visual Ear, which provides persons
who are deaf with access to the public telephone network, by enabling them to type and read their messages over
telephone lines.
Visual Impairment – Partial or total loss of sight.
Winter City – A city in which the average maximum daytime temperature is equal to or less than 0ºC for a period of at least 60
days per year.
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ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ACCESSIBILITY THE CITY OF CALGARY 2002

TITLE: ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

AUTHOR: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ACCESSIBILITY (ACA)

PRINTING DATE: JANUARY 2002

ADDITIONAL COPIES: THE CITY OF CALGARY (#8115)

THIS DOCUMENT IS INTENDED TO SUPPLEMENT SECTION 3.8 OF THE

Linnie C.L. Tse, M.E.Des., Designs For Living

Roger Woodgate, representing the interests of people with visual impairments

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES i

ii ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

Formulation of the Guidelines has been based primarily on:

1. Experience and knowledge of people with disabilities from the community;

3. Documentation of standards/guidelines by other authorities, provinces and countries.

FORMAT OF THE GUIDELINES

1. A statement of the principle/rationale behind making a particular area accessible;

3. Comments on any deficiencies or possible improvements to existing regulations; and

4. Proposals to improve access.

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES iii

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................................................. III

A. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................... 3

A.1 BARRIER-FREE PATH OF TRAVEL ................................................................................................................................. 3

A.2 GROUND, FLOOR AND WALL SURFACES .................................................................................................................... 7

A.3 ILLUMINATION AND ACOUSTICS ................................................................................................................................. 10

iv ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

A.3.4. Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

A.4 LOCATION OF CONTROLS, DISPENSERSAND RECEPTACLES.............................................................................. 12

B. VEHICULAR ACCESS .................................................................................................................................................17

B.1 PARKING .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17

B.2 LAY-BYS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES v

B.3 LIGHT TRAIL TRANSIT (LRT)........................................................................................................................................ 23

C.1 EXTERIOR WALKWAYS ................................................................................................................................................. 29

C.2 SIDEWALK CURB CUTS................................................................................................................................................ 32

C.3 RAMPS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 34

vi ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

C.4 HANDRAILS AND GUARDS ........................................................................................................................................... 37

C.5 STAIRS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40

C.6 BUILDING ENTRANCES ................................................................................................................................................. 45

C.7 DOORS AND DOORWAYS .............................................................................................................................................. 47

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES vii

C.8 INTERIOR CORRIDORS ................................................................................................................................................. 52

C.9 ELEVATORS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54

C.10 +15 SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................................... 58

C.11 EMERGENCY EGRESS .................................................................................................................................................. 60

viii ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

C.11.2.8 Horizontal Exits .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64

D. PUBLIC FACILITIES .....................................................................................................................................................71

D.1 WASHROOMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 71

D.2 SHOWER ROOMS........................................................................................................................................................... 81

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES ix

D.3 TICKET COUNTERSAND SERVICE COUNTERS ........................................................................................................ 84

D.4 INTERIOR SEATING IN PUBLIC FACILITIES ................................................................................................................ 85

D.5 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SITE FURNITUREAND FIXTURES ................................................................................. 88

D.6 PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS ........................................................................................................................................ 92

D.7 RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL CENTRES .............................................................................................................. 94

x ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES

D.7.3 Proposed Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................................... 98

E.1 PUBLIC TELEPHONES................................................................................................................................................. 101

E.2 ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES................................................................................................................................ 103

E.3 SIGNAGE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 104

E.4 AUDIBLE PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SIGNALS.............................................................................................................. 108

ACCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES xi