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X. Lemoine1,2, A. Aouafi3
1
ArcelorMittal Maizières, Research and Development Automotive Products – Voie Romaine, BP30320, 57283
Maizières-lès-Metz Cedex France
URL: www.arcelormittal.com e-mail: xavier.lemoine@arcelormittal.com
2
LPMM, UMR CNRS 7554, ENSAM 4 rue Augustin Fresnel, 57078 Metz Cedex 3, France
URL: www.metz.ensam.fr; www.lpmm.fr
3
LPMTM-CNRS, UPR9001, Université Paris 13, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
URL: www-lpmtm.univ-paris13.fr e-mail: aouafi@lpmtm.univ-paris13.fr
ABSTRACT: Many studies have shown that improvements in the numerical prediction about rolled sheet
forming is done through the laws of behaviour increasingly complex, particularly by the combination of
isotropic and kinematics hardening (mixed hardening) to take on the Bauschinger effect. But there are several
types of test experimental characterization Bauschinger effect: simple shear in one direction and then reverse,
tension and compression, bending unbending test… In the case of steel, this paper will answer these two
questions: Are these experimental tests are equivalent in terms of Bauschinger effect? What is the impact of
these different tests on the identification of parameters of the law of behaviour?
Key words: Bauschinger Effect, Steel, experimental tests, Isotropic and kinematics hardening
Stress
the last conference ESAFORM [2] (see fig. 2). He E3
quantified the bounds of stagnation region ( γ 1 and
|σ-| E2
γ 2 are respectively the beginning and the end of σ0 E1
workhardening stagnation). We can add the Epredef
quantification of the permanent softening.
Cumulative
Offset
strain
Fig.3. Schematic definition of energy parameters for
Bauschinger test.
Inflexion Points
Before applying these quantification parameters, we
Transitory regime will list the experimental tests to achieve the
θ2
Bauschinger effect. For a Bauschinger effect in an
θ1
Cumulative shear strain
experimental test, it is enough to solicit the material
in one direction and then in the reverse direction
with the possibility of registering a variable linked to
stress in function on other variable linked to the
Fig.2. Schematic definition of yl and y2 parameters for strain. The experimental tests the more used are
Bauschinger shear test [3]. compression-tension [6], tension-compression [5, 7,
In the literature, there are others parameters to 8], simple Bauschinger shear test [9, 10, 11, 12] or
quantify the Bauschinger effect [3, 4, 5]. Here are bending test (3-points [13] or 4-points [14] bending
some examples about Stress parameters: test, cyclic bending tests [15, 16]).
For compression-tension, tension-compression or
σ+ −σ− Bauschinger shear test, we get a direct stress-strain
X 1σ = (1) curve. In contrast to the bending test, we have got
2 either force-displacement (3-points or 4-points
σ− bending) or moment-angle (cyclic bending).
X 2σ = (2) Accordingly for the bending tests, it is not possible
σ+ define the parameters of Bauschinger effect
σ+ −σ− quantifying and it is necessary to make an
X 1σ 1
X 3σ = +
= +
= (1 − X 2σ ) (3) identification by inverse method with FEA Code.
2σ σ 2 The difficulty of tension-compression or
where σ + denotes the flow stress in forward compression-tension tests is the buckling; the
advantage is to have got directly stress-strain curve
straining and σ − the early re-yielding defined at on reference axis of hardening about FEA code
offset given (see fig.3). behaviour implementation.
Here are some examples about Energy parameters: About shear test the difficulty is the Yield loci
parameters influence the hardening parameters
E1 identification. The advantage we can attempt large
β E1σ = (4)
E predef strain.
E2
β E 2σ = (5) 3 BAUSCHINGER EFFECT
E predef
CORRESPONDENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL
E3 TESTS ABOUT STEELS
β E 3σ = (6)
E predef For different steel grades, Bauschinger shear tests
were carried out in various laboratories of university 450
X1σ (MPa)
T.Kuwabara [6]. 250
200
450
150
400
100
350
50
300
0
X1σ (MPa)
250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Prestrain Equivalent VM (%)
200
DP Steel BS DP Steel CT Mild Steel BS Mild Steel CT
150
30%
60%
20%
50%
10%
40%
0%
X3σσ
30% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Prestrain Equivalent VM (%)
20% DP Steel BS DP Steel CT Mild Steel BS Mild Steel CT
10%
Fig.7. For different prestain of 5% (equivalent of Von Mises),
comparison of Bauschinger shear test and Compression-
0% Tension on same sample of 2 steels grades about Bauschinger
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
UTS (MPa)
stress parameter X 3σ .
TC (S.Sadagopan & al.) BS ArcelorMittal CT ArcelorMittal
150
“Elastic-Plastic Behavior of Sheet Metal Subjected to In-
100 Plane Reverse Loading”, in Tanimura, S. and Khan, A.S.
(eds), Dynamic Plasticity and Structural Behaviors,
50
(1995) 841-844
0
7. H.Gese, ‘Report on determination of yield locus, fracture
6 12 17 5 9 11 17 diagram and Bauschiner’effect parameters of steel
BS BS BS CT CT CT CT
DP780’ in the test report 148-1G for MATFEM
Prestrain Equivalent VM (%)
Partnerschaft Dr. Gese & Oberhofer on behalf of Arcelor
DP Steel identification 1 identification 2 identification 3
Research S.A., TsPO TEST, Voronezh (2007)
Fig.8. Comparison of 3 possibilities of identification 8. W. Schmitt, O. Benevolenski, T. Walde, A. Krasowsky,
1500
‚Material Characterization for simulation of sheet Metal
Forming’, in VIII International Conference on
Stress
(MPa)
B 1250
1000
A Computationa Plasticity COMPLAS VIII, E. Oñate and
D.R.J. Owen (Eds) © CIMNE, Barcelona, 2005
750
9. S. Bouvier, V. Tabacaru, M. Banu, C. Maier, C. Girjob,
500
B. Gardey, H.Haddadi, C. Teodosiu, ‘Selection and
Strain
250
Identification of Elastoplastic Models for the Materials
0 used in the Benchmarks’, Digital Die Design Systems
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
BS
-250 (3DS) Contract IMS 1999 000051, 18 Months Progress
-500 Report, November 2001.
-750 10. P. Flores, ‘Development of Experimental Equipment and
-1000 Identification Procedures for Sheet Metal Constitutive
Exp. BS10 Exp. BS20 Exp. BS30 Exp. CT05 Exp. CT10 Laws’, PhD Thesis of University of Liege, Novembre
Solver BS10 Solver BS20 Solver BS30 Solver CT05 Solver CT10
2005
Fig.9. For identification 1, comparison stress-strain curve 11. R. Greze, H. Laurent, P. Y. Manach ‘Springback study
between experimental and model for Bauschinger shear test in aluminum alloys based on the Demeri Benchmark
and Compression-Tension test Test: influence of material model’, Proceedings of the
Int. Conf ESAFORM2007, Saragossa, (2008)
12. E.F. Rauch, J.J. Gracio, F. Barlat, A.B. Lopes, J.F.
5 CONCLUSIONS Fereira Duarte, ‘Hardening Behavior and Structural
Evolutions upon Strain Reversal of Aluminum Alloys’,
Scripta Mater., 46, (2002) 881-886
This paper has listed some tests and parameters to
13. F. Campana, L.Cortese, F. Placidi, ‘FEM Evaluation of
quantify the Bauschinger effect on steels. A Springback after Sheet Metal Forming: Application to
comparison of 2 tests (Bauschinger shear and High Strength Steels of a Combined Isotropic-Kinematic
compression-tension) has been made in terms of Hardening Model.
parameters to quantify the Bauschinger effect and 14. C. Lange, ‘Etude Physique et Modélisation Numérique
identification of the kinematic hardening model. du Procédé de Sertissage de Pièces de Carrosserie’ PhD
Thesis of Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris
(2006)
REFERENCES 15. M. Brunet, F. Morestin, S. Godereaux, ‘Nonlinear
kinematic hardening identification for anisotropc sheet
1. J. Bauschinger, ‘Ueber die Veranderung der metals with bending-unbending tests’, Journal of
Elasticitatsgrenze und elastcitatsmodul verschiedener’, Engineering Material and Technology, ASME, 2001,
Metal Civiling N.F., 27, (1881) 289-348 Vol.123, pp.378-383
2. F. Yoshida, T. Uemori, ‘A model of large-strain cyclic 16. G. Arnold, ‘Identification de Lois de Comportement
plasticity and its application to springback simulation’, pour la Simulation de Procédé Mise en Forme à Froid’,
Int. Journal of Material Science, 45 (2003) 1687–1702 PhD thesis of Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Cachan
3. A. Aoufi, S. Bouvier, M. Gaspérini, X. Lemoine and O. (2002).
Bouaziz ‘Phenomenological Analysis of Kinematic 17. Armstrong, P.J., Frederick, C.O., 1966. A mathematical
Hardening of HSLA and IF Steels Using Reverse Simple representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect.
Shear Tests’, Proceedings of the Int. Conf G.E.G.B. Report RD/B/N731.