Nuclear Data Evaluations for JENDL High-Energy File

Y. Watanabe , T. Fukahori† , K. Kosako , N. Shigyo‡ , T. Murata§ , N. Yamano¶ ,

T. Hino
, K. Maki††, H. Nakashima† , N. Odano‡‡ and S. Chiba†
Department of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
†
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8530, Japan
‡
Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581,
Japan
§
AITEL Corporation, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0862, Japan
¶
Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

Power & Industrial Systems R&D Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1221, Japan
††
Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, 300-0810, Japan
‡‡
National Maritime Research Institute, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-0004, Japan

Abstract. An overview is presented of recent nuclear data evaluations performed for the JENDL high-energy (JENDL-HE)
file, in which neutron and proton cross sections for energies up to 3 GeV are included for the whole 132 nuclides. The current
version of the JENDL-HE file consists of neutron total cross sections, nucleon elastic scattering cross sections and angular
distributions, nonelastic cross sections, production cross sections and double-differential cross sections of secondary light
particles (n, p, d, t, 3 He, α , and π ) and gamma-rays, isotope production cross sections, and fission cross sections in the
ENDF6 format. The present evaluations are performed on the basis of experimental data and theoretical model calculations.
For the cross section calculations, we have constructed a hybrid calculation code system with some available nuclear model
codes and systematics-based codes, such as ECIS96, OPTMAN, GNASH, JQMD, JAM, TOTELA, FISCAL, and so on.
The evaluated cross sections are compared with available experimental data and the other evaluations. Future plans of our
JENDL-HE project are discussed along with prospective needs for high-energy cross section data.

INTRODUCTION uations are available. Among them, the LA150 library

At present, there are many nuclear data requirements for
energies over 20 MeV for accelerator-related applica-
tions, such as accelerator-driven transmutation systems,
radiotherapy with particle beams, radioisotope produc-
tion, and estimation of radiation effects induced by cos-
mic rays in microelectronics, and so on. These appli-
cations require charged-particle data, particularly proton
data, as well as neutron data in macroscopic transport
and activation calculations. In general, nuclear data eval-
uations are performed using experimental data, nuclear
model calculations, and systematics based on measure-
ments. Among them, the nuclear model calculations play
a particularly important role, because experimental data
are sparse for high-energy neutron-induced reactions and
systematic measurements are not necessarily sufficient
for high-energy proton data.
So far, several activities on high-energy nuclear
data evaluations have been carried out in LANL [1],
NRG Petten [2], FZK [3], IPPE [4, 5], KAERI [6] and
so on. Some of the data libraries produced in these eval-
(LANL) [1] is widely used in macroscopic transport
calculations, which treats the nuclear interaction of
neutrons and protons having energies up to 150 MeV
with materials. In such simulations, Monte Carlo codes
based on a microscopic simulation approach such as the
intra-nuclear cascade model are built-in to deal with the
nuclear processes at energies above 150 MeV, instead
of the nuclear data library. In order to save computation
time, however, the nuclear data above 150 MeV are
also required in macroscopic transport and activation
calculations. Thus, the Japanese Nuclear Data Com-
mittee (JNDC) has launched a JENDL high-energy file
(JENDL-HE) project [7], in which the cross sections for
neutron and proton induced reactions up to 3 GeV are
included for the total 132 nuclides shown in Table 1.
In this paper, the current status of the JENDL-HE file
are reported with an outline of a nuclear model calcula-
tion code system used in our evaluation and comparisons
of the JENDL-HE evaluation with available experimen-
tal data and other evaluations. A future outlook of the
JENDL-HE file is also given in summary.

CP769, International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology,

edited by R. C. Haight, M. B. Chadwick, T. Kawano, and P. Talou
© 2005 American Institute of Physics 0-7354-0254-X/05/$22.50
326
 TABLE 1. List of nuclides to be included in JENDL high-energy file.
Released 1 H, 12 13 C, 14 N, 16 O, 24 25 26Mg, 27 Al, 28 29 30Si, 39 41 K, 40 42 43 44 46 48Ca, 46 47 48 49 50Ti, 51 V,
(66 nuclides) 50 52 53 54Cr, 55 Mn, 54 56 57 58Fe, 59 Co, 58 60 61 62 64Ni, 63 65Cu, 64 66 67 68 70Zn, 90 91 92 94 96Zr, 93 Nb,
180 182 183 184 186W, 196 198 199 200 201 202 204Hg,

In preparation 2 H, 6 7 Li, 9 Be, 10 11B, 15 N, 18 O, 19 F, 23 Na, 35 37Cl, 35 38 40Ar, 69 71Ga, 70 72 73 74 76Ge,

(66 nuclides) 75 As, 74 76 77 78 80 82Se, 89 Y, 92 94 95 96 97 98 100Mo, 113 115In, 197 Au, 204 206 207 208Pb, 209 Bi, 232Th,
233 234 235 236 238U, 237 Np, 238 239 240 241 242Pu, 241 242 242m 243Am, 243 244 245 246Cm

FEATURES OF HIGH-ENERGY
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Some features of high-energy nuclear reactions (E >
20 MeV) are summarized as follows. First, dynamical
processes, such as intra-nuclear cascade processes and
preequilibrium processes, become predominant in the
first stage of the reaction as the incident energy increases.
Particle emissions via such processes show forward-
peaked continuum angular distributions. Second, reac-
tion residues are produced over wide ranges of mass and
atomic numbers due to high multiplicity of neutrons and
light ions. Finally, the degree of freedom of pions and ex-
cited nucleons, such as ∆ and N , is expected to influence
the reaction for incident energies beyond the threshold
energy of pion production (150–200 MeV).
Accordingly, high-energy nuclear data evaluations re-
quire reliable nuclear reaction models that can account
for these features adequately over the wide incident en-
ergy range, e.g., statistical multistep models for preequi-
librium processes, microscopic simulation methods us-
ing molecular dynamics for hadronic reactions followed
by statistical decays, and so on.
NUCLEAR MODEL CALCULATION
CODE SYSTEM
In the present JENDL-HE evaluation, a model calcula-
tion code system combining some nuclear model codes
is used to produce the high-energy cross section data. A
schematic diagram of the code system is illustrated in
Fig. 1. It consists of two different parts relative to the
incident energy. For energies below 150–250 MeV, the
conventional codes used widely in the evaluations be-
low 20 MeV are applied, and Monte Carlo calculation
codes based on the intra-nuclear cascade (INC) model
or quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) are used mainly
for those above 150–250 MeV. It should be noted that
the matching energy between the two parts is chosen for
each target nuclide.
The main code for energies below 150–250 MeV,
GNASH [8], is based on statistical Hauser-Feshbach plus
preequilibrium exciton models to predict nuclear reac-
tion cross sections for particle and gamma-ray emis-
sions. The code GNASH was demonstrated to be one
of the most reliable codes for model calculations below
150 MeV in an international code intercomparison [9]
and was extensively used in the LA150 evaluation. A
modified version of the code EXIFON [10] is used as
an alternative code for N and O as well.
The optical model is employed for predictions of the
total, reaction, and elastic scattering cross sections. Op-
tical model calculations are carried out using ECIS96
[11] or OPTMAN [12]. The code OPTMAN is based
on the coupled-channel method with the nuclear Hamil-
tonian parameters determined by the soft-rotator model
[13], and is used only for C [14], Mg [15], and Si [16].
Transmission coefficients provided by the optical model
calculation are employed in the GNASH calculations of
particle and gamma ray emission cross sections and iso-
tope production cross sections.
The cross sections for inelastic scattering to low-lying
excited states are also calculated using ECIS96 or OPT-
MAN. For some cases, the code DWUCK4 [17] based
on DWBA is used for direct reaction calculations for dis-
crete states including deuteron pick-up and charge ex-
change processes as well.
In the energy range above 150–250 MeV, either JAM
[18] or QMD [19] is employed for the description of
dynamical processes. The former (Jet AA Microscopic
Transport Model) is a hadronic cascade model that treats
all established hadronic states including resonances and
all hadron-hadron cross sections parameterized in terms
of the resonance model and string model by fitting avail-
able experimental data. The latter (Quantum Molecular
Dynamics) is a semiclassical simulation method to de-
scribe the time evolution of nucleon many-body system
in a microscopic way. For the statistical decay followed
by the dynamical processes, the generalized evaporation
model (GEM) [20] is incorporated. Both frameworks
have been demonstrated to reproduce well the measure-
ments of double-differential nucleon and pion emission
cross sections and fragment production cross sections for
proton-induced reactions from 100 MeV up to 3 GeV.
In addition, the code TOTELA [21] based on system-
atics is used as a tool for the evaluation of the total, elas-
tic, and reaction cross sections for energies above 150–
250 MeV. The Niita systematics [22] is used in TOTELA.
For calculations of high-energy fission cross sections, the
systematics-based code FISCAL [7] is applied. Further-

327

Total cross sections
Einc
inc < 150 250 MeV
Elastic cross sections

Total reaction cross sections

Optical model DWBA model for

calculations
DWUCK4 direct process Statistical HF +
OMP preequilibrium exciton
model
OPTMAN
Transmission
GNASH ENDF-6
coefficients
or
Direct Inelastic cross
ECIS sections
JENDL-HE

Isotope production cross sections
Einc
inc > 150 250 MeV
Light-particle emission spectra ENDF-6

Gamma-ray emission spectra
QMD+ GEM JQMD/GEM
or or
Isotope production cross sections
INC + GEM
Light-particle emission DDXs
JAM/GEM
GDH +

Gamma-ray emission spectra
evaporation ALICE-F

Total cross sections

Elastic cross sections
Systematics
TOTELA
Total reaction cross sections
FISCAL
Fission cross sections

FIGURE 1. Nuclear model calculation code system used in the present evaluation.

more, gamma-ray energy spectra are calculated with the
code ALICE-F [23].
RESULTS AND COMPARISONS WITH
MEASUREMENTS AND OTHER
EVALUATIONS
We have evaluated the cross sections for nucleon-
induced reactions on the nuclides listed in Table 1,
mainly using the above-mentioned model calculation
codes. The parameters containing in the calculations are
adjusted to existing experimental data. The evaluated
cross sections are as follows: neutron total cross sec-
tions, nucleon elastic scattering cross sections and an-
gular distributions, nonelastic cross sections, production
cross sections and double-differential cross sections of
secondary light particles (n, p, d, t, 3 He, α , and π ) and
gamma-rays, isotope production cross sections, and fis-
sion cross sections. Neutron total cross sections and iso-
tope production cross sections for several nuclei are eval-
uated using a fitting procedure of experimental data in the
case where systematic measurements are available over
a broad range of incident energy.
As shown in Table 1, the present status of JENDL-
HE file is that the evaluations for 66 nuclides among
the entire 132 nuclides have been completed, and the
evaluated cross section data have been tabulated in the
ENDF6 format and released as the JENDL/HE-2004 file.
For neutrons, the evaluated cross section data are merged
with the data below 20 MeV taken from the JENDL-
3.3 file [24]. For protons, the cross section data below
20 MeV are also included in the JENDL-HE file. It
should be noted that double-differential production cross
sections of light particles are stored using the laboratory
angle-energy law (LAW=7) of the ENDF6 format.
Some representative results of the evaluated cross
sections are shown below with experimental data and
the other evaluations (LA150 [1] and/or NRG2003 [2]).
Other results for the following elements are found else-
where: C [25], Al [26], Mg and Si [15], K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Zn [27], Cu [28], Zr, Nb and W [29].
First of all, neutron total cross sections and proton
nonelastic cross sections for Fe are shown in Fig. 2.
Three evaluations (JENDL-HE, LA150 up to 150 MeV,
and NRG2003 up to 200 MeV) are in good agreement
with experimental data [30]. Among them, the JENDL-
HE data provide the largest values for neutron total cross
sections over the whole energy range, and the smallest
values for proton nonelastic cross sections in the energy
range of 30–80 MeV.
Second, the JENDL-HE result of angular distributions
of neutron elastic scattering from 28 Si is compared with
measurements [30] and the LA150 evaluation for nine
incident energies in Fig. 3. Both evaluations show excel-
lent agreement with the experimental data to similar ex-
tent. As the incident energy increases, some differences
between the JENDL-HE and the LA150 evaluations are
seen at backward angles where there are no available ex-
perimental data.

328
 3.0
(a) 1022
Total cross section for n + Fe Baba, 1985
1020 Rapaport, 1977
Olsson, 1987
2.5 Alarcon, 1986
Cross sections [barns]

18 28
10 Si(n,n) Vito, 1980
Ground State Ibaraki, 2000
Perey
Hildebrand
Zanelli
Cierjacks
1016 Hjort, 1994
2.0 Culler Deconninck LA150
Peterson
Ragent
LA150
NRG2003
1014 JENDL-HE
Larson JENDL-HE
1012 14.2 MeV (x1014)
1.5
1010 20.0 MeV (x1012)
8

dσ/dΩ (b/sr)
1.0
10 21.7 MeV (x1010)
20 100 1000
Neutron energy [MeV] 6
10 8
26.0 MeV (x10 )
1.4 4
10
(b) Nonelastic cross section for p + Fe 6
30.3 MeV (x10 )
1.2 2
10
4
Cross sections [barns]

1.0
100 40.0 MeV (x10 )

0.8 -2
10 55.0 MeV (x102)
-3
0.6 10
65.0 MeV (x100)
0.4 Menet McCamis 10-5
Turner LA150
-2
Renberg (nat.) NRG2003 75.0 MeV (x10 )
0.2 Kirkby (nat.) JENDL-HE 10-7
Meyer (nat.)
-9
0.0 10
1 10 100 1000 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Proton energy [MeV] θc.m. (deg.)

FIGURE 2. Neutron total cross section and proton nonelastic FIGURE 3. Angular distributions of neutron elastic scatter-
cross section for Fe. ing from 28 Si.

Third, double-differential production cross sections of
protons and deuterons are presented for proton-induced
reactions on 12 C at 68 MeV in Fig. 4. For protons, both
JENDL-HE and LA150 evaluations show good agree-
ment with the experimental data [31]. For deuterons,
some differences are obvious in both the evaluations, and
the JENDL-HE is in better agreement with the measure-
ment than the LA150 at 30Æ and 60Æ . In Fig. 5, eval-
uated double-differential neutron production cross sec-
tions are compared with experimental data [32] for the
(p xn) reaction on 90 Zr at 120 MeV. The JENDL-HE
evaluation is in fairly good agreement with the measure-
ment in the continuum preequilibrium region, except for
the Gamow-Teller (GT) resonance and the isobaric ana-
log state (IAS) observed at 0Æ . The nuclear model codes
used in the present evaluation are not capable of predict-
ing such the resonance structure formed by direct charge-
exchange process.
Finally, two examples of isotope production cross sec-
tions are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The evaluated cross
sections are compared with the experimental data [30]
for 22 Na produced by the proton-induced reaction on
nat Siin Fig. 6. Both the JENDL-HE and LA150 eval-
uations reproduce the experimental data fairly well, al-
though underestimation is seen for the LA150 at incident
energies below 50 MeV. Figure 7 presents experimental
data [30] and three evaluations (JENDL-HE, LA150, and
NRG2003) for 54 Mn produced by the proton-induced re-
action on 56 Fe. For energies above 100 MeV, the JENDL-
HE evaluation provides better agreement with the exper-
imental data than the others. It should be noted that the
discontinuity seen at 250 MeV is due to the connection
between the GNASH and the JAM/GEM calculations
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
For the JENDL high-energy file (JENDL-HE), the cross
sections have been evaluated for neutrons and protons up
to 3 GeV on the nuclides listed in Table 1, mainly on the
basis of nuclear model calculations and the systematics.
JENDL-HE evaluations were compared with other evalu-
ations and experimental data, and showed generally good
agreement with them. Evaluations and compilations for

329
 102 101 9
12 12
10
C(p,xp) at 68MeV C(p,xd) at 68MeV
10
1
θ =30deg. θ =30deg. 8 90
lab.
10
0 lab. 10 Zr(p,xn) 120 MeV
100 7
10 0 deg (x 10 )
6
-1
10
-1
10 Harada et al. (2001) Harada et al. (2001) 6
JENDL-HE JENDL-HE
10 5
LA150
LA150 24 deg (x 10 )
-2
10 10-2 5
102
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 0
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 10
4
d σ/dEdΩ (mb/MeV sr)

45 deg (x 10 )

d σ/dEdΩ (mb/MeV sr)

θ =60deg. θ =60deg. 4
10
1 lab. lab. 10
1
H (contami.) 100 3
3 69 deg (x 10 )
10
0 10
-1 2
10
-1
10 10 2
95 deg (x 10 )
2

1
10
-2 -2
10
10
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
10 10
0 121 deg
10

2
θ =120deg. θ =120deg. 1
10
0
lab.
10
0 lab. (x 10 )
-1
10 145 deg
-1 -1
10 10
-2
10
-2 -2
10 10 -3
10
10
-3 -3
10 -4
Scobel et al. (1990)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Energy (MeV) Energy (MeV)
10 JENDL-HE
-5
10
FIGURE 4. Double-differential light charged-particle (p and 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
d) production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Neutron Energy (MeV)
12 C compared with the experimental data [31] and the LA150
evaluation.
FIGURE 5. Double-differential neutron production cross
sections for the 90 Zr(p xn) reaction at 120 MeV, compared with
the experimental data [31].
the remaining 66 nuclides are in progress. Benchmark
tests using transport codes such as MCNPX [33, 34] and
PHITS [35] are being performed for validation of the 102
evaluated cross sections. Some preliminary results have
been obtained and reported elsewhere [27]. Through the 1
benchmarks, revision and updating work will continue 10
Cross Section (mb)

nat
towards completion of the JENDL-HE file. Si (p,X) 22Na
The current version of the JENDL-HE file does not 0
10 Sisterson, 1997
contain information for heavy recoils (A > 4). Double- Barchuk, 1987
differential cross sections (DDXs) of all secondary ions Bodeman, 1991
-1
10 Bodeman, 1993
are required for estimating the radiation effects in struc- Schiekel, 1996
tural materials, microelectronic devices, and human bod- Walton, 1976
Aleksandrov, 1988
ies. It is known that the heavy recoils play an important 10-2 Sheffey, 1968
role in the radiation effects induced by high-energy nu- LA150
clear reactions. The LA150 library provides us with such JENDL-HE
-3
information for heavy recoils as isotropic angular distri- 10
0 50 100 150 200
butions in the laboratory system. For more accurate esti- Incident Energy (MeV)
mation of the radiation effects, however, the energy and
angle correlation data will be indispensable. Measure- FIGURE 6. Production cross sections of 22 Na from the
ments of the DDXs of heavy recoils are in progress in proton-induced reaction on nat Si.
high-energy region [36, 37]. In addition, a recent mea-
surement of light-ions production in a neutron-induced
reaction at 96 MeV has revealed a serious discrepancy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
between the measurement and model predictions for the
DDXs of complex charged particles, e.g., deuteron and The authors are grateful to E.S. Sukhovitskiĩ, W. Sun,
α particle [38]. Thus, it will be our future task with Y.O. Lee, and A.Yu. Konoveyev for their co-operation
high priority to improve the nuclear model calculations for a part of the present cross section evaluation.
and provide reliable DDXs of heavy recoils and complex
charged particles.

330
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-1
10 Nuclear Physics 2: Nuclear Reactions, eds. Langanke, K.,
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