Engineering Materials

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

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Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
15.03.2017
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http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf

1. Keramik adalah inorganic materials yang

terdiri dari unsur logam (warna terang) dan
non logam (warna lebih gelap) yang terikat
secara kimia membentuk senyawa kompleks
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 * Umumnya senyawa keramik adalah
silicates, oxides, nitrides dan carbides

* Biasanya digunakan sebagai insulasi

panas dan listrik

* Lebih tahan terhadap temperatur tinggi

dan lingkungan yang keras dibandingkan
logam dan polimer
* keras dan sangat rapuh

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

15.03.2017
 *
* sangat keras
* tahan aus yang tinggi
* tahan korosi
* tahan panas
* Konduktivitas listrik dan panas rendah
* ekspansi panas rendah
* ketahanan terhadap thermal shock
rendah

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

15.03.2017
  Keuletan rendah (low ductility)
– sangat rapuh
– modulus elastisitas tinggi
 ketangguhan rendah (Low toughness)
–fracture toughness rendah
– mengindikasikan kemampuan retak menghasilkan
catastrophic failure
 berat jenis rendah (Low density)
– Porosity mempengaruhi sifat
 Kekuatan tinggi pada temperatur tinggi

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

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 *

Property Ceramic Metal Polymer

Hardness Very High Low Very Low

Elastic modulus Very High High Low

Thermal expansion High Low Very Low

Wear resistance High Low Low

Corrosion resistance High Low Low

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

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 Property Ceramic Metal Polymer

Ductility Low High High

Density Low High Very Low

Electrical conductivity Depends High Low

on material

Thermal conductivity Depends High Low

on material

Magnetic Depends High Very Low

on material

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

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 Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

15.03.2017
 *
the older and more generally known
types (porcelain, brick, earthenware,
etc.)
Based primarily on natural raw materials
of clay and silicates
Applications;
building materials (brick, clay pipe,
glass)
household goods (pottery, cooking
ware)
manufacturing ( abbrasives, electrical
devices, fibers)
Traditional Ceramics
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 *
have been developed over the past
half century
Include artificial raw materials,
exhibit specialized properties, require
more sophisticated processing
Applied as thermal barrier coatings to
protect metal structures, wearing
surfaces,
Engine applications (silicon nitride
(Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC), Zirconia
(ZrO2), Alumina (Al2O3))

bioceramic implants
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 amorphous
CERAMIC
S crystalline

* Amorphous
the atoms exhibit only short-range
order

no distinct melting temperature

(Tm) for these materials as there is
with the crystalline materials

Na20, Ca0, K2O, etc

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
Amorphous silicon and thin film PV cells
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*Crystalline
atoms (or ions) are arranged in a
regularly repeating pattern in three
dimensions (i.e., they have long-range
order)
Crystalline ceramics are the
“Engineering” ceramics
– High melting points
– Strong a ceramic (crystalline) and a glass (non-
crystalline)
– Hard
– Brittle
– Good corrosion resistance
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 Oxides

CERAMIC
S Nonoxide
s

Composite

* Oxides: Alumina, zirconia

* Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
* Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides
and non-oxides
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 *
*:
Oxidation resistant
chemically inert
electrically insulating
generally low thermal conductivity
slightly complex manufacturing
low cost for alumina
more complex manufacturing
higher cost for zirconia.

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

zirconia
 * Non-Oxide Ceramics:
Low oxidation resistance
extreme hardness
chemically inert
high thermal conductivity
electrically conducting
difficult energy dependent
manufacturing and high cost.
Silicon carbide cermic foam filter
(CFS)
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china.com/image/2f0j00avNtpdFnLThyM/Silicon-Carbide-Ceramic-Foam-
Filter-CFS-.jpg&imgrefurl
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 *
Toughness
low and high oxidation resistance
(type related)

variable thermal and electrical

conductivity

complex manufacturing processes

high cost.

Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) rotor

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Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

15.03.2017
 * most important thermal properties of ceramic materials:
 Heat capacity : amount of heat required to raise material
temperature by one unit (ceramics > metals)
 Thermal expansion coefficient: the ratio that a material
expands in accordance with changes in temperature
 Thermal conductivity : the property of a material that
indicates its ability to conduct heat
Thermal shock resistance: the name given to cracking as a
result of rapid temperature change

*
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

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 *
Thermal expansion
Comparison of thermal expansion coefficient between metals and fine ceramics

* The coefficients of thermal

expansion depend on the bond
strength between the atoms that
make up the materials.

* Strong bonding (diamond, silicon

carbide, silicon nitrite) → low
thermal expansion coefficient

* Weak bonding ( stainless steel)

→ higher thermal expansion
coefficient in comparison with
fine ceramics
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 *
Thermal conductivity
* generally less than that of metals such as steel or copper
* ceramic materials, in contrast, are used for thermal insulation due to their
low thermal conductivity (except silicon carbide, aluminium nitride)

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

•http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/images/thermalcond_zu.gif
 Thermal shock resistance
* A large number of ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal shock
* Some ceramic materials → very high resistance to thermal shock is
despite of low ductility (e.g. fused silica, Aluminium titanate )

* Result of rapid cooling → tensile stress (thermal stress)→cracks and

consequent failure

* The thermal stresses responsible for the response to temperature

stress depend on:

- kondisi geometri

- kondisi thermal

- parameter lainnya (modulus of elasticity, strength…)

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

*
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 CERAMICS MATERIALS
Functional Classification of Ceramics

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

 CERAMICS MATERIALS
Functional Classification of Ceramics

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

 CERAMICS MATERIALS
Compressive Strength of Ceramics
*Keramik lebih kuat terhadap beban kompresi daripada
tarik atau bending sehingga dalam aplikasi banyak
keramik digunakan pada komponen yang mengalami
beban tekan

Methods to Strengthen Ceramic Materials

*Dibuat uniform / seragam
*Menurunkan ukuran butir
*Meminimalkan porositas
*Memberikan tegangan permukaan tekan (compressive
surface stresses)
*menggunakan fiber reinforcement
*Perlakuan panas
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 CERAMICS MATERIALS
Properties of Ceramics

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

 CERAMICS MATERIALS
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is

Specific volume
a trademark used herein under license.

Supercooled Liquid
Liquid (disordered)

Glass
(amorphous solid)

Crystalline
(i.e., ordered) solid
Tg Tm T

When silica crystallizes on cooling, an abrupt Adapted from Fig. 13.6, Callister, 7e.
change in the density is observed. For glassy silica,
however, the change in slope at the glass Specific volume (1/r) vs Temperature (T)
temperature indicates the formation of a glass from
the undercooled liquid. Glass does not have a fixed
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
Tm or Tg. Crystalline materials have a fixed Tm and
they do not have a Tg.
 CERAMICS MATERIALS

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Processes for shaping crystalline ceramics: (a) pressing, (b) isostatic pressing,
(c) extrusion, (d) jiggering, and (e) slip casting.
Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015
 CERAMICS MATERIALS
* Processing
* Guide of ceramics can be divided
to Processing
into two basic categories:
Ceramics
1. Molten ceramics - major category of molten
ceramics is glassworking (solidification
processes)
2. Particulate ceramics - traditional and new
ceramics (particulate processing)

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015

 CERAMICS MATERIALS

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

During firing, clay and other fluxing materials react with coarser particles to produce a
glassy bond and reduce porosity.

Dr. Linda - Matek 2014-2015