A. Kumar, NandhaKumar P.

/ ICT Express ) – 3

Random
s/p Digital p/s
data Filters
converter modulation converter
generator

AWCN
channel

Serial p/s Digital s/p

data out converter Demodulation Filters converter

Fig. 1. Block diagram of OFDM system.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of proposed cyclostationary detection.

The received signal is compared with the threshold for the The ultimate SCF for the received signal x (t ) can then be
detection of the spectrum. A hypothesis is formulated that if calculated by
the received signal is greater than the threshold, a detection
will occur, otherwise, a detection is not considered. The block S∞
x ( f ) = lim lim S∞
X T ( f )(∆T ) (8)
T →∞ ∆T →∞
diagram of the proposed cyclostationary model is shown in To detect the spectrum holes in a cognitive radio by sensing
Fig. 2. the spectrum, each secondary user chooses between two subse-
quent hypotheses that symbolize the presence (H 1 ) and absence
3.1. System model of cyclostationary detection (H0 ) of the primary user signal in the licensed frequency band.
{
The time-varying autocorrelation function is mathematically H 0 : x i (t) = ni (t)
(9)
formulated as H 1 : x i (t) = hi s (t) + n i (t) i = 1, . . . , N u

Rx x (t , τ ) = E { x (t ) x ∗ (t + τ)} (5) where x i (t ) represents the i th secondary user’s received signal,

Nu represents the number of secondary users, S (t ) represents
where x (t ) represents a zero-mean continuous signal. The the primary user’s transmitted signal, n i (t ) represents the
periodicity in the collected signal to exclude the master user is AWGN, and h i represents the gain of the channel between the
exploited by the cyclostationary characteristic, which computes PU and the i th SUs.
the spectral correlational function (SCF).
∫ ∞ 4. Results
Sx ( f ) = Rx (τ )e − j 2π f t dτ (6)
−∞ The results are thoroughly tested using a mathematical
The main advantage of the spectral correlation is that it dis- model of the cognitive OFDM system and by implementing a
criminates the noise energy from the transmitted signal energy. code in Matlab-2017. In both cases, the BER decreases with
The cyclostationary characteristics of a signal are not dupli- increasing SNR, as shown in Fig. 3. The performance of the
cated in the power spectral density (PSD); however, they are BER is similar for 0–3 dB SNR. The former system is least
copied in the SCF, which is obtained by Fourier transforming affected by ISI due to the insertion of the CP, whereas OFDM
the cyclic autocorrelation. It is based on the spectral redundancy without CP is affected with the ISI due to the interference
of two separated spectral components. The correlation method between OFDM symbols. Hence, OFDM with CP gives better
is removed by measuring the cyclic spectral density by Fourier performance with minimum ISI and BER as compared to
transforming the conventional correlation method, OFDM without CP. However, OFDM with CP also results in
∞ the wastage of bandwidth.
The performance of BER vs. SNR for the proposed system
∑
S∞
x (f) = R∞
x (τ) e
− j 2π f τ
(7)
τ =−∞ is presented in Fig. 4. Here, the CP is replaced with filters;

Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, NandhaKumar P., OFDM system with cyclostationary feature detection spectrum sensing, ICT Express (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2018.01.007.