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Solar Energy in India: Current Status
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and Barriers

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A Research Article

Submitted to

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Dr.Ratna Banerjee & Dr.Remica
Aggarwal

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In Partial fulfillment of the Degree Of

MBA Oil and Gas Management

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Madhur Chopra (R020217039), Neelanjan Paul
Choudhury(R020217084)

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 Table of contents
 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….....2
 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..2
 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………….5
 Solar thermal power plants…………………………………………………………….5
 Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV)…………………………………………………….5
 Solar energy status and current scenario in India……………………........................6
 Assessment stations of solar radiation resources in India and Government
initiative…………………………………………………………………………………10
 Barriers………………………………………………………………………………….12
 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………16
 References……………………………………………………………………………….16

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 Abstract

In June 2017 India signed the Paris accords according to which it had to reduce its carbon
emissions and generate 100 GW of solar electricity. India is a developing nation with its demand
for energy increasing at an exponential rate. At present only 20GW of solar energy is produces
of all the products in the energy basket of India, the 100GW goal according to Paris summit is to
be met by 2022 which is 5 times the current output. To continue its economic growth in
sustainable way India must cut its greenhouse emissions and must lay a path for solar power
generation. In this context the review aims to identify what are the possible barriers which will
hamper the current development and also what are the opportunities available for the growth of
the same sector. Authors aim not only on the technical and infrastructure requirements but also
take into accounts the stimuli which are non technical in nature such as the latest schemes and
provisions for solar energy generation in India which directly impact the demand and supply side
of the commodity and are proportional to the rise and fall of per unit cost of solar electricity
production.

1 Introduction

The energy sector is one of the key sectors that contributes significantly to the growth of the
country's economy. The electricity sector needs a more useful role to define, formulate and
implement research projects with a close participation of all public services, so that the benefit
reaches the final consumer (Nishant, 2016, p. 25). During the 1990s, many power companies
around the world forced to change their operation and business form, from a vertically integrated
mechanism to an open market system. The increase in energy consumption, particularly in recent
decades, has generated fears of depleting world oil reserves and other resources in the future.
The huge consumption of fossil fuels has caused visible damage to the environment in various
ways. Each year, human activity produces approximately 8 trillion tritons of carbon in the
atmosphere, 6.5 trillion tons of fossil fuels and 1.5 trillion deforestation (Purohit, 2013, p. 20).
India has also followed the global change in the energy sector through the establishment of

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Regulatory Commissions in 1998 under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act of 1998
(Central Law) to promote competition, efficiency. And the economy in the electricity industry
activities and the restructuring applied to the Electricity Board of the state of Orissa in the first
place and after that to many other states (Kumar S. , 2016, p. 2).

India's need to increase the supply of energy for its population and its fast-growing economy
poses a formidable challenge that is perceived as a great opportunity and also as a need for the
country to increase the share of renewable energies in the combination General energetics
Currently, India is the sixth largest country in the world in electricity generation, with a total
capacity of 177 GW, of which 65% comes from thermal sources, 21% from hydroelectric plants,
3% from nuclear sources and the rest 11%. 4]. Although over the years, the Indian electricity
sector has experienced an increase of five times in installed capacity, a jump from 30,000MW in
1981 to more than 176,990.40MW until June 30, 2011, but there is still a large gap in generation
and demand in Therefore, India needs to establish more generation plants, preferably from
renewable sources, through government and private participation.

The generation of electricity from renewables is becoming increasingly important in the context
of large negative environmental externalities caused by the generation of electricity from fossil
fuel-based energy. Environmental and social impact management has attracted considerable
attention in policy formulation, project development and operations . There is growing
environmental concern about the contribution of coal power generation to air emissions, mainly
due to poor quality Indian coal with an average ash content of 40% or a high ash content. India's
coal-based generation also combines with low conversion efficiencies. 33% of coal-based plants
generate large amounts of ash with other emissions that are harmful to the environment from
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The route
of future economic growth is likely to make fast and enhanced growth in energy mandate and the
increasing energy ingesting of conservative energy sources will make an increase in gas
emissions, annoying pollution problems and increasing gas discharges. Greenhouse effect (GHG)
.

The growth of renewable energy foundations, which are indigestible and dispersed and have low
bordering cohort costs, can surge energy safety by expanding supply, reducing requirement on
imports and justifying the price instability of the nation. Gas. Accelerating the use of renewable

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energy is also difficult if India is to meet its promises to reduce its carbon emission. The power
sector donates nearly half of the India carbon emissions.

India, the capacity of renewable energy generation connected to the total network of
20,556.05MW has been reached until June 30, 2011, which is approximately 11% of the total
installed power generation capacity in the country. It excludes wind energy of 14,550.6MW,
small hydroelectric power of 3,105.6MW, biomass energy of around 2,787.6MW, and around
39.6MW of Solar Energy as . An addition of 14,000MW capacity is focused during the 11th
period of the Plan that would allow to reach a capacity of renewable energy generation of up to
25,000MW in 2012. This impulse will probably continue and the renewable energy capacity in
the country is expected. will exceed 87,000MW by 2022.

At the same time, it is necessary to provide access to energy to rural areas and reduce
dependence on fossil fuel imports. India's approach is to meet its energy needs in a responsible,
sustainable and environmentally friendly way. The National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) in June 2008 identified that the development of solar energy technologies in the
country should continue as a National Mission. In November 2009, the Government of India
approved the "Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission" (JNNSM). The Mission's objective is
the development and deployment of solar energy technologies in the country to achieve parity
with the electricity tariff of the electricity grid by 2022 role of solar energy sources has increased
significantly in recent years due to the growing demand for energy with minimal environmental
impact. Solar energy is a clean, safe, easy to maintain and sustainable method to generate energy.

Photovoltaic solar energy is a very important source of energy to meet the demand for rural
electricity in this region of the country. Thermal energy is required to fulfill various purposes in
the domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors of the economy. India is growing
towards a huge solar energy day by day. As of June 2011, solar energy in India had reached
cumulative generation capacity of approximately 39.6MW. This is approximately 0.002% of the
2022 JNNSM target of 22GW. While this will be implemented in three stages, the first stage
would be to establish 1100MW of solar power in the network and 200MW of off-grid solar
applications using solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies, in March 2013 .In the current
scenario, solar energy-based power generation systems can play an important role in meeting the
energy requirements of industries. The organization of this document follows the availability, the

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current status, the strategies, the prospects, the promotion policies, the main achievements and
the future potential of the solar energy options in India together with the concluded observation.

2. Literature Review

 Moumita Sadhu et al “ (sadhu, 2015)”. This article tells us about how various companies
are unable to meet their purchase obligation due to high distribution losses
 Karan Kapoor et al “Evolution of Solar energy in India”. This journal tells us about the
various challenges for installation of solar plants in India. (kapoor, 2014)
 Malti Goel “Solar rooftops in India: Challenges and outlook”. This journal deals with the
study on global growth of solar energy and different policies in India. (Goel, 2016)
 Sanjay Kumar Kar et al “Solar energy market developments in India”. This paper
discusses about the energy security in India and the potential of solar energy in the
country (Kumar S. , 2016)
 Nishant Rohankar et al “A study of existing solar power policy framework in India for
viability of the solar projects perspective”. This study discusses the issues related with
viability of the project in current multi-policy environment and investments in the field of
solar energy (Nishant, 2016)

3. Solar thermal power plants

Solar thermal power plants (STE) produce electricity in much the same way as conventional
power plants. STE to generate electricity in bulk is one of the most appropriate technologies to
help mitigate climate change in an affordable way, as well as to reduce the consumption of fossil
fuels and its production of electrical energy by converting the sun's energy into heat at high
temperature using several mirror or lens configurations . It is considered that ESTE plants have a
minimum useful life of 20 years. According to some estimates, India can have an installed STE
base of 4-5GW by 2020. A large amount of IndianSTE production is consumed in Delhi,
Haryana and Punjab, using supply sites in both Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. The
population centers in Gujarat are also well positioned to extract power from Rajasthan.

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 4. Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV)

CPV systems were developed in the 1970s. CPV is another new method of generating electricity
from the sun, its sunlight concentrating on photovoltaic surfaces for the production of electrical
energy Solar concentrators of all varieties can be used, and these are often mounted on a solar
tracker to keep the focal point on the cell as the sun moves across the sky. CPV plants provide
energy by focusing the solar radiation on a photovoltaic module, which converts the radiation
directly into electricity . These solar cells are typically more expensive than conventional cells
used for flat plate photovoltaic systems. Either mirrors or lenses can be used to concentrate solar
energy for a CPV system. This development has included single-axis tracking, line-focus CPV
and two-axis tracking, point-focus CPV. Recent development has focused mainly on two-axis
tracking systems .

Concentrated photovoltaic technology will pave the way to meet the objectives of the
Government of India's Solar Mission that promotes sustainable growth while addressing India's
energy security. It is an integral part of the initiative to respond to the global challenge of climate
change. The first phase of the mission aims to commission 1000 MW of solar energy projects
connected to the grid before 2013. In addition to helping to meet the objectives in the most
efficient way, concentrated photovoltaic solar energy will introduce a new solar technology in
India.

5. Solar energy status and current scenario in India

Solar energy in India is a quickly emerging trade. The country's solar installed capacity reached
20 GW in February 2018. India expanded its solar generation capacity 8 times from 2,650 MW
on May 26, 2014 to more than 20 GW on January 31, 2018. The capacity of 20 GW it was
initially targeted for 2022, but the government reached the target four years ahead of schedule.
The country added 3 GW of solar capacity in 2015-2016 and more than 5 GW in 2016-2017, the
highest of any year, with the current average price of solar electricity falling to 18% below the
average price of its counterpart to charcoal In January 2015, the Indian government expanded its
solar plans, aiming at US $ 100 billion in investment and 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40
GW of the sunroof) by 2022. India's initiative of 100 GW of energy solar for 2022 is an
ambitious goal, since the capacity of solar energy installed in the world in 2017 is expected to be

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303 GW. Improvements in solar thermal energy storage technology in recent years have made
this task possible because the cheapest solar energy does not need to rely on costly and polluting
coal / gas / nuclear-based power generation to ensure stable operation of the network.

In addition to its large-scale photovoltaic solar initiative connected to the grid, India is
developing off-grid solar energy for local energy needs. The country has a poor rural
electrification rate; in 2015, only 55 percent of all rural households had access to electricity, and
85 percent of rural households depended on solid cooking fuel. Solar products have increasingly
helped to meet rural needs; By the end of 2015, almost 1M solar lanterns were traded in the
country, which abridged the requirement for kerosene. That year, 118,700 solar lighting systems
were installed for the home and 46,655 street solar lighting installations were provided under a

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national program, just over 1.4 million solar cookers were.

Solar potential in India (state wise)

In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President François Hollande laid the
groundwork for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in Gwal Pahari,
Gurgaon. The ISA will focus on the promotion and development of solar energy and solar
products for countries that are wholly or partially between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn. The alliance of more than 120 countries was announced at the COP21 climate summit
in Paris. One of the hopes of the ISA is that a wider deployment will reduce production and
development costs, facilitating the increasing deployment of solar technologies to poor and
remote regions. Solar energy is the energy imitative from the sun concluded the form of
radioactivity. India is endowed with a rich resource of solar energy. The average intensity of
solar radiation received in India is 200MW / km2 (megawatts per square kilometer) with 250-
300 days of sunshine in a year (kapoor, 2014, p. 5). Solar is an important reserve of energy,
although now it is not used in India, with the prospect of offering an improved energy supply
(especially in remote areas) and increasing the security of India's energy source. The intensity of
solar energy varies geographically, with Western Rajasthan receiving the greatest amount of

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annual radiation energy and the Northeast regions receiving the least amount. India has a good
level of solar radiation, receiving the equivalent of solar energy of more than 5,000 trillion / year.
Depending on the location, the daily incidence varies from 4 to 7kWh / m2, with sunshine hours
ranging from 2300 to 3200 per year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh /
m2, which is comparable to the radiation received in tropical and subtropical regions. The
equivalent energy potential is approximately 6000 million GWh of energy per year. Figure 2
shows the levels of solar radiation in different parts of the country. It can be seen that, although
the highest annual global radiation is received in Rajasthan, northern Gujarat and parts of the
Ladakh region, the parts of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh also receive a
fairly large amount of radiation compared to many parts of the world, especially Japan, Europe
and the United States, where the development and deployment of solar technologies is
maximum.

India's installed solar power capacity of 39.6MW at the end of June 2010 was based entirely on
photovoltaic technology, with approximately 20% of the capacity used for off-grid applications.
The development of alternative energy has been part of India's strategy to expand the energy
supply and meet the decentralized energy needs of the rural population. sector (Goel, 2016, p. 5).
The strategy is administered through the Ministry of New Renewable Energy of India (MNRE),
the energy development agencies in the various States and the Renewable Energy Development
Agency of India (IREDA) . These strategies are being achieved through research and
development, demonstration projects, government subsidy programs and also private sector
projects and to promote the maximum utilization of all forms of solar energy, as well as to
increase the participation of energy renewable in the Indian market.

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 Total installed capacity in India

Several solar thermal applications have been developed, including water / air heating, cooking,
drying of agricultural food products, water purification, detoxification of waste, refrigeration and
refrigeration, heat for industrial processes and generation of electrical energy. This technological
route also includes solar architecture, which finds utility in the design and construction of energy
efficient buildings. In the solar energy sector, some large projects have been proposed, and an
area of 35,000 km2 of the Thar desert (Rajasthan) has been reserved for solar projects, enough to
generate 700GW to 2100GW. India is ready to launch its Solar Mission under the National
Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate.

6. Assessment stations of solar radiation resources in India and Government

initiatives

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has installed 51 solar radiation resource
assessment stations across India to create a database of solar energy potential. The data is
collected and reported to the Wind Energy Technology Center (C-WET) to create a solar atlas. In
June 2015, India began a project of ₹ 40 million (US $ 6.1 million) to measure solar radiation
with a spatial resolution of 3 by 3 kilometers (1.9 miles × 1.9 miles).(Kumar M. , 2017)This
solar radiation measurement network will provide the basis for the Indian atlas of solar radiation.

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According to officials from the National Wind Energy Institute, the Solar Radiation Resources
Assessment wing (121 ground stations) would measure the three parameters of solar radiation:
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Normal Direct Irradiance (DNI) and Irradiation Horizontal
Diffuse (DHI) measure the solar radiation of a region.

The Indian government is promoting solar energy. Announced an allocation of ₹ 1,000 million
(US $ 150 million) for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and a clean energy fund for
the 2010-11 fiscal year, an increase of ₹ 380 million (US $ 58 million) from the previous budget.
The budget encouraged private solar companies to reduce the import tax on solar panels by five
percent. This is expected to reduce the cost of installing a solar panel on the roof by 15 to 20
percent. (Purohit, 2013)

Incentives

At the end of July 2015, the main incentives were:

1. Accelerated depreciation: for for-profit companies that install solar systems on the roof, 40
percent of the total investment could be claimed as depreciation in the first year (decreasing
taxes).

2. Capital grants were applied to rooftop solar power plants up to a maximum of 500 kW. The
subsidy of 30 percent was reduced to 15 percent.

3. Renewable energy certificates (REC): negotiable certificates that provide financial incentives
for each unit of green energy generated.

4. Net metering incentives depend on whether a network meter is installed and the company's
incentive policy. If so, there are financial incentives available for the energy generated.

5. Purchased Energy Purchase Agreement (PPA): energy distribution and purchase companies,
owned by the central and state government, guarantee the purchase of photovoltaic solar energy
when it occurs during the day. The PPAs offer a price equal to the peak power on demand of
solar energy (secondary power or negative charge) and an intermittent energy source on a daily
basis. (Goel, 2016)

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6. The charges and losses of the interstate transmission system (ISTS) do not apply during the
PPP period for projects commissioned before March 31, 2022.

7. Barriers

Based on the investigation, the five most basic boundaries which could be tended to for the time
being, as per the engineers were

 The Power Purchase Agreement could be made bankable so the financing of these
ventures would end up less demanding.

 The base and most extreme ability to be created by a solitary designer could be
determined in light of the earlier establishment experience of the designer worldwide to
accomplish higher achievement rates.

 The Domestic Content model could be expelled for the principal stage to make rivalry
and this could bring about sending of innovations which are as of now marketed and have
operational experience abroad. (Nishant, 2016)

 The state nodal organizations could be included to a bigger degree and single window
freedom could be empowered to eliminate lead times looked by the engineers at each
progression

 A solitary government or semi – government financing office could go about as the point
of convergence for all applications to be handled (after definite specialized and business
due steadiness) and afterward other financing organizations could take up these
undertakings for financing.

Approach and Regulatory Barriers: Amongst the strategy and administrative boundaries the key
issues raised by the designers were the accompanying

 long haul arranging

 transparency in arrangement rules

 bankability of PPA

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  consideration of hybridization arrangement for sun based warm innovation viable
specialized criteria which obviously centered around the accomplishment of the mission
instead of giving everyone a reasonable opportunity to take an interest in the mission

Framework Barriers: Clearly arrive was the most disparaging of all the foundation related
obstructions. The endorsement procedures and failure of the state governments to give single
window leeway to designers made foundation the second most essential obstruction. Sun
powered Radiation Data related Barriers: Most of the designers were of the feeling that India
required to set up its own particular sun powered radiation information gathering stations
keeping in mind the end goal to encourage quickened advancement of sun powered power
extends in the nation. Success of a sunlight based power venture depended significantly on the
radiation information; it was pivoted to budgetary terminations. (malhotra, 2001)

Innovation and Financing Barriers: Of the considerable number of boundaries these two
obstructions were the slightest said since, if there is a market, innovation expenses would in the
long run fall and financing of the same would wind up less demanding. Additionally Policy,
Infrastructure and radiation information once settled, innovation and financing were
unquestionably not a noteworthy issue for the engineers. Following the declaration of the
mission archive, the Government of India issued Draft Rules for new substantial scale
framework associated undertakings and rooftop top/last part applications on April first 2010. It
additionally drew out the last rules for movement of existing ventures in states to JNNSM.

Having accomplished different points of reference like land obtaining, value tie up , the sun
based power venture engineers in India are currently anticipating for the last rules to be taken
off. In spite of the fact that the engineers talked about in detail the obstructions, there was
unquestionably a feeling of hopefulness that the last rules would clearly address a large portion
of their worries. The accompanying are the particular key angles set forth by the engineers which
could add to the fruitful execution of the Mission:

 Clarity with respect to long haul arranging, driving elements, parts and duties of diverse
elements and details on criteria, in the last rules

 Zone based duties crosswise over India to encourage advancement of sun powered power
extends crosswise over India

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  Technical criteria to be fortified and to be utilized effectively while determination of
tasks as opposed to a duty offering process. Likewise the rule of least and most extreme
limit could be evacuated for a designer, if the specialized criteria are harder

 State Nodal Agencies ought to be reserved in with clear directions/duties which will
address the framework related boundaries

 The Government of India needs to build up its own radiation observing stations and give
information to designers with the goal that financing winds up less demanding

 More innovative work focuses ought to be opened up with more motivations given to
fabricating units. Long haul perceivability in the approach with respect to the same is an
unquestionable requirement

 Carry out limit building exercise over all banks and monetary establishments as to sun
oriented power and including them in all partner discussion forms

Policy and regulatory viewpoints became the overwhelming focus amid dialogs with the
designers. A large portion of the engineers opined that while the purpose of the JNNSM archive
was ambitious greater clearness was required both on the standards and points of interest on
which it was surrounded. The most essential issue which rose subsequent to investigating the
reactions from the designers concerning approach and administrative issues was that of clearness
in rules. Bankability of PPA with NVVN, household content criteria and the levy offering
process took after the PPA issue. (khare, 2013)

 Real issues which the designers particularly said was the absence of long haul arranging
and perceivability, absence of lucidity on which element is driving the mission, absence
of lucidity of the methods and arranging inside the JNNSM vision record and they were
of the view this could be relieved by drawing out an approach record enumerating out
every one of the methods engaged with the three stages. The fundamental issue defying
the engineers is that if the mission record did not detail out the complexities associated
with stage II, there would be no space for long haul anticipating the assembling and
gathering pledges for the ventures which would come up in future.

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  Around 10% of the engineers met were all the while mulling over on whether to proceed
with the state sunlight based arrangement or sit tight for the last JNNSM rules to be
issued. These engineers expressed that while the Gujarat state government had a bankable
PPA of 25 years inbuilt in their strategy, they were not content with the levy rates took
off by Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission. Further, the levy offering process as
illustrated in the draft rules which would be utilized as a part of instance of
oversubscription has driven them to proceed with the state arrangement. The relocation
rules expressed that the designer ought to have a marked PPA with the conveyance
utility. A portion of the engineers Sunlight based warm engineers had a solid contention
about the mission archive not specifying hybridization or capacity choices for sunlight
based warm innovation. This as indicated by them is a lacuna which should have been
filled in as ahead of schedule as conceivable so that the power plants could be used to the
greatest, with higher Plant Load Factors, better strength and ensured creation of energy.

 The courses of events for money related conclusion has put superfluous weight on the
designers. The money related establishments monitoring the way that the designers
require the turning point to be accomplished inside 3 months were in a more grounded
arranging position on financing costs. Besides the EPC suppliers were arranging better
rates for themselves since the time surrendered for specialized tie were sensibly tight.
(Kumar S. , 2016)

 The engineers opined that base and greatest limit per designer ought to not be a measure
while choosing a designer for creating sun oriented power ventures. The criteria should
be fortified more on specialized premise and the best designer from around the globe who
has the related knowledge and the monetary quality ought to be given more number of
MW to be produced. This would in the end result in the achievement of the main period
of JNNSM.

 The makers then again were of the conclusion that the legislature ought to likewise reveal
the approach for expanded spending on R&D in the nation.

 The producers required additionally backing from the Government as expanded

motivators to set up more number of assembling offices/lines so that India could turn into

15 | P a g e
 a center point for cell/module/sun oriented piece fabricating on the planet are utilizing
this basis and have marked the PPA with the conveyance utility just as an apparatus to
qualify under the movement plan of the JNNSM (Kumar M. , 2017)

8. Conclusions

 In this research, we have attempted to analyze the scenario of solar power scenario
and its barriers in India
 There are different types of barriers like Infrastructure barrier, Policy barriers
 There is a lack of trained workers to take the solar plant forward which can be
considered as a linkage barrier
 High cost, need for storage, less efficiency are also considered to be significant
hurdles
 Lack of Research and development also leads to the scenario of Solar energy in India
 Removal of most of these barriers will hold the state of solar energy installation in a
much better place

9. References

1. Goel, M. (2016). Solar Rooftop in India: Policies, Challenges and Outlook. Green, 5.

2. kapoor, K. (2014). EvolutionofsolarenergyinIndia:Areview. Elsevier, 10.

3. khare. (2013). StatusofsolarwindrenewableenergyinIndia. elsevier, 10.

4. Kumar, M. (2017). 100 GW solar power in India by 2022 – A critical review. Elsevier, 10.

5. Kumar, S. (2016). Solar energymarketdevelopmentsinIndia. Elsevier, 13.

6. malhotra. (2001). solar energy in india. focus on india, 10.

7. Nishant. (2016). A studyofexistingsolarpowerpolicyframeworkinIndiaforviability. elsvier.

8. Purohit, I. (2013). Evaluatingthepotentialofconcentratingsolarpowergeneration. elsevier, 19.

9. sadhu, M. (2015). Role of solar power in sustainable development of India. Indonesian journal of
electrical engineering, 8.

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