Introduction

The United Nations (UN) is an organization of sovereign States, which voluntarily join the UN
to work for world peace. It formally came into being on 24 October 1945. At that time, it had 51
countries as Members. Currently, 193 countries are UN members the most recent to join was
South Sudan in July 2011. The UN is a forum, a meeting place, for virtually all nations of the
world. It provides them with the mechanism to help find solutions to disputes or problems, and to
act on virtually any matter of concern to humanity. Though sometimes described as a parliament
of nations, the United Nations is neither a supra State or a government of governments. It does
not have an army nor does it impose taxes. It depends on the political will of their members to
have their decisions implemented and relies on contributions of its members to carry out their
activities. The United Nations plays a central role in reducing international tensions, preventing
conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way. It deals with our environment, outer
space, and the sea bed. It has helped wipe out many diseases and expand food production. It
cares for and protects refugees, expands literacy and responds quickly to natural disasters. It also
protects and promotes rights of individuals by setting a global standard for human rights. The
main organ of UN play their distinctive role in maintaining international peace and security.
Actually, the United Nations has four purposes which is to maintain international peace and
security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international
problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a centre for harmonizing the
actions of nations. The name of UN was suggested by United States president, Franklin D.
Roosevelt. It was first officially used in 1942, when representatives of 26 countries signed the
Declaration by UN. As a tribute to President Roosevelt, who died a few weeks before the signing
of the Charter, all those present at the San Francisco Conference agreed to adopt the name UN.
The membership in the Organization, in accordance with the Charter of the UN is open to all
peace loving States that accept the obligations contained in the UN Charter and in the judgment
of the Organization, are able to carry out these obligations. States are admitted to membership in
the UN by decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent
Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat
on the UN Security Council (UNSC): China, France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union),
the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries represent the five great
powers considered to be the victors of World War II. A total of 15 UN member states serve on
the UNSC, the remainder of which is elected. Only the five permanent members have the power
of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council
resolution, regardless of its level of international support.

China and the United Nations

China was one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent
members of its Security Council. It has used its veto the least of any of the permanent
members.One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War (locally known as the Second
Sino-Japanese War), the Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN at its founding in 1945. The
subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People's
Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of mainland China was soon under its control and
the ROC fled to the island of Taiwan. The One-China policy advocated by both governments
precluded dual representation but, amid the Cold and Korean wars, the United States and its
allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations, although they were persuaded
to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of Mongolia's
independence in 1961. The United Kingdom, France, and other American allies individually
shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC and Albania brought annual votes to replace the
ROC with the PRC, but these were defeated since—after General Assembly Resolution 1668—a
change in recognition required a two-thirds vote.

Amid the Sino-Soviet split and Vietnam War, American President Nixon entered into
negotiations with Communist Chairman Mao, initially through a secret 1971 trip undertaken
by Henry Kissinger to visit Zhou Enlai. On October 25, 1971, Albania's motion to recognize the
People's Republic of China as the sole legal China was passed as General Assembly Resolution
2758. It was supported by most of the communist states (including the Soviet Union) and non-
aligned countries (such as India), but also by some American allies such as the United
Kingdom and France. Nixon then personally visited China the next year, beginning the
normalization of Sino-American relations. Since that time, the Republic of China has softened its
own One-China Policy and sought international recognition. These moves have been opposed
and mostly blocked by the People's Republic of China, forcing the Republic of China to join
international organizations under other names. These include "Chinese Taipei" at
the International Olympic Committee.

The Republic of China's most recent request for admission was turned down in 2007, but a
number of Western governments—led by the United States—protested to the UN's Office of
Legal Affairs to force the global body and its secretary-general to stop using the reference
“Taiwan is a part of China”.

Activity:

The Republic of China used its Security Council veto only once, to stop the admission of the
Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of
Mongolia as part of China. As of June 2012, the People's Republic of China had used its Security
Council veto eight times, fewer than other countries with the veto: in 1972 to veto the admission
of Bangladesh (which it recognized as a province of Pakistan), in 1973 (in conjunction with the
Soviet Union) to veto a resolution on the ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War, in 1997 to veto
ceasefire observers to Guatemala (which recognised the ROC as the legitimate government of
China), in 1999 to veto an extension of observers to the Republic of Macedonia (same), in 2007
(in conjunction with Russia) to veto criticizing Myanmar (Burma) on its human rights record, in
2008 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Zimbabwe, in 2011 (with Russia) to veto sanctions
against Syria, and in February 2012 (with Russia) to veto for the second time a draft resolution
calling for foreign military intervention in Syria.

The ROC co-founded the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in
1943 (prior to the establishment of UN) and is one of four members of its policy-making Central
Committee. UNRRA provided supplies and services to areas under occupation by the Axis
Powers. The largest project undertaken by UNRRA was the China program which had a total
estimated cost of $658.4 million. UNRRA China Office was opened in Shanghai at the end of
1944, and operated until the official termination of the office on December 31, 1947. Final work
and responsibilities were finished by March, 1948. UNRRA cooperated with Chinese National
Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, led by Jiang Tingfu, to distribute relief supplies in
China. UNRRA functions were later transferred to several UN agencies, including
the International Refugee Organization and the World Health Organization.
History: Republic of China in the UN (1945–1971)

The Republic of China (ROC) was a charter member of the United Nations and one of
five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971. The ROC joined the United
Nationsas a founding member on October 24, 1945. The "Big Four" victors of World War
II (Nationalist China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) were the
founding members of the United Nations that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1944, which
was ratified on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries. China, in recognition of its
long-standing fight against aggression, was accorded the honor of being the first to sign UN
Charter. PresidentFranklin Roosevelt had acknowledged China's war effort in World War II and
stated his desire to allow China to "play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity" in
the world. Thus, despite opposition from other leaders, especially Winston Churchill, China
became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945.

In 1949, the Communist Party of China won the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and
established the People's Republic of China (PRC), claiming to be the sole legitimate government
of China. The ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan (which it gained control of in
1945 at the end of hostilities in WWII), Quemoy Island, and the Matsu Islands. Until 1991, the
ROC also actively claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, and during the 1950s
and 1960s this claim was accepted by the United States and most of its allies. While the PRC
was an ally of the Soviet Union, the U.S. sought to prevent the Communist bloc from gaining
another permanent seat in the Security Council. To protest the exclusion of the PRC, Soviet
representatives boycotted the UN from January to August 1950, so they didn't veto the
intervention of UN military forces in Korea.

The ROC complained to the UN against the Soviet Union for violating the Sino-Soviet Treaty of
Friendship and Alliance and the United Nations Charter in 1949; as a result, the United Nations
General Assembly passed Resolution 291 and 292, referring the complaint "to the Interim
Committee of the General Assembly for continuous examination and study". In 1952, the United
Nations General Assemblyfound that the Soviet Union prevented the National Government of
the ROC from re-establishing Chinese authority in Manchuria after Japan surrendered, and gave
military and economic aid to the Chinese Communists, who founded the PRC in 1949, against
the National Government of the ROC. Resolution 505 was passed to condemn the Soviet Union
with 25 countries supporting, 9 countries opposing, 24 countries abstaining, and 2 countries non-
voting. The resolution also affirmed the ROC as the "Central Government of China".

The ROC used its veto only once. Recognition of the Soviets' violation of their friendship treaty
abrogated its recognition of Mongolia's independence. It therefore vetoed its admission into the
United Nations on 13 December 1955, claiming it—as Outer Mongolia—to be an integral part of
China. Mongolia's application had been tabled at the UN on 24 June 1946, but had been blocked
by Western countries, as part of a protracted Cold War dispute about the admission of new
members to the UN. The General Assembly, by Resolution 918 (X) of 8 December 1955, had
recommended to the Security Council that this dispute should be ended by the admission, in a
single resolution, of a list of eighteen countries. On 14 December 1955, the Security Council
adopted a compromise proposed by the Soviet Union, and the General Assembly, by Resolution
995 (X), admitted sixteen countries into UN, omitting Mongolia and Japan from the list. This
postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961, when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on
the admission of Mauritania, in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from
nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania
were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961. The same year, United Nations General
Assembly Resolution 1668 made China's representation an "important question" requiring a two-
thirds majority vote to alter.

From the 1960s onwards, nations friendly to the PRC, led by the People's Republic of
Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to expel the
"representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" (an implicit reference to the ROC) and permit the PRC to
represent China at the UN. Every year the United States was able to assemble enough votes to
block this resolution. Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to
participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.

The admission of newly independent developing nations in the 1960s gradually turned the
General Assembly from being Western-dominated to being dominated by countries sympathetic
to Beijing. Not only the newly founded developing countries, but also most of the Western
countries eventually decided to recognise the PRC. During the 1950s and 1960s, United
Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and France shifted their recognition of China from Taipei to
Beijing. In the early 1970s, Canada, Turkey, and more western countries established diplomatic
relations with the PRC, and severed diplomatic relations with the ROC.

France and the United Nations

The French Republic is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent
members of the UN Security Council. The nation originally joined the UN as the Provisional
Government of the French Republic (PGFR) before being succeeded by the French Fourth
Republic in 1946, however, after a series of crises, the French Fourth Republic collapsed. A
constitutional referendum was held on 28 September 1958; 82.6% voted for constitution for
the French Fifth Republic. The French Fifth Republic succeeded the seat of the former Fourth
Republic, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in the United Nations.

Veto power in the UN Security Council

France has used its veto power sparingly, vetoing 18 resolutions from 1949 to 2007, compared
with 82 by the United States and 123 by the Soviet Union and Russia, 32 by Britain, and 6
by China. France used its veto power along with the United Kingdom, to veto a resolution to
resolve the Suez Crisis in 1956. France also used a veto in 1976 on the question of
the Comoros independence, when the island of Mayotte was kept in French territory due to the
vote of the local population. In 2002, France threatened to veto Resolution 1441 on the then
upcoming 2003 Iraq war.

List of all French vetoes

 June 26, 1946: Spanish Question

 August 25, 1947: Indonesian Question
 October 30, 1956 (twice): Palestinian Question: Steps for the Immediate Cessation of the
Military Action of Israel in Egypt
 October 30, 1974: South Africa (Representation in the UN)
 June 6, 1975: Namibia Question
 February 6, 1976: Dispute between the Comoros and France on Mayotte
 October 19, 1976: Situation in Namibia
 October 31, 1977 (three times): Situation in South Africa
 April 30, 1981 (four times) : Question of Namibia
 April 21, 1986 : Libyan Complaint against US Attack
 January 11, 1989 : Complaint by Libya against US Downing of Aircraft
 December 23, 1989 : Situation in Panama

Russia and the United Nations

Russia succeeded the Soviet Union's seat, including its permanent membership on the Security
Council in the United Nations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The succession
was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership;
Russia accounted for about half the Soviet Union's economy and most of its land mass; in
addition, the history of the Soviet Union began in Russia. If there was to be a successor to the
Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made
Russia seem like a logical choice. Nonetheless, due to the rather inflexible wording of the United
Nations Charter and its lack of provision for succession, the succession's technical legality has
been questioned by some international lawyers.

History:

Chapter V, Article 23 of the UN Charter, adopted in 1945, provides that "The Security Council
should consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, The French
Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security
Council."The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the Commonwealth
of Independent States signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states
of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including
permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of Soviet
President Mikhail Gorbachev, Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the UN Secretary-
General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar a letter from President of the Russian Federation Boris
Yeltsin stating that:the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United
Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United
Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (RSFSR) with the support of the
countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the
name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the
rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the
financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to
represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding
the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations. The Secretary-General
circulated the request among the UN membership. There being no objection, the Russian
Federation took the USSR's place, with Boris Yeltsin personally taking the Russian Federation's
seat at the January 31, 1992 Security Council meeting.

Legality:
The legality of the succession has been questioned by international lawyer Yehuda Z. Blum, who
opined that "with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have
automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way as
the other newly-independent republics (except for Belarus and Ukraine)." The elimination of
Soviet (and subsequently Russian) membership on the UN Security Council would have created
a constitutional crisis for the UN, which may be why the UN Secretary-General and members did
not object. This situation could have been avoided had all the other nations but Russia seceded
from the USSR, allowing the USSR to continue existing as a legal entity.

A mere change of name by itself, from the USSR to the Russian Federation, would not have
barred Russia from succeeding the USSR. Zaire changed its name to the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, and retained its UN seat. A change in the USSR's system of government likewise
would not have prevented the succession; Egypt and many other countries have made a transition
from monarchy to republic without jeopardizing their positions in international organizations.
However, Blum argues that a key difference between these situations is that the Soviet Union
was terminated as a legal entity. The 11 former members nations that supported the transfer of
the seat to Russia also declared that "with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent
States, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." The poorly defined rules on
state succession make the legal situation murky. Professor Rein Mullerson concluded that the
succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is [sic]
still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically.
Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as
continuing the same State as existed under the Russian Empire. These are objective factors to
show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the
subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third
States." The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties was not a factor
in the succession because it did not enter into force until 1996.

Effect on the United Nations:

The transition led to increased debate on the relevance of the 1945 system of a Security Council
dominated by five permanent members to the present world situation. Russians abroad notes that
Russia is "only half the size of the former Soviet economy"; the transition thus marked a
significant change in the entity exercising this permanent seat. Mohamed Sid-Ahmed noted that
"one of the five powers enjoying veto prerogatives in the Security Council has undergone a
fundamental identity change.When the Soviet Union became Russia, its status changed from that
of a superpower at the head of the communist camp to that of a society aspiring to become part
of the capitalist world. Russia's permanent membership in the Security Council is no longer
taken for granted. The global ideological struggle that had for so long dominated the
international scene is no more, and the new realities have to be translated into a different set of
global institutions." The years following the breakup of the Soviet Union have seen a dramatic
increase in the number of proposals for Security Council reform. In 2005, Kofi Annan's report In
Larger Freedom proposed finalizing arrangement to add more permanent seats as soon as
possible. Campaigns to abolish the veto have also gained support, although their adoption is
unlikely in the near future, since it would require the consent of the Permanent Five. Global
Policy Forum has several statements from the Permanent Five on file giving arguments for why
the current system should be maintained. Russia, for instance, states the veto is necessary for
"balanced and sustainable decisions".
United Kingdom and the United Nations

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a founding member of the United
Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council. As the fifth largest
provider of financial contributions to the United Nations, the UK provided 5 percent of the UN
budget in 2015, and 6.7 percent of the peacekeeping budget. British English is one of the
six official languages of the United Nations, and the United Kingdom is home to
the International Maritime Organisation, whose head office is in London. Permanent Missions of
the United Kingdom to the United Nations are maintained in New York City, Geneva, and
Vienna. These diplomatic missions represent the UK during negotiations and ensure Britain's
interests and views are taken into account by UN bodies and other member states.

United Kingdom's role in establishing the UN:

On 12 June 1941, representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the
Union of South Africa, and of the exiled governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as General de Gaulle of
France, met in London and signed the Declaration of St. James' Palace. This was the first of six
conferences that led up to the founding of the United Nations and the Charter of the United
Nations.Following the drafting of the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 by British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, Churchill visited the White
House for three weeks in December 1941. During the visit, the name "United Nations" was
suggested by Roosevelt to Churchill to refer to the Allies of World War II. Roosevelt proposed it
as an alternative to "Associated Powers", a term the U.S. used in the First World War (the U.S.
was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-
styled "Associated Power"). Churchill accepted the idea noting the phrase was used by Lord
Byron in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which referred to the Allies at the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815.The name appeared in the "Declaration by the United Nations", which was
drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill with Roosevelt's aide Harry Hopkins while meeting at the
White House in December 1941. The phrase "Four Policemen" was coined to refer to the four
major Allied countries, the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and the Republic of
China. The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this
Declaration in January 1942.The concept of the United Nations as an international organisation
to replace the ineffective League of Nations was formulated and negotiated among the
delegations from the U.S., the U.K., the Soviet Union and China at the Dumbarton Oaks
Conference in 1944. Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major
Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. After months of planning, the UN Conference
on International Organization opened in San Francisco in April 1945 attended by 50
governments and a number of non-governmental organisations involved in drafting the United
Nations Charter. The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman
of the plenary meetings beginning with Anthony Eden of Britain. The UN officially came into
existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of
the Security Council—the U.S., the U.K., France, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China—
and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.

The first meetings of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council took place
in London beginning on 6 January 1946. The General Assembly met in Westminster Central
Hall, and the Security Council met at Church House, Westminster.

Veto power in the UN Security Council:

The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions. The first
occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the
US to the president of the Security Council concerning Palestine. The most recent was in
December 1989 when the United Kingdom, France and the United States vetoed a draft
resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama. Along with France, the United
Kingdom used its veto power to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the Suez Canal
crisis in 1956. The UK and France eventually withdrew after the US instigated an 'emergency
special session' of the General Assembly, under the terms of the "Uniting for Peace" resolution,
which led to the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I), by the
adoption of Assembly resolution 1001. The UK also used its veto seven times in relation
to Rhodesia from 1963 to 1973, five of these occasions were unilateral which are the only
occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally.
Modernization and reform:

The United Kingdom has stated its support for modernisation of the United Nations and reform
the Security Council. According to a formal statement made jointly by the United Kingdom and
France in 2008: Reform of the UNSC, both its enlargement and the improvement of its working
methods, must therefore succeed. We reaffirm the support of our two countries for the
candidacies of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan for permanent membership, as well as for
permanent representation for Africa on the Council. We will work with all our partners to define
the parameters of such a reform. UNSC reform requires a political commitment from the
member states at the highest level. We will work in this direction in the coming months with a
view to achieving effective reform.

Military operations and peacekeeping:

Under the United Nations Command, the United Kingdom participated in the Korean War from
1950-53. Since then, the UK has contributed to a number of United Nations peacekeeping
missions. In the 1990s, British Armed Forces were part of the United Nations Protection
Force from 1992–1995 that intervened in the Bosnian War. The 2000 British military
intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil Warsupported the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone.
Acting under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 in 2011, the UK and
other NATO countries intervened in the Libyan Civil War. As the fifth largest provider of
financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping, the UK provided 6.7 percent of the
budget in 2013-15. In September 2015, the UK was contributing 286 troops and five police
officers to United Nations peacekeeping missions. In November 1990, it was contributing 769.
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included a commitment to double the number
of UK military personnel contributed to UN peacekeeping operations as well as increasing the
number of UK law enforcement and civilian experts on UN peace operations and in UN
headquarters.

United States and the United Nations

The United States of America is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five
permanent members of the UN Security Council. The United States is host to the headquarters of
the United Nations, which includes the usual meeting place of the General Assembly in New
York City, the seat of the Security Council and several bodies of the United Nations. The United
States is the largest provider of financial contributions to the United Nations, providing 22
percent of the UN budget in 2015, and 28 percent of the peacekeeping budget. The United States
had a pivotal role in establishing the UN and is one of 5 permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council.

Role in establishing the UN:

The UN is an outgrowth of the Atlantic Charter. It appeared in the Declaration by United

Nations on January 1, 1942, in which 26 nations pledged to continue fighting the Axis powers.

Their main inspiration was the League of Nations; however, their goals were to rectify the
League’s imperfections in order to create an organization that would be “the primary vehicle for
maintaining peace and stability.” Roosevelt’s main role was to convince the different allies,
especially Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, to
join the new organization. The negotiations mainly took place during the Dumbarton Oaks
Conference and the Yalta Conference, where the three world leaders tried to reach a consensus
concerning the United Nation’s structure, purposes and principles. It is interesting to note that
“Roosevelt saw the United Nations as the crowning achievement of his political career.”

In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations
Conference on International Organization. They deliberated on proposals that had been drafted
by representatives of the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and
the United States at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference between August and October 1944.
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin reviewed the Dumbarton Oaks proposal during the Yalta
Conference in February 1945. The purpose of the conference was to discuss post-war
settlements and to reach a final agreement concerning “the UN’s structure and membership and
set the date of the San Francisco organizing conference.” The world leaders eventually agreed on
Roosevelt’s proposal to give certain members a veto power so “that the Organization could take
no important action without their joint consent.” Though the veto power question created a lot of
disagreement among the different signatories, its inclusion in the charter was never a matter of
negotiation for Roosevelt and his allies. Finally, during the Yalta conference, Stalin agreed to
make the USSR a member of the United Nations.
An important American contribution, prior to the formation of the United Nations, was made at
the Bretton Woods Conference. This conference took place in 1944 and its goal was “to create a
new international monetary and trade regime that was stable and predictable.” Over subsequent
decades, this new system opened world markets and promoted a liberal economy. It was
implemented through different institutions, such as the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund, which went on to work with the United Nations but remained independent from
it. The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when the Charter was
ratified by the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United
States as well as a majority of other signatories. The United Nations was the first international
governmental organization to receive significant support from the United States. Its forerunner,
the League of Nations, had been championed by Woodrow Wilson after World War I to prevent
future conflicts. While it was supported by most nations of Europe, it was never ratified by
the United States Congress due to the inability to reach a compromise regarding the Lodge
Reservations or the Hitchcock Reservations. Shortly after the establishment of the United
Nations, the United States came into conflict with another member of the Security Council. Since
the Soviet Union was a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, it had the
power to veto any binding UN resolution. In fact, Soviet foreign minister and
UN ambassador Vyacheslav Molotov used veto power twice as often as any other permanent
member, earning him the title "Mr. Veto". Relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
(later Russia) within the UN have evolved in step with the larger geopolitical situation between
the two powers. While the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council and China's
seat was represented by U.S.-friendly Republic of China (instead of the communist People's
Republic of China which would replace the ROC in the UN in 1971), the U.S. and UN jointly
condemned the invasion of South Korea by North Korean troops, leading to the UN
sanctioned Korean War. Later, the U.S. persuaded all permanent members of the Security
Council to authorize force against Iraq after it invaded Kuwait in 1991. This was a major step
toward U.S. and Russian reconciliation after the end of the Cold War.

Sources of conflict:

Since 1991, the United States has been the world's dominant military, economic, social, and
political power (not to mention hosting the UN Headquarters itself in New York City);
the United Nations was not designed for such a unipolar world with a single superpower, and
conflicts between an ascendant U.S. and other UN members have increased.

Conflict between the U.S. and the UN predates the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1971, the UN
adopted Resolution 2758—which affected the admission of the People's Republic of China and
the removal of the Republic of China—despite objections by the U.S. government (see China
and the United Nations). The U.S. government changed its own China policy shortly afterward,
however, so the conflict between the UN and US foreign policy was short-lived.

The U.S. government's repeated opposition to Arab military actions has created much more
tension between the U.S. government and the United Nations. The General Assembly Resolution
3379 (determining that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination) of 1975 was
strongly opposed by U.S. officials. In 1991, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 4686,
which effectively negated Resolution 3379. Use of its veto power to prevent the Security Council
from issuing resolutions condemning Israeli military action has frequently divided the U.S. from
the Soviet Union, China and France in the Security Council; since 1989, the U.S. government
has dissented against Security Council resolutions on 12 occasions out of 17 total instances when
a permanent member vetoed. Of these 12 occasions, only two related to issues other than the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In 2009, the U.S. government abstained from Security Council
Resolution 1860, which called for a halt to Israel's military response to Hamas rocket attacks,
and the opening of the border crossings into the Gaza Strip.
Conclusion

In a nutshells, the UN organ play the important role to maintaining peace and security. Since
today their role never change and they resolve many cases to build the peace and maintain the
security in the world. The six main organ of the UN has their distinctive role but to the same
goal. To strengthen the role of the United Nations, it is essential to ensure that all member states
of the UN the right to equal participation in international affairs and the rights and interests of
the developing countries should be safeguarded.
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 United Nations. (n.d). Functions and powers. Retrieved on 13, November, 2015 from
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