Precast concrete column and footing connections-epoxy

Authors Al-Naimi, Sarmad Fakhri, 1943-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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 PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMN AND FOOTING

CONNECTIONS-EPOXY

by -

Sarmad F a k h r i A l-N aim i

A T h e s i s S u b m itte d t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e R eq u irem en ts
F or t h e D egree o f

MASTER OF SCIENCE

I n t h e G ra d u a te C o lle g e

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1 9 6 8
 STATMENT BY AUTHOR

T h is t h e s i s h as b een s u b m it te d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f r e ­
q u ire m e n ts f o r an advanced d e g r e e a t The U n i v e r s i t y o f A riz o n a and i s
d e p o s i t e d i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y t o be made a v a i l a b l e t o b o rro w e rs
u n d e r r u l e s o f th e L i b r a r y .

B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s from t h i s t h e s i s a r e a l l o w a b l e w ith o u t s p e c i a l
p e r m i s s i o n , p r o v id e d t h a t a c c u r a t e acknowledgment o f s o u r c e i s made.
R eq u ests f o r p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x te n d e d q u o t a t i o n from o r r e p r o d u c t i o n o f
t h i s m a n u s c r i p t in whole o r i n p a r t may be g r a n t e d by t h e h ead o f t h e
m a jo r d e p a rtm e n t o r t h e Dean o f th e G ra d u a te C o lle g e when in h i s j u d g ­
ment t h e p ro p o s e d u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s i n th e i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o l a r ­
sh ip . In a l l o t h e r i n s t a n c e s , how ever, p e r m i s s i o n must be o b t a i n e d
from t h e a u t h o r .

SIGNED: S . ^ f-Vx

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

T h is t h e s i s h as been ap p ro ved on t h e d a t e shown below :

/ 1 . I _________ QSLV, IP } I9C

37 James D. K riegh y y Date
A ssoc. P r o f . o f C i v i l E n g in e e r in g
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s deep g r a t i t u d e t o h i s t h e s i s

d i r e c t o r . P r o f e s s o r James D. K riegh f o r h i s a c t i v e i n t e r e s t , h e l p f u l

g u id a n c e and c o n s t r u c t i v e s u g g e s t i o n s .

The a s s i s t a n c e g iv e n by Mr. Brooks M u terspaugh and Mr. Louis

Gemson i n h e l p i n g p r e p a r e t h e sp ecim ens i s a p p r e c i a t e d .

T h is r e s e a r c h was fu nded by t h e E n g i n e e r in g E x p erim en t S t a t i o n

o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................... v

LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................... v ii

ABSTRACT................................................................. v iii

CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 1

. I n t r o d u c t i o n ................................................................... 1

CHAPTER I I ................................................................................................. 10

D e s ig n ............................................................................ 10
A. The Column....................................................................................................... 10
B. The F o o t i n g .................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER I I I ................................................................................................................................ 25

N a tu r e and Scope o f T e s t s ...................................................................................... 25

I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and T e s t E q u ip m en t.......................................................... 25
C o lu m n -fo o tin g C o n n e c t io n ............................................................................. 29

CHAPTER IV ................................................... 31

T e s t R e s u l t s ..................................................................................................................... 31
M o m en t-R o tatio n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ............................................. 32

CHAPTER V............................................................................ 42

A n a ly s is o f T e s t R e s u l t s and Recom m endations................................................ 42

Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h ..................................................... 50

APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................... 51

M a t e r i a l s and F a b r i c a t i o n ...................................................................................... 51

REFERENCES................................................................................................................................... 56

iv
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1. Column P la c e d i n t o a C a l y x ............ 3

2. Welded J o i n t o f Column t o F o o t i n g ................... 5

3. J o i n i n g o f Column t o F o o t i n g . . . . . . ................. 6

4. J o i n i n g o f Column t o F o o tin g by P r o t r u d i n g Loop-formed

S te e l B ars .............................. 7

5. J o i n i n g o f Column t o F o o tin g B o l t s ..................... 8

6. S t r a i n o f t h e E c c e n t r i c Loaded Column .............. 11

7. F o rc e s A c tin g on E c c e n t r i c Loaded Column........................................... 12

8. S t r e s s - s t r a i n o f t h e M o n o l i t h i c Column................................................ 13

9. M o n o lit h ic C olum n...................... 17

10. Epoxy Column ................... 18

11. M o n o lit h ic F o o t i n g . ............................ 20

12. M o n o lit h ic F o o tin g D e t a i l s .......................... 23

13. Epoxy F o o tin g . .................................................................. 24

14. T e s t A rra n g e m e n t............................... 26

15. T est S et-u p I n s tr u m e n t a ti o n . ........... ' 27

16. Gauges f o r M easu rin g D e f l e c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . ................... 28

17. Load E c c e n t r i c i t y ................................. 31

18. Column R o t a t i o n . ............................... 33

19. M-0 B e h a v io r o f t h e M o n o lit h ic U n i t ...................... 35

20. M-0 B e h a v io r o f t h e 5 Inch Depth U n i t . . . . . .......................... 36

21. M-0 B e h a v io r o f t h e 10 In c h Depth U n i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

v
 vi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--C o n tin u e d

Figure Page

22. M-0 B e h a v io r o f t h e 15 In ch Depth U n i t , ................... ............................ 38

23. Com parison o f t h e M o n o l i t h i c , PCA M o n o l i t h i c , 5 , 10 and 15

In ch U n its M-0 B e h a v i o r ........................................................................... 39

24. Modes o f F a i l u r e ................................... 40

25. 5 In ch Depth R ecess F a i l u r e ........................ 41

26. 10 In c h Depth R ecess F a i l u r e .......................................................................... 41

27. E f f e c t o f Moment Arm on t h e R e s u l t a n t F o r c e s .................................... 43

28. E l e v a t i o n o f t h e Gauges - 0 B e h a v io r o f t h e M o n o l i t h i c U n it. 45

29. E l e v a t i o n o f t h e Gauges - 0 B e h a v io r o f t h e 5 In c h Depth

U n i t .............................. 46

30. E l e v a t i o n o f t h e Gauges - (3 B e h a v io r o f t h e 10 In ch Depth

U n i t ................................................... 47

31. E l e v a t i o n o f t h e Gauges - 0 B e h a v io r o f t h e 15 In c h Depth

U n i t ....................... 48

32. Com parison o f t h e M o n o l i t h i c , 15 In c h Depth and t h e

T h e o r e t i c a l M-0 B e h a v i o r ......................................................................... 49

A. P r e c a s t Column and F o o tin g S t e e l ................................................................ 52

A l. P r e c a s t U n i t s - - M o n o l i t h i c S t e e l ................................................................... 55
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. S t i f f n e s s V a l u e s ............................................... 34

2. Moment P e r c e n t a g e ...................................................................... 42

A I. Column and F o o tin g C o n c r e te S t r e n g t h . .......................... 51

-A ll. Epoxy S t r e n g t h ........................ 53

vii
 ABSTRACT

T h is e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y c o n c e r n s epoxy g r o u t e d c o n n e c tio n s i n

. p r e c a s t c o n c re te s t r u c t u r e s . The method o f t r e a t m e n t f o ll o w s t h e c o n ­

c e p t o f " C o n n e c tio n s i n P r e c a s t C o n c r e te S tr u c t u r e - C o lu m n Base P l a t e s " ,

w hich h a s b e e n done by R„ W. LaFraugh and D. D. Magura o f t h e P o r t l a n d

Cement A s s o c i a t i o n . However, i n s t e a d o f u s i n g a s t e e l b a s e p l a t e , epoxy

was u s e d t o s e c u r e t h e column i n a r e c e s s i n t h e f o o t i n g .

The d e p th o f column i n s e r t i o n o f t h e f o o t i n g was v a r i e d and t h e

r o t a t i o n a l e f f e c t s u n d e r e c c e n t r i c l o a d in g was compared t o a m o n o l i t h i c

c o l u m n - f o o tin g .

I t was found t h a t t h e r e s i s t i n g f o r c e i n t h e f o o t i n g v a r i e s w ith

t h e d e p th o f t h e r e c e s s , a 15 in c h d e p th b e h a v in g s u b s t a n t i a l l y as t h e

m o n o lith ic u n it in t h i s stu d y .
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The c o n c e p t o f p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e i s as o l d a s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

cem ent, w hich was u s e d i n t h e form o f m o rta r, by t h e Romans and E g y p t ia n s .

I t was n o t u n t i l t h e d evelopm ent o f P o r t l a n d cement d u r in g t h e n i n e t e e n t h

c e n t u r y t h a t t h e f i r s t com m ercial p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e members w ere a v a i l a b l e ,

and i t h a s b e e n o n ly i n t h e l a s t tw e n ty y e a r s t h a t t h e p r e c a s t i n g o f

m a jo r s t r u c t u r a l members f o r b u i l d i n g s and b r i d g e s h a s become a commonly

accep ted p r a c t i c e . I n c e r t a i n l o c a l i z e d a r e a s o f E u ro p e, p r e c a s t i n g had

b een i n t r o d u c e d as an e x p e d i e n t i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

w ar-damaged b u i l d i n g s . In t h e p o s t World War I I p e r i o d , s t e e l and wood

w ere i n v e r y s h o r t s u p p l y . C o n c re te was u s e d as a s u b s t i t u t e , and by

p re c a stin g i t , t h e wood n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e forms c o u ld be u s e d s e v e r a l

tim es. By t h e tim e t h e s h o r t a g e no l o n g e r e x i s t e d , t h e method o f p r e ­

f a b r i c a t i o n had l a r g e l y r e p l a c e d t h e method o f c a s t - i n - p l a c e c o n c r e t e .

For t h e above r e a s o n s , Europe i s much f a r t h e r advanced t h a n t h e U n ite d

S ta te s in th e a r t o f p r e f a b r ic a tio n .

The c p s t o f m o n o l i t h i c r e i n f o r c e d - c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s i s d i s ­

t r i b u t e d in to th r e e n e a rly equal p a r t s : c o n c r e t i n g , r e i n f o r c e m e n t , and

sc a ffo ld in g . F or s t r u c t u r e s o f g r e a t h e i g h t t h e c o s t o f form in g and

s c a f f o l d i n g m ig h t r e a c h s i x t y p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l c o s t . T h erefo re,

s o l u t i o n s s h o u ld b e s o u g h t t o d im in is h t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e c o s t s o f form

work. The p r e f a b r i c a t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e d - c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s i s a
s o l u t i o n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e above m e n tio n e d p ro b lem . By p r e f a b r i c a t i o n

t h e w a s te o f t i m b e r f o r s c a f f o l d s can b e e l i m i n a t e d a lm o s t e n t i r e l y ,

w h ile t h e amount n eed e d f o r s h u t t e r i n g ( i . e . form ing ) can b e d im in is h e d

t o a b o u t one t h i r d o f t h e q u a n t i t y n e c e s s a r y f o r a s i m i l a r m o n o l i t h i c
2
stru c tu re .

A c o l u m n - f o o tin g c o n n e c t i o n i s a main f u n c t i o n i n a lm o s t e v e r y

k in d o f s t r u c t u r e , b e c a u s e i t t r a n s f e r s t h e lo a d o f t h e s t r u c t u r e t o t h e

fo o tin g s. Many d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s h av e b e e n made f o r t h i s t y p e o f

end c o n n e c t i o n .

T h ree v a r i a t i o n s o f one method a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1. The f i r s t

(A) can b e u s e d f o r s m a ll f o o t i n g s , t h e m id d le (B) f o r a v e r a g e s i z e

f o o t i n g s , and t h e t h i r d (C) f o r l a r g e f o o t i n g s . In (A) t h e d e p th o f t h e

c a l y x i s d im e n s io n e d a c c o r d in g t o S o v i e t p r a c t i c e and i s 1 .1 ti m e s t h e

l e n g t h o f t h e l o n g e r s i d e o f t h e column. I n H ungary, i n s t e a d o f t h e

f a c t o r 1 . 1 , t h e f a c t o r 1.5 i s u s u a l l y a p p l i e d (shown i n B § C ) . A ccord­

in g t o a r u l e som etim es u s e d i n E u ro p e, t h e d e p th o f t h e c a l y x s h o u ld b e

e q u a l t o 12-15% o f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e column. The o p e n in g o f t h e c a l y x

i s 5-10 cm. g r e a t e r in a l l d ir e c tio n s th a n th e c r o s s - s e c tio n o f th e

column. T h is i s t o e n a b l e t h e v i b r a t o r t o be o p e r a t e d w h ile c o n c r e t i n g .

To e n s u r e t h e p r o p e r v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e colum n, a s t e e l p l a t e i s

p l a c e d a t t h e b o tto m o f t h e c a l y x and ch eck ed by l e v e l i n g b e f o r e c o n ­

cre tin g . A s i m i l a r s t e e l p l a t e i s a l s o p u t on t h e lo w er end o f t h e

column. When p o s i t i o n i n g t h e colum n, t h e s e two s t e e l p l a t e s must b e s e t ,

2
on each o t h e r .

A seco n d method u t i l i z e s a r i g i d w eld ed j o i n t . In t h i s case th e

column i s t e m p o r a r i l y s u p p o r te d by a t o n g u e - l i k e e x t e n s i o n r e s t i n g on t h e
 5-10
h H h H

.5b

(A) (B) ( C)

F ig u r e 1. Column p la c e d i n t o a c a l y x .
(1 - c o n c r e t e f i l l , 2 - s t e e l p l a t e . )
bottom o f a c a r u t y form ed i n t h e t o p o f t h e f o o t i n g as shown i n F ig u r e

A column a l s o can be j o i n e d t o i t s f o o t i n g u s i n g t h e method t o

be s e e n i n F ig u r e 3. I n a l l t h r e e c a s e s o f t h i s m eth od, t h e column

r e s t s on t h e f o o t i n g by a t o n g u e - l i k e e x t e n s i o n , t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f

which i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l . I n a) t h e s t e e l b a r s a r e o v e r l a p p i n g , b)

hooked s t e e l b a r s a r e u s e d , and i n c) t h e s t e e l b a r s a r e w elded t o ­

g eth er. ^

A column can b e f i x e d i n t o i t s f o o t i n g by l o o p - s h a p e d s t e e l b a r s

o f t h e main r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r o t r u d i n g beyond t h e lo w e r end o f t h e column

2
in to a d e q u a te ly sh ap ed h o l e s i n t h e f o o t i n g a s shown i n F ig u r e 4.

A f i f t h method o f j o i n i n g a column t o t h e f o o t i n g i s t o f a s t e n

t h e column t o t h e f o u n d a t i o n by a n c h o r i n g b o l t s a s i n F ig u r e 5. Using

t h e method shown i n F ig u r e 5A, a. cement m o r t a r i s p l a c e d b etw een t h e t o p

o f t h e f o o t i n g and t h e s t e e l p l a t e on t h e b o tto m o f t h e column. When

t h e j o i n t as shown i n F ig u r e 5B i s u s e d , t h e u p p e r s t e e l p l a t e , w hich i s

t o be w elded t o t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e column, s h o u ld b e p u t on t o t h e
2
low er s t e e l p l a t e and f a s t e n e d t o t h e a n c h o r i n g b o l t s . ,

In t h i s e x p e rim e n t epoxy i s p ro p o s e d f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e column

to th e f o o t i n g . The column i s i n s e r t e d i n t o a p r e p a r e d r e c e s s i n t h e

fo o tin g . The d e p th o f t h e column i n s e r t i o n i n t o t h e f o o t i n g i s v a r i e d ,

th re e cases are ta k e n : 5 i n c h e s , 10 i n c h e s and 15 i n c h e s . S tu d ie s w ill

be made o f t h e column r o t a t i o n a l e f f e c t s due t o e c c e n t r i c l o a d s , and

t h e s e e f f e c t s w i l l b e compared t o a m o n o l i t h i c c o l u m n - f o o tin g c o n n e c tio n .

The r e s u l t o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c c a s t c o n t r o l sp ecim ens o f t h i s e x p e rim e n t

 T~~T

• “ •1

a. b.
F ig u re 2. Welded j o i n t o f column t o f o o t i n g .
(Temporary s u p p o r t : a) by a r e i n f o r c e d - c o n c r e t e tong ue p r o t r u d i n g from th e column;
b) by s e p a r a t e r e i n f o r c e d - c o n c r e t e p o s t s ; 1 - in s i t u c o n c r e t e , 2 - w e ld in g , 01
3 - s te e l p la te , 4 - re in fo rc e d -c o n c re te p o s t.)
a. b. c.

F ig u r e 3. J o i n i n g o f column to f o o t i n g .
[by a) o v e r la p p in g s t e e l b a r s ; b) hooked s t e e l b a r s ; c) w elded j o i n t . ]
 S ECTI ON

# *
I I
I I

# #
L _ _ t —4 LJ

SECTI ON A-A SECTION B- B

B

F ig u re 4. J o i n i n g o f column t o f o o t i n g by p r o t r u d i n g loo p -fo rm e d s t e e l b a r s .

 >)r^

F ig u re 5. J o i n i n g o f column to f o o t i n g b o l t s

00
w i l l b e compared t o t h e r e s u l t o f t h e " C o n n e c tio n s i n P r e c a s t C o n c re te

S tr u c t u r e s - C o l u m n Base P l a t e s " , w hich h a s b een done by R. W. LaFraugh

and D. D. Magura o f t h e P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n . &

Epoxy was c h o s e n b e c a u s e i t h a s a v e r y h ig h c o m p re s s iv e s t r e n g t h ,

i t i s e a s y t o u s e , and i t s e t s i n a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t ti m e .
 CHAPTER I I

DESIGN

A. The Column

1. F ixed o r d i n a r y c o n n e c t i o n : T h is column h a s b e e n d e s ig n e d

by t h e PCA a c c o r d in g t o t h e u l t i m a t e - s t r e n g t h m ethod. In t h i s c h a p te r

th e d e sig n has been checked.

The b a l a n c e d c o n d i t i o n i n t h e l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n w hich p ro d u c e s

a t u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h a s t r a i n o f .003 i n t h e ex tre m e f i b e r o f c o n c r e t e ,
3
and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e y i e l d s t r a i n i n t h e t e n s i o n s t e e l , as shown i n

F ig u r e 6.

The e c c e n t r i c i t y e^ i s m easured from t h e p l a s t i c c e n t r o i d . The

p l a s t i c c e n t r o i d o f a s e c t i o n i s t h e c e n t r o i d o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o lo a d

computed from t h e a s s u m p tio n s t h a t t h e c o n c r e t e i s s t r e s s e d u n if o r m ly

t o 0 . 8 5 f ' and t h e s t e e l i s s t r e s s u n if o r m ly t o f as shown i n F ig u r e 7.

F o r t h i s p ro b lem t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n , s t r a i n , and s t r e s s d ia g ra m s

a r e shown i n F ig u r e 8.

10
 11

e = e b --------------
PLASTIC CENTROID

P u = Pb

€ =—

ST RAI N

F ig u r e 6. S t r a i n o f t h e e c c e n t r i c lo a d e d column.
 ACTUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION

Pu = P b

X
AVERAGE = . 8 5

T = Asfy

ab zK | x b ^

F ig u r e 7 F o rc e s a c t i n g on e c c e n t r i c lo a d e d column
 13

4 NO. 9
10'

JL

ii
d' = 2

8.27

f c = 5 KSI

f y = 5 0 KSI ST RAI N

NO. 3 AT 10 T I E S h 7.5 —
(ART. 806 ACI CODE) -6 .6 2 = 273.5

T = 100
Jl
C s = 91.5

Cc = 282

STRESS

F ig u r e 8. S t r e s s - s t r a i n o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c column.
 14

To l o c a t e t h e n e u t r a l a x i s .

8700 d
xb f + 87000
y

87000 (13) _ . ,
xb 50000 + 87000 in c h e s

a^ = = (0.8 (8.27) = 6.62 in .

The v a l u e i s t o be t a k e n as 0 . 8 f o r £' = 5000 p s i (ACI 1503 g)

To compute t h e f o r c e s C^, Cs> and T.

C = 0 .8 5 £' ab
c c

Cc = 0 . 8 5 ( 5 ) ( 6 . 6 2 ) ( 1 0 ) = 282 k i p s

C = A' (£' - 0.85 f )

s s y c

Cs = 20 [50 - 0 .8 5 (5 )] = 91.5 kips

T =A f
s y

T = 50 (2) = 100 k i p s

P = C + C - T = 273.5 kips
p c s r

_ 2 8 2 (7 .5 -^ 1 ) + 9 1 . 5 ( 7 . 5 - 2) + 100 ( 7 . 5 - 2)
P 'b = 12--------------------------------------------

= 186 f t - k i p s .

% " = 8 - 17 i n c h e s

The a c t u a l e c c e n t r i c i t y o f t h i s column i s 14.75 i n c h e s . Therefore, the

u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t y i s gover ned by t e n s i o n (Region I I I ) .

 15

To compute t h e l o c a t i o n and t h e v a l u e o f t h e P ( F i g u r e 8 ) .
u

Cc = 0. 8 5 (5) ( 0 .8 x ) 10 = 34x k i p s

Cs = 9 1 . 5 k i p s

T = 100 k i p s

Fo rce e q u i l i b r i u m r e q u i r e s

P = C + C - T = 34x - 8. 5
u c s

Taking moments a r b i t r a r i l y a bo u t t h e t e n s i o n s t e e l , r o t a t i o n a l e q u i l i b r i u m

gives

pu (e - = Cc (d - | ) + Cs (d - d ' )

(34x - 8 . 5 ) ( 14 .7 5 + % = 34x (13 - 0 . 4 x ) + 9 1 . 5 (11)

x = 3. 94 i n c h e s

Cc = 34 ( 3 . 9 4 ) = 134 k i p s

P = 134 - 8 . 5 = 125.5 k i p s
u

Exact v a l u e s a r e us ed i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t , t h e r e f o r e 0 = 1 (0 = c a p a c i t y

reduction f a c t o r ) .

P usable = 0 P
u u

= (1) (1 2 5 .5 ) = 125.5 k i p s

To check t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f t h e column, h " i n Eq. 9 . 5 below i s

t a k e n as t w i c e t h e a c t u a l column l e n g t h b e c a u s e t h e column i s f i x e d a t

one end and f r e e a t t h e o t h e r end.

 16

R = 1.18 - .009 p - _< 1 (Eq. 9 . 5 code)

R = 1.18 _ '0 0 9 (96)

4 .5

= .998 < 1 No need f o r r e d u c t i o n .

To check t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o r b e l .*

d = 18 - 1 - -1—*-2-8. = 16.436

J = 1 0 3 6 = 0 -44
A + A
n _ s v 2.62 8 _ ,
P " 16.436 X 10 -

vu = S) bd /F " f1 f2

Using T a b l e s 2 and 3 t o o b t a i n and F?

V = .85 x 10 x 16.436 /5000 ( 5 . 1 5 ) ( 2 .5 2 )

u

= 130 k i p s 125.5 k i p s O.K.

*A c o r b e l i s a p r o j e c t i o n from t h e f a c e o f a column use d in

p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n t o s u p p o r t p r i m a r y beams and g i r d e r s .
PCA B u l l e t i n D85 was us ed i n c h e c k in g t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h .
 NO. 4 BAR
NO. 9 BAR 17

NO. 7 BAR

2 8 ^

48

r~

4 NO. 3 TIES
AT 10" C - C

4 NO. 9 BARS

48

Note: F o o t i n g r e i n f o r c e d w i t h #6 b a r a t
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6" c e n t e r s b o t h d i r e c t i o n s
i n t o p and bo tt om l a y e r .

S ECTI ON A-A

o
Figure 9. Monolithic Column.
 18

2. Epoxy t y p e c o n n e c t i o n : Thi s column was d e s i g n e d t h e same as t h e

m onolithic. Th re e c a s e s have be en t a k e n (5 , 10, and 15 i n c h e s ) t o
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t y o f each c o n n e c t i o n . The b e a r i n g a r e a
in th e te n s i o n s id e o f th e fo o tin g v a r ie s d i r e c t l y with th e depth o f the
column i n t h e r e c e s s . F i g u r e 10 below.
NO. 4 BAR
NO. 9 BAR

NO. 7 BAR
10 '

TYPE I = 5 3
28 2
T Y P E ' 2' = 5 8 "
TYPE '3' = 6 3

22

4 NO. 9 BARS
r "

4 NO. 3 TIES
5 3 " AT 10" C - C

TYPE V

TYPE

TYPE '3 S ECTI ON A-A

Figure 10. Epoxy column.

 19
B. The F o o ti n g

1. Fix ed o r d i n a r y c o n n e c t i o n : Th is f o o t i n g has been d e s i g n e d by

t h e PCA a c c o r d i n g t o t h e u l t i m a t e - s t r e n g t h method. In t h i s t h e s i s t h e

d e s i g n has been che c k ed .

d = 10 - 2 . 5 - .75 = 6. 75

Pu = 125.5 k i p s

Vu = Pn e t (Area) = ( 7 . 8 ) [4 (4) = ( i l i l i ) ] = 104 k i p s

v _ Vu _ 104000 _
u bZ ~ 2 ( 1 . 8 6 + 1. 44 ) 6 .7 5 P

A llo w ab le V = 40/P" (ACI 1707C)

uc c

= 4 ( . 8 5 ) /5000 = 240 p s i satisfactory

one-way a c t i o n

vu = 7 . 8 ( ^ y ^ - ) 4 = 2 6 . 7 k i p s

vu = n = = 8 2 *8 p s i

A llo w ab le V = 20/?^ (ACI 1701C)

uc c

= 2 ( . 8 5 ) / 5 0 0 0 = 120 p s i satisfactory

Check t r a n s f e r o f s t r e s s a t t h e b a s e o f t h e column.
 20

48

48

T
10 ' NO. 6 AT 6 ±

10 + d = 17 . 2 5 " = 1. 44

15 + d = 2 2 . 2 5 " = 1.86'

g
Figure 11. Monolithic Footing.
 21

6.75 10.25

A llo w ab le U = 1 3 / 7 ^ (ACI 1801C3 )

u c

U = 13/5000 = 916 p s i
u r

use 800 p s i

The c o m p r e s s i v e f o r c e t o be t r a n s f e r r e d i s

Cu = f y As

Cu = 50 (1) = 50 k i p s

The a nc h or a g e l e n g t h needed i s

C
u 50.0 00 ,
L =
( 8b o m V 54' ) = 1 7 - 5 lnC heS
Uu eo

The an ch o r a g e l e n g t h s o f 12 i n c h e s and 31 i n c h e s i n t h e f o o t i n g .

V satisfactory

Check ben d in g moment. The c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n f o r moment i s a t t h e fa c e

o f t h e column.

M
Mu = T
 22
Mu - 1/2 ( 7 . 8 ) (4) (IZ 2I ) = 33.3 f t - k i p s

Mu = = 37

6(50000)
1.46 i n c h
(.85)(5000)48 =

C = .85 f' ba
c

NT = ( 0 . 8 5 ) ( 5 0 0 0 ) ( 4 8 ) 1.46 [ 6 . 7 5 - 0 . 7 3 ] = 181 f t - k i p s > 3 7 f t - k i p s

l

7 satisfactory

Check f l e x u r a l bond.

Vu = Pn e t ba

Vu = ( 7 . 8 ) ( 4 ) ( 1 . 4 6 ) = 456 k i p s

,, _ u 456000 _ c n n ___ s
u = 0 £o j d = T O s T T s T F n O T T T O T T 500 p s i

A llo w ab le U
9.s/fZ
u D

9. 5/ 5 00 &
= 894 p s i satisfactory
0. 75
 23

8 - NO. 6 BAR
(SPACING = 6 " 1 )
T OP AND BOTTOM LAYER

48

3" CLEAR
COVER

- 4 8" -

e
F i g u r e 12. Monolithic footing d e t a i l s .
 24

2. Epoxy t y p e c o n n e c t i o n : The t h r e e t y p e s o f f o o t i n g d e s i g n d e t a i l s
shown i n F i g u r e 13 below a r e f o r t h e t h r e e columns shown i n F i g u r e 10.

8 NO. 6 BAR
SPACING = 6 " ±
TOP AND
BOTTOM LAYER

10% 48

I NO. 4 TI ES

TYPE I = 10 DE P T H
15 %
T Y P E 2 = 15" D E P T H 3" CLEAR
18- COVER
TYPE 3 = 2 0 " DEPTH

TYPE

|TYPE 2 20
TYPE 3

48"

Figure 13. Epoxy Footing,

 CHAPTER III

NATURE AND SCOPE OF TESTS

The u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h o f t h e u n i t may be r e a c h e d i n one o f t h e s e

major ways.

1. The column may f a i l i n t e n s i o n b e f o r e any y i e l d i n g t a k e s

p la ce in th e connection.

2. The t e n s i o n s i d e o f t h e column i n t h e r e c e s s and t h e t e n s i o n

s i d e o f t h e r e c e s s may y i e l d b e f o r e column s t r e n g t h i s

reached.

P r e m a t u r e f a i l u r e o r d i s t r e s s u n d e r s e r v i c e lo a d s may r e s u l t

from f a u l t s i n f a b r i c a t i o n o f p r e c a s t members, and d e f e c t s i n g l u i n g .

I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and T e s t Equipment

A t y p i c a l t e s t s e t - u p i s shown i n F i g u r e 14. Load was a p p l i e d

t o t h e t o p o f t h e column by means o f a 1 5 - i n c h s t e e l I beam and two

Re-Mo-Trol h y d r a u l i c rams o f 50 t o n s c a p a c i t y s p ac ed a t 3 0 - i n c h e s , as

shown i n F i g u r e 15. The rams were s u p p o r t e d by a 1 5 - i n c h s t e e l I beam

i n t h e bas em en t o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y . The f o o t i n g was f i x e d r i g i d l y t o t h e

l a b o r a t o r y f l o o r by f o u r s t e e l beams f a s t e n e d t o t h e ba s em e nt f l o o r by

fo u r rods o f 1-inch d ia m e te r. Nuts on t h e r o d s below t h e basement f l o o r ,

and on t h e t o p o f t h e s t e e l beams p r o v i d e d a n c h o r a g e . The s t e e l I beam

which s u p p o r t e d t h e rams p u l l e d by two 1 - 1 / 2 - i n c h d i a m e t e r r o d s , s p ac ed

a t 6 - f e e t , p a s s e d t h r o u g h o pe n i n g s i n t h e f l o o r up t o and t h r o u g h t h e

25
F i g u r e 14. T e s t Arrangement
 It> <f> S T E E L ROD
AND NUTS

15 INCH S T E E L I BEAM

- PLASTER

COLUMN

STEEL BEAM

FOOTI NG

LABORATORY FLOOR

HYDRAULIC
RAMS

15 INCH STEEL BEAM

Figure 15. Test Setup Instrumentation.

F i g u r e 16. Gauges f o r Meas ur ing D e f l e c t i o n s
 29

crbsshead. Nuts on t h e r o d s below t h e s t e e l beam i n t h e b a s e m e n t , and

on t h e t o p o f t h e c r o s s h e a d p r o v i d e d a n c h o r a g e .

The two 1 - 1 / 2 i n c h r o d s were f r e e t o r o t a t e w i t h d e f l e c t i o n o f

t h e column. A 1/2 in c h Hyd roc al p l a s t e r l a y e r was p l a c e d on t h e t o p o f

t h e column u n d e r t h e c r o s s h e a d t o d i s t r i b u t e t h e l o a d u n i f o r m l y t o t h e

Corbel. The c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e t e s t s e t - u p i s shown i n F i g u r e 15.

H o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s o f t h e sp ecimens were mea sur ed a t f i v e

l o c a t i o n s on t h e t e n s i o n s i d e o f t h e column by L u fk in gauges (0.00 01

inch s e n s i t i v i t y ) . I n d i v i d u a l L u f k i n gauges were p o s i t i o n e d 6, 12 and

18 i n c h e s and t h r e e a t 46 i n c h e s above t h e t o p o f t h e f o o t i n g . They

were s u p p o r t e d on a r i g i d s t e e l framework g l u e d by epoxy t o t h e t o p o f

the footing. A s c a l e was a t t a c h e d t o t h e s i d e o f t h e framework n e a r t h e

t o p o f t h e column and was r e f e r e n c e d t o a s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t t o mea sur e

d e f l e c t i o n a f t e r t h e r a n g e o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l d i a l gauges was e x h a u s t e d .

The gauges a r e shown i n F i g u r e 16.

C o lu m n - f o o ti n g C o n n e c t io n

The epoxy c o l u m n - f o o t i n g c o n n e c t i o n , l i k e a l l s t r u c t u r a l members

o f a p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g , must s a t i s f y s e r v i c e a b i l i t y and s t r e n g t h

requirem ents. G enerally , th e r e s t r a i n t c o n d itio n a t th e column-footing

j u n c ti o n is regarded as fix e d or pinned. The r i g i d i t y o f t h e epoxy

c o l u m n - f o o t i n g c o n n e c t i o n i s d e p en d e nt on t h e d e p t h o f t h e r e c e s s i n t h e

f o o t i n g and t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e epoxy.

Depths o f r e c e s s were c h os en on t h e f o l l o w i n g b a s i s :

1. Fifteen inch,re c e ss . This depth approximates S o v ie t

p r a c t i c e , and was e x p e c t e d t o b eh av e as t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t .

I t i s a l s o t h e same as t h e l e n g t h o f t h e l o n g e r s i d e o f t h e
 30

column, t h e r e f o r e has a g e o m e t r i c a l b a s i s f o r c o n s i d e r ­

ation.

2. Ten in c h r e c e s s .Thi s has a b a s i s i n column geometry and

i s midway bet we en t h e d e e p e s t and t h e s h a l l o w e s t r e c e s s e s ,

and t h e r e f o r e , was e x p e c t e d t o have a d e g r e e o f r i g i d i t y

b et w ee n t h e two.

3. F iv e i n c h r e c e s s . T hi s d e p t h was ch os en on t h e b a s i s o f

s t e e l d e p t h i n t h e column and t h e f o o t i n g . Minimum s t e e l

c o v e r i n g d i c t a t e d a d e p t h o f f o u r i n c h e s f o r column end

s t e e l and f o o t i n g t o p s t e e l t o l i e i n t h e same p l a n e . How­

e v e r , t h i s was n o t c o n s i d e r e d t o be a d e q u a t e d e s i g n and an

a d d i t i o n a l in c h ;w a s p r o v i d e d .

0
 CHAPTER IV

TEST RESULTS

The e c c e n t r i c i t y i n c r e a s e d due t o specimen d e f o r m a t i o n as t h e

column lo a d was a p p l i e d . Moments a c t i n g on t h e column b a s e were t a k e n

as t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e measured l o a d and t h e i n i t i a l e c c e n t r i c i t y p l u s

t h e change i n e c c e n t r i c i t y , e + Ae. The measured d e f l e c t i o n a t t h e t o p

o f t h e column was used t o compute change i n column l o a d e c c e n t r i c i t y a t

t h e column b a s e . As shown i n F i g u r e 17, t h e column t o p moved l a t e r a l l y

P P + A P

A C = 0 . 1 7 8 6

Figure 17. Load Eccentricity.

31
 32

an amount 6 due t o specimen d e f o r m a t i o n when t h e l o a d was i n c r e a s e d by

AP. The t o p o f t h e f o o t i n g was assumed t o re ma in p l a n e , and t h e

e c c e n t r i c i t y , Ae, a t t h a t l e v e l was computed from geom etry t o be e q u a l

t o 0 .1 7 86 .

Moment -Ro tat ion C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

The m o m e n t - r o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e spe cim ens a r e p l o t t e d

i n F i g u r e s 19, 20, 21, and 22 t o show t h e e f f e c t s o f t e s t v a r i a b l e s .

The i n i t i a l l o a d e c c e n t r i c i t y f o r t h e sp ecimens shown was 14.75 i n c h .

An a r b i t r a r y i n d i c a t i o n o f r o t a t i o n o f t h e specimens was d e t e r m i n e d from

t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e column mea sur ed a t 46 i n c h e s

above t h e t o p o f t h e f o o t i n g . The moment- r o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e f o u r spe cim ens and t h e PCA m o n o l i t h i c specimen a r e shown i n F i g u r e

23. Note t h a t t h e PCA m o n o l i t h i c d a t a h a s be e n e x t r a p o l a t e d from p o i n t

1 t o p o i n t 2, and t h e 15 i n c h d e p t h c o n n e c t i o n d a t a e x t r a p o l a t e d from

p o i n t 3 t o p o i n t 4 i n o r d e r t h a t c o m pa ri s o n o f t h e u l t i m a t e r e g i o n o f

t h e c u r v e s may be made. T h i s i s j u s t i f i e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e mode o f

yielding.

I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f l o a d i n g , t h e sp ecimens e x h i b i t e d n e a r l y

l i n e a r mom ent-rotation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . As y i e l d i n g o c c u r r e d i n t h e

t e n s i o n s i d e o f t h e column and t h e r e c e s s , t h e r a t e o f r o t a t i o n i n c r e a s e d

w i t h moment and t h e c u r v e s became n o n - l i n e a r . Th er e i s a d i f f e r e n c e

be tw ee n t h e m o m e n t - r o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c u r v e s due t o t h e e l e v a t i o n

o f t h e gauges i n a l l specimens and t h a t i s n a t u r a l b e c a u s e as t h e columns

c r a c k e d , i n d i v i d u a l segments r o t a t e d as shown i n F i g u r e 24. The 5 i n c h ■

 33

d e p t h r e c e s s f a i l e d c a t a s t r o p h i c a l l y , and a s ma ll p o r t i o n o f t h e t e n s i o n

s i d e came o u t as shown i n F i g u r e 25. The r e a s o n t h e v e r t i c a l t e n s i o n

s i d e o f t h e r e c e s s d i d no t f a i l was b e c a u s e t h e d e p t h o f t h e r e c e s s was

v e r y s h a l l o w i n comp ari so n t o t h e l a t e r a l d im en s io n . The 10 i n c h de p t h

column, a l s o f a i l e d c a t a s t r o p h i c a l l y , b u t a l l o f t h e v e r t i c a l t e n s i o n

s i d e o f t h e f o o t i n g came o u t , as shown i n F i g u r e 26. The r e a s o n f o r t h e

f o o t i n g t e n s i o n f a i l u r e was t h a t t h e column h a s enough d e p t h t o be f i x e d .

T hi s i s d i s c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r . The 15 in c h d e p t h

u n i t f a i l e d i n t h e mode o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t , t h a t i s , column t e n s i o n

f a i l u r e , w i t h no a p p a r e n t d i s t r e s s t o t h e f o o t i n g t h e r e b y p e r m i t t i n g

f a v o r a b l e com par iso n w i t h t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t .

Column s t i f f n e s s M/0 computed from t h e m o n o l i t h i c and p r e c a s t

sp ecimens as shown i n F i g u r e 18 below.

<P

F i g u r e 18. Column r o t a t i o n .
 34

The s t i f f n e s s M/0 i s a me asu re o f l i n e a r r e s p o n s e . T a b l e I shows t h e

s t i f f n e s s v a l u e s as computed from F i g u r e s 23 and 32.

Table I. S t i f f n e s s V al u es .

Specimens M/0 10^ i n . k i p s / r a d i a n s

5 i n . d e p t h Column 362
10 i n . d e p t h Column 450
15 i n . d e p t h Column 473
Monolithic 480
PCA M o n o l i t h i c 510
T heoretical 530
 2400

APPLIED

2000
MOMENT,

600
M,

1200 r GAGE I ( 6 in FROM TOP OF FOOTING)

inch - K I P S

GAGE 2 (12 in FROM TOP OF FOOTI NG)

GAGE 3 (18 in FROM TOP OF FOOTI NG)
GAGE 4 ( 4 6 in FROM TOP OF FOOTING)
800

400

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 14 4 160

COLUMN ROTATION <f>, I 0 " 5 RADI ANS
F ig u r e 19. M-0 b e h a v i o r o f t h e m o n o l ith i c u n i t .
 36

200

inch - KIPS

800 -
M,
MOMENT,

GAGE I ( 6 in FROM TOP

OF FOOTI NG)
GAGE 2 (12 in FROM TOP
400 - OF FOOTI NG)
APPLIED

GAGE 3 (18 in FROM TOP

OF FOOTI NG)
GAGE 4 ( 4 6 in FROM TOP
OF FOOTING)

0 4 8 16
COLUMN ROTATION <#>, I 0 ' 5 RADI ANS

Figure 20. M-0 behavior of the 5 inch depth unit.

 37

2000
inch-KIPS

1600 -
M,

1200 -
MOMENT,

GAGE I ( 6 in FROM TOP

OF FOOTING)
GAGE 2 (12 in FROM TOP
800 -
OF FOOTI NG)
APPLIED

GAGE 3 (18 in FROM TOP

OF FOOTI NG)
GAGE 4 ( 4 6 in FROM TOP
400 - OF FOOTI NG)

0 4 8 16
COLUMN R O T A T I ON I 0 ~ 5 R A DI A N S

Figure 21. M-0 behavior of the 10 inch depth unit

 2400

2000
APPLIED

1600
MOMENT,

1200 • GAGE I ( 6 in FROM TOP OF FOOTI NG)

M,

o GAGE 2 (12 in FROM TOP OF FOOTI NG)

□ GAGE 3 (18 in FROM TOP OF FOOTING)
inch-KIPS

a GAGE 4 ( 4 6 in FROM TOP OF FOOTING)

800

400

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112
COLUMN ROTATI ON </>, I 0 “ 5 RADI ANS
F ig u re 22. M-0 b e h a v i o r o f t h e 15 in c h d e p th u n i t .
 depth
° 101 in
O ,K . DEPTH
15
'n DEPTH
M oh o u t h ic

PCA ^ o u

* 32 1 — -U _
64
80
/ 0 '5 96

UnitS M'0 be0,favti oer.m° noJj thi, PCA Monoi

ithi,
10
 40

15 in c h d e p th column 10 in c h d e p th column

M o n o lit h ic Column

F ig u r e 24. Modes o f F a i l u r e
 41

F ig u r e 25. 5 In ch Depth R ecess F a i l u r e

Figure 26. 10 Inch Depth Recess Failure

 CHAPTER V

ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The b e h a v i o r o f t h e c o l u m n - f o o tin g c o n n e c tio n sp ecim ens i s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by two d i s t i n c t p h a s e s - - t h e l i n e a r r e s p o n s e t o lo a d

where a l l s t e e l and c o n c r e t e as w e ll as epoxy behave e l a s t i c a l l y and

t h e n o n - l i n e a r r e s p o n s e t o lo a d i n t i a t e d by y i e l d i n g in t h e column o r

c o n n ec tio n . The c o n n e c tio n s t i f f n e s s , i . e . t h e m o m e n t- r o ta tio n

r e l a t i o n s h i p M/0, i s a m easure o f t h e l i n e a r r e s p o n s e t o lo a d . The

column lo a d a t which t h e r a t e o f r o t a t i o n b e g in s t o i n c r e a s e depends

on t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i o n .

In a p r e c a s t b u i l d i n g , d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e r v i c e lo a d s w i l l depend

on member s t i f f n e s s and t h e m o m e n t- r o ta tio n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The column-

f o o t i n g c o n n e c t i o n s t i f f n e s s , M/0, must be com puted.

The maximum moment p e r c e n t a g e i s a m easure o f t h e n o n - l i n e a r

r e s p o n s e t o lo a d . T h is maximum moment p e r c e n t a g e i s t h e r a t i o o f th e

maximum moment o f each column t o t h e maximum moment o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c

u n i t shown in T a b le I I .

T a b le I I . Moment P e r c e n t a g e

Specimens % Maximum Moment

5 - in c h d e p th - 5 6 .6 2
10- i n c h d e p th - 1 2 .7 8
1 5 - in c h d e p th + 4.8 19
T h e o re tic a l - 1.414

42
 43

Assuming t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t t o be 100% f i x e d and a p i n

c o n n e c tio n as 0% f i x e d , i t was found t h a t t h e 15 in c h d e p th was f u l l y

f i x e d and t h e 5 in c h and 10 in c h d e p th s p a r t i a l l y f i x e d . T h is i s shown

i n T a b le I and I I .

The c o u p le d f o r c e sy stem a p p l i e d t o t h e r e c e s s by t h e column o f

any o f th e t e s t specim ens w i l l rem ain c o n s t a n t f o r a p a r t i c u l a r load

b e c a u s e o f t h e g eom etry o f lo a d i n g . The h o r i z o n t a l r e s i s t i n g f o r c e f o r

t h e s h o r t e s t moment arm h a s t o be l a r g e r th a n t h a t f o r t h e g r e a t e s t

moment arm. T h is i s shown d i a g r a m m a t i c a l l y i n F ig u r e 27 b elo w . Because

P
3a

P P
3
M = Pa M = 3a

Figure 27. Effect of moment arm on the resultant forces.

 44

o f t h e above r e a s o n t h e 5 - i n c h d e p th r e c e s s f a i l e d c a t a s t r o p h i c a l l y

w ith a s m a ll amount o f moment. The 1 0 - in c h r e c e s s a l s o f a i l e d

c a t a s t r o p h i c a l l y b u t w ith more moment lo a d how ever a t 1 5 - in c h d e p th

t h e column f a i l e d b e f o r e t h e r e was any y i e l d i n g i n t h e c o n n e c t i o n .

Comparing t h e m o m e n t- r o ta tio n r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een t h e p r e c a s t

u n i t s and t h e m o n o l i t h i c i n F ig u r e 23, i t i s shown c l e a r l y t h a t t h e

slo p e o f th e l i n e a r resp o n se o f th e p r e c a s t u n its i s le s s th an th e slo p e

o f th e m o n o lith ic u n i t . T h at i s b e c a u s e t h e modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y , E,

i n t h e epoxy i s 350,000 p s i w hich i s much l e s s t h a n c o n c r e t e , (4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

p s i) p e rm ittin g r o ta tio n in th e re c e ss . R o ta tio n o f th e p r e c a s t u n it in

t h e r e c e s s b e g i n s w ith a p p l i c a t i o n o f lo a d and c o n t i n u a n c e i n a l i n e a r

r e s p o n s e up t o 1,950 i n c h - k i p s where t h e r e i s an a b r u p t change t o n e a r l y

h o r i z o n t a l r e s p o n s e as u n i t s t a r t s t o f a i l . The l i n e a r i t y i n t h e mono­

l i t h i c u n i t p e r m i t s up t o 800 i n c h - k i p s w here t h e n o n - l i n e a r r e s p o n s e

d e v e l o p in g t o ab o u t 1800 i n c h - k i p s , t h e n t h e r e s p o n s e becomes n e a r l y

h o riz o n ta l.

Comparing t h e c u r v e s i n F ig u r e s 28, 29, 30, and 31, i t i s shown

t h a t t h e 1 5 - in c h d e p t h column h a s t h e same mode o f f a i l u r e a s t h e mono­

l i t h i c , m o reo v e r t h e m o n o l i t h i c f a i l e d a t 1909 i n c h - k i p s w h ile t h e 15-

in c h d e p t h f a i l e d a t 2001 i n c h - k i p s . The 5, and 1 0 - in c h d e p th f a i l e d

s u d d e n ly , a s shown, a t 828 and 1665 i n c h - k i p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

F ig u r e 32 shows t h e m o m e n t- r o ta tio n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e

t h e o r t i c a l , m o n o l i t h i c and 1 5 - in c h d e p th column. T h is c u t v e shows t h a t

t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and t h e m o n o l i t h i c c u r v e s h av e t h e same s l o p e up t o 800

i n c h - k i p s , w here t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t d e p a r t s from l i n e a r i t y . The s l o p e

o f t h e p r e c a s t u n i t c u r v e i s l e s s t h a n b o th o f t h e s e s l o p e s .
 45
1800 in-K
oo

C \J

1 6 0 0 in-K co

in

1 4 0 0 in-K

2 0 0 in- K

1000 n- K
8 0 0 n- K

6 0 0 n- K
4 0 0 n-K
2 0 0 i n-K

oo

ELEVATION OF THE GAGES FROM THE TOP OF

THE FOOTING (in)

Figure 28. Elevation of the gauges - 0 behavior of the monolithic unit.

 ELEVATION OF THE GAGES FROM THE TOP OF THE FOOTING (in)

o m ro OD m
COLUMN

2 0 0 in-K

400 in-K
ROTATION

6 0 0 in-K
<#\
10
u RADI ANS

800 in-K

oo

Figure 29. Elevation of the gauges - behavior of the 5 inch depth unit. c-.
 ELEVATION OF THE GAGES FROM THE TOP OF THE FOOTING (in)

o m no
-
oo
- £cn
COLUMN

2 0 0 in-K
4 0 0 in-K
6 0 0 in-K
ROTATION

8 0 0 in-K

1000 in-K
<#>, 10

2 0 0 in-K
u RADIANS

1400 in-K

1600 in-K

00

Figure 30. Elevation of the gauges - (8 behavior of the 10 inch depth unit.
 48
2 0 0 0 i n - K \u>

1 8 0 0 in-K

1600 n-K

1400 n-K

1200 n-K
1000 n-K
800 n-K

600 n-K

400 n-K

200 n-K

oo CXJ O
— -
E L E V A T I ON OF THE GAGES FROM THE TOP OF
THE FOOTI NG (in)

F ig u r e 31. E l e v a t i o n o f t h e gauges - 0 b e h a v i o r o f t h e 15 in c h dep th

u n it.
APPLIED 2400

2000
MOMENT,

1600
M,

200 • THEORETICAL
inch - KIPS

o 15 inch DEPTH
A MONOLITHIC

800

400

0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160

COLUMN ROTATION <f>, I 0 ' 5 RADIANS

to
Figure 32. Comparison of the monolithic, 15 inch depth and the theoretical M - 0 behavior.
 50

The r e s p o n s e o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t compared f a v o r a b l y w ith

t h e t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s , t h e s m a ll d e p a r t u r e s a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o s l i g h t

d i f f e r e n c e s i n s t r e n g t h s o f c o n c r e t e and s t e e l . The r e s p o n s e o f t h e 15

in c h d e p th u n i t compared w e l l w ith b o t h .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y compared f a v o r a b l y w ith t h e P o r t l a n d

Cement A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d y f o r t h e column b a s e p l a t e s c o n n e c t i o n s .

Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a rc h

T h is method o f c o n n e c ti'n g f o o t i n g and column i s p r o m is in g and i t

i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h b e done:

1. F ind t h e optimum d e p th o f r e c e s s b etw ee n 10 and 15 -in ch .

d e p t h su c h t h a t t h e f o o t i n g and column f a i l s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

o r i n t h e mode o f t h e m o n o l i t h i c u n i t .

2. The s t e e l i n t h e f o o t i n g s h o u ld be d e s ig n e d t o in c o rp o ra te

s t e e l a ro u n d th e re c e s s . T h ree c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a re su g g ested

i n o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g p r o m is e .

a. V e rtic a l s t e e l a d jacen t to th e re c e s s .

b. In c lin e d s t e e l from t h e t o p o f t h e r e c e s s a d j a c e n t t o

t h e o p e n in g o f t h e b o tto m s t e e l .

c. C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t e e l a ro u n d t h e r e c e s s .

A d e s i g n f o r t h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i s beyond t h e sco p e o f t h i s p a p e r .
 APPENDIX

M a t e r i a l s and F a b r i c a t i o n

The wooden c o n c r e t e forms were made o f 3/4 in c h plywood c o a te d

w ith a t h i n f il m o f o i l on t h e i n s i d e , and r e i n f o r c e d by t w i s t e d t i e

w ir e s from s i d e t o s i d e as shown in F ig u r e A. The c o n c r e t e u sed in a l l

columns and f o o t i n g s was made w ith Type I P o r t l a n d cem ent. C ast members

were c u re d u n d e r p l a s t i c c o v e re d wet b u r l a p s a c k s f o r 28 d a y s . The

a v e r a g e c o m p re s s iv e s t r e n g t h s a t t h e tim e o f t e s t l i s t e d i n T a b le A1

w ere d e te r m in e d from a minimum o f f i v e 6X12 in c h c y l i n d e r s .

T a b le A1. Column and F o o tin g C o n c re te S t r e n g t h

Specimen E, p si
f c psi

M o n o lit h ic Column 4991 4 ,0 7 0 ,0 0 0

M o n o lit h ic F o o tin g 5888 4 ,4 2 0 ,0 0 0

5 i n . d e p th Column 5769 4 ,3 8 0 ,0 0 0

5 i n . d e p th F o o tin g 5840 4 ,4 1 0 ,0 0 0

10 i n . d e p th Column 6017 4 ,4 8 0 ,0 0 0

10 i n . d e p th F o o tin g 5805 4 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0

15 i n . d e p th Column 6194 4 ,5 4 0 ,0 0 0

15 i n . d e p th F o o tin g 5699 4 ,3 5 0 ,0 0 0

I n t e r m e d i a t e g r a d e r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l w ith d e f o r m a tio n s co nform ing

t o ASTMA 305 was u sed i n th e columns and f o o t i n g s .

51
Figure A. Precast Column and Footing Steel
 53

The C e la n e s e R esin Company pro d u ced t h e epoxy which was u s e d i n

j o i n i n g th e p r e c a s t members. The epoxy was mixed o f 100 p a r t s by w e ig h t

o f Epi-Rez 510 t o 35 p a r t s by w e ig h t o f E p i-C u re 872. The fo rm e r i s

composed o f com m ercial d i g l y c i d a l e t h e r o f b i s p h e n l A, c o n t a i n i n g no

added d i l u e n t s , s o l v e n t s o r o t h e r c o n t a m in a n ts . The l a t t e r i s a

f l e x i b i l i z e r - h a r d e n e r composed o f an a l i p h a t i c amido p o lyam in e c o n s i s t i n g

o f t h e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t o f a long c h a i n m onobasic a c i d w ith p o lyam ine and

a m o d i f ie d a l i p h a t i c p o ly a m in e .^ The epoxy was c u re d a t 80°F. The

a v e r a g e c o m p re s s iv e s t r e n g t h s a t t h e tim e o f t e s t l i s t e d i n T a b le A ll

w ere d e te r m in e d from a minimum o f s i x 1X2 in c h c y l i n d e r s .

T a b le A l l . Epoxy S t r e n g t h

C om pressive
Specimen S tre n g th (p si) No. o f C u ring Days
5 i n . d e p th 12783 7 days c u r i n g a t 80°F

10 i n . d e p th 14860 12 days c u r i n g a t 80°F

15 i n . d e p th 14800 15 days c u r i n g a t 80°F

The c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e columns and f o o t i n g i s shown i n F ig u r e s

9, 10, 12 and 13. D e t a i l s o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t in t h e C orb el b r a c k e t s

th ro u g h which lo a d was a p p l i e d were t h e same f o r a l l specim ens i n t h i s

e x p e r im e n t. The column r e i n f o r c e m e n t was a l s o i d e n t i c a l f o r a l l s p e c i ­

mens. The amount o f s t e e l in t h e f o o t i n g s was t h e same, b u t t h e v e r t i c a l

s e p a r a t i o n betw een to p and b o tto m s t e e l v a r i e d w ith f o o t i n g d e p t h , as

shown i n F ig u r e 13.
 54

The m o n o l i t h i c c o n t r o l specim en was c a s t w ith t h e column i n a

v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n above t h e f o o t i n g , t h e f o o t i n g b e i n g c a s t 5 days p r i o r

t o t h e column. The re m a in in g columns w ere c a s t i n a h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n

as shown i n F ig u r e A l. Column and f o o t i n g r e i n f o r c e m e n t was h e l d i n

p l a c e v e r t i c a l l y by t h e t i e w ir e s which r e i n f o r c e d t h e f o r m s .

P r e c a s t columns w ere 53, 58, and 63 in c h lo n g m easu red from t h e i r

t o p s u r f a c e t o t h e b o tto m s u r f a c e o f t h e colum n. P re c a s t fo o tin g s

c o n t a i n e d 5 - 1 / 2 , 1 0 - 1 / 2 , and 1 5 -1 /2 in c h r e c e s s e s form ed by plywood

b o x e s , 1 5 - 1 /2 by. 1 0 - 1 /2 i n c h e s i n p l a n d i m e n s i o n s .

A f t e r c u r i n g and rem oval from f o r m s , t h e r e c e s s e s and b a s e s o f

t h e columns were c l e a n e d w ith 10% h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d , f l u s h e d w ith w a t e r

and d r i e d w ith co m pressed a i r . Four s t e e l s h i m s , 1X1X1/2 i n c h e s , w ere

p l a c e d i n t h e b o tto m c o m e r s o f t h e r e c e s s e s . The s h o r t e s t column was

p l a c e d i n t h e s h a l l o w e s t r e c e s s and t h e l o n g e s t column i n t h e d e e p e s t

recess.

A c o n s t a n t 48 in c h d i s t a n c e from t h e t o p o f t h e column t o t h e

t o p o f t h e f o o t i n g was m a i n t a i n e d .

S t e e l shims w ere u s e d t o f a c i l i t a t e a l ig n m e n t o f t h e columns

and p r o v i d e s p a c e f o r epoxy. L a t e r a l a lig n m e n t was a c h i e v e d w i t h t h i n

s t e e l wedges w hich w ere t h e n removed and r e p l a c e d by s t e e l shims p r i o r

t o p o u r in g t h e e p o x y .
 55

P r e c a s t U n its

M o n o lit h ic S t e e l

Figure A1
 REFERENCES

1. I n t e r n a t i o n a l C ongress o f t h e C o n c r e te I n d u s t r y , 3 r d , S to ck h o lm ,
1960.

2. P r e f a b r i c a t e d C o n c r e t e , L h sz ld Mokk, B u d a p e s t, 1964.

3. The Magic Powder, by E a r l J„ H ad ley .

4. The C h e m is try o f Cement and C o n c r e t e , F. M. Lea § C. H. Desch.

5. R e in f o r c e d C o n c r e te D e sig n , C h u -k ia Wang § C h a r l e s G. Salmon.

6. F i n a l R e p o rt No. 2 t o t h e A r iz o n a Highway D epartm ent on t h e Use

o f Epoxy R e s in s i n R e i n f o rc e d C o n c r e t e - S t a t i c Load T e s t s .
P a r t I I , by J . D. K riegh and E. G. E ndebrock.

7. P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n B u l l e t i n DBS, " C o n n e c tio n s i n P r e c a s t

C o n c re te S t r u c t u r e s - S t r e n g t h o f C o r b i e s " , by L. B. K r iz and
C. H. P a t h s .

8. P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n B u l l e t i n DUO, " C o n n e c tio n s i n P r e c a s t

C o n c re te S tr u c t u r e s - C o l u m n Base P l a t e s " , by R. W. LaFraugh and
D. D. Magura.

56