Lecture 7 PDF

Slope‐Deflection Method
Structural Analysis
By
Aslam Kassimali
Theory of Structures‐II
g
Engr. Shahzad Saleem
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
• Previously we have discussed Force/Flexibility methods

of analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
• In force method, the unknown redundant forces are

d
determinedd first
f b solving
by l the
h structure’s
’ compatibility
bl
equations; then other response characteristics of the
structure are evaluated
l d by
b equilibrium
ilib i equations
i or
superposition.
• An alternative approach
pp can be used for analyzing
y g is
termed the displacement or stiffness method.
2
• In displacement method,
method the unknown displacements are
determined first by solving the structure’s equilibrium
equations; then the other response characteristics are
evaluated through compatibility considerations and
member force
force‐deformation
deformation relationships.
relationships
• The
h displacement
di l methods
h d includes
i l d Slope‐Deflection
l fl i
Method and Moment‐Distribution Method.
• The slope‐deflection
p method was introduced byy George
g
A. Maney in 1915.
3
• This method takes into account only the bending

deformations.
• This method gives an understanding of the Matrix‐

Stiffness
ff Method,
h d which
h h forms
f the
h basis
b off most
computer software currently used for structural analysis.
4
Slope‐Deflection Equations
• When a continuous beam or a frame is subjected to external loads,

internal moments generally develop at the ends of its individual
members.
“The slope‐deflection equations relate the moments at the ends of

the
h member b to the
h rotations andd displacements
d l off its end
d and
d the
h
external loads applied to the member.”
• Let us consider an arbitrary member AB of the continuous beam.
A L B
5
• When the beam is subjected to external loads and support

settlements, the member AB deforms as shown (exaggerated), and
internal moments are induced at its ends.
P U d f
Un‐deformed position
d iti
w
B Deformed position
p
A (elastic curve)
L
P
w
MAB MBA
A B
L
EI= constant 6
P
w
MAB MBA
A B
L
• Double‐subscript notation is used for member end moments, with

the first subscript identifying the member end at which the
moment acts and the second subscript indicating the other end of
the member.
• MAB denotes the moment at end A of the member AB.
• MBA denotes the moment at end B of the member AB.
7
w P
MAB MBA
A L B
Tangent at A
g
d f d
A B
Elastic curve
B’
θA
θB
A’
Tangent at B
• θA & θB denote, respectively, the rotations of end A and B with

respect to the un‐deformed (horizontal) position of the member.
8
w P
MAB MBA
A L B
Tangent at A
g
d f d
A B
Elastic curve
B’
θA Δ
θB
A’
Tangent at B
• Δ denotes the relative translation between the two ends of the

member in the direction perpendicular to the un‐deformed axis of
the member. 9
w P
MAB MBA
A L B
Tangent at A
g
d f d
A B
Elastic curve
B’
Ψ
θA Δ
θB
A’ Ψ
Cord
Tangent at B
• Ψ denotes the rotation of the member’s chord (straight line

connecting the deformed positions of the member ends) due to
the relative translation Δ. 10
w P
MAB MBA
A L B
Tangent at A
g
d f d
A B
Elastic curve
B’
Ψ
θA Δ
θB
A’ Ψ
Cord
Tangent at B
• Since the deformations are assumed to be small, the chord

rotation can be expressed as ∆
ψ= (1)
L 11
• The sign convention used in this chapter is as follows:
“The member end moments, end rotations, and chord rotation are
p
positive when counterclockwise.”
• Note that all the moments and rotations are shown in positive
p
sense in figure on previous slide.
• The slope deflection equations can be derived by relating the

member end moments to the end rotations and chord rotation by
applying the second moment‐area theorem.
12
w P
MAB MBA
A L B
Tangent at A
g
d f d
A B ΔBA
Elastic curve
B’
Ψ
θA Δ
θB
A’ Ψ
Cord
ΔAB Tangent at B
• From figure we can see that

∆ BA + ∆ ∆ AB + ∆
θA = θB = (2)
L L 13
• By substituting Δ/L=Ψ into the preceding equation we have,
∆ BA ∆ AB
θ A −ψ = θ B −ψ = (3)
L L
• ΔBA is tangential deviation of end B from the tangent to the elastic

curve at end A and ΔAB is the tangential deviation of end A from
the tangent to the elastic curve at end B.
• According to the second‐moment area theorem, the expressions

for the tangential deviations ΔAB and ΔBA can be obtained by
summing the moments about the ends A and B, respectively, of the
area under
d M/EI diagram
di b t
between th two
the t ends.
d
14
• The bending moment diagrams for the member is constructed in

parts by applying MAB, MBA, and the external loading separately on
the member with simply supported ends.
• The three simple‐beam bending moment diagrams thus obtained

are shown in Figure.
ML diagram (simple beam
bending moment diagram
due to external loads)
MBA
3
2
A 1 B
MAB
Bending Moment Diagram
15
• Assuming that the member is prismatic (EI is constant along the

length of the member) we sum the moments of the area under the
M/EI diagram about the ends B and A, respectively, to determine
the tangential deviations.
1 ⎡⎛ M AB L ⎞⎛ 2 L ⎞ ⎛ M BA L ⎞⎛ L ⎞ ⎤
∆ BA = ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟ − ⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟ − g B ⎥
EI ⎣⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎦
M AB L2 M BA L2 g B
∆ BA = − − (4a)
3EI 6 EI EI
1 ⎡⎛ M AB L ⎞⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ M BA L ⎞⎛ 2 L ⎞ ⎤
∆ AB = ⎢⎜ − 2 ⎜ 3 + ⎜ 2 ⎜ 3 + g A ⎥
EI ⎣⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎦
M AB L2 M BA L2 g A
∆ AB =− + + (4b)
6 EI 3EI EI 16
• In which gB and gA are the moments about the ends B and A,

respectively, of the area under the simple‐beam bending moment
diagram due to external loading (ML diagram).
• The three terms in equations (4.a & 4.b) represent the tangential
deviations due to MAB, MBA, and the external loading, acting
separately on the member, with a negative term indicating that the
corresponding tangential deviation is in the direction opposite to
th t shown
that h on the
th elastic
l ti curve off the
th member.
b
M AB L2 M AB L2
6 EI 3EI
MAB
A
Tangential deviation due to MAB
17
A B
MBA
M BA L2 M BA L2
3EI 6 EI
Tangential deviation due to MBA
P
A w B
gA gB
EI EI
Tangential deviation due to External Loading
18
• By substituting the expressions for ΔBA and ΔAB into Eq. 3, we have
M AB L M BA L g B
θ A −ψ = - - (5a )
3EI 6 EI EIL
M AB L M BA L g A
θ B −ψ = − + + (5b)
6 EI 3EI EIL
• To express the member end moments in terms of the end

rotations, the chord rotation, and the external loading, we solve
Eq. 5 simultaneously for MAB and MBA. Rewriting Eq. 5a as
M BA L 2 M AB L 2 g B
= − − 2(θ A −ψ )
3EI 3EI EIL
19
• By substituting this equation into Eq. 5b and solving the resulting

equation for MAB, we have
2 EI
M AB = (2θ A + θ B − 3ψ ) + 2 (2 g B − g A )
2
(6a )
L L
and by substituting Eq. 6a into either Eq. 5a or 5b, we have
2 EI
M BA = (θ A + 2θ B − 3ψ ) + 2 (g B − 2 g A )
2
(6b )
L L
• It indicates that the moments develop at the ends of a member

depend on the rotations and translations of member’s ends as well
as on the external loadingg applied
pp between the ends.
20
• Now, suppose that the member under consideration, instead being

a part of a larger structure, was an isolated beam with both ends
completely fixed against rotations and translations, as shown.
P
A w B
FEMAB FEMBA
θA = θB = Ψ = 0
Fixed‐End Moments
• The moments that would develop at the ends of such a fixed beam
are referred to as fixed‐end moments and their expression can be
obtained by
b setting θA = θB = Ψ = 0;
0 that is,
is
FEM AB =
2
(2 g B − g A ) (7a )
L 2
= 2 (g B − 2 g A ) (7b )
2
FEM BA 21
L
• By comparing Eqs. 6 & 7, we find that the second terms on the

right sides of Eqs. 6 are equal to the fixed‐end moments.
2 EI
M AB = (2θ A + θ B − 3ψ ) + FEM AB (8a )
L
2 EI
M BA = (θ A + 2θ B − 3ψ ) + FEM BA (8b )
L
• Equations (8a &8b), which express the moments at the ends of a
member in terms of its end rotations and translations for a
specified external loading, are called slope‐deflections equations.
• These equations are valid for prismatic members, composed of
linearly elastic material and subjected to small deformations.
• The deformations due to axial and shear forces are neglected.
22
• The two slope‐deflection equations have the same form and either
end of equations can be obtained from the other simply by
switching the subscript A and B.
M nf =
EI
22EI
(2θ n + θ f − 3ψ ) + FEM nf (9)
L
in which the subscript n refers to the near end of the member

where moment Mnf acts and the subscript f identifies the far
(other) end of the member.
23
Members with One End Hinged
• The slope deflection equations derived previously are based on the

condition that the member is rigidly connected to joints at both
ends, so that the member end rotations θA and θB are equal to the
rotations of the adjacent joints.
joints
• When one of the member’s ends is connected to the adjacent joint

by a hinged connection, the moment at the hinged end must be
zero.
• The slope
slope‐deflections
deflections equations can be easily modified to reflect
this condition.
24
• With reference to the previous Figure of member AB, if the end B

of the member AB is hinged, then the moment at B must be zero.
B substituting
By b tit ti MBA = 0 into
i t Equation
E ti (8),
(8) we write
it
2 EI
M AB = (2θ A + θ B − 3ψ ) + FEM AB (10a )
L
2 EI
M BA =0= (θ A + 2θ B − 3ψ ) + FEM BA (10b )
L
• Solving Eq. (10) for θB, we obtain
θA L
3
θB = − + ψ − (FEM BA ) (11)
2 2 4 EI
25
• To determine θB from the slope deflection equations, we substitute

Eq. (11) into Eq. (10a), thus obtaining the modified slope‐deflection
equations
ti f member
for b AB withith a hinge
hi att end
d B.
B
3EI ⎛ FEM BA ⎞
M AB = (θ A −ψ ) + ⎜ FEM AB − (12a )
L ⎝ 2 ⎠
M BA = 0 (12b )
• Similarly, it can be shown that for a member AB with a hinge at end
A, the rotation of the hinged end is given by
θBL
3
θA = − + ψ − (FEM AB ) (13)
2 2 4 EI
26
• And the modified slope‐deflection equations can be expressed as

3EI ⎛ FEM AB ⎞
M BA = (θ B −ψ ) + ⎜ FEM BA − (14a )
L ⎝ 2 ⎠
M AB = 0 (14b )
• Because the modified slope‐deflection equations given by Eqs. (12)

and (14) are similar in form, they can be conveniently summarized
as
3EI ⎛ FEM hr ⎞
M rh = (θ r −ψ ) + ⎜ FEM rh − (15a )
L ⎝ 2 ⎠
M hr = 0 (15b )
27
In which the subscript r refers to the rigidly connected end of the

member where the moment Mrh acts and the subscript h identifies
th hinged
the hi d end d off the
th member.
b
• The
Th rotation
i off the
h hinged
hi d end
d can now be
b written
i as
θr L
3
θh = − + ψ − (FEM hr ) (16)
2 2 4 EI
28
Basic Concept of the Slope‐Deflection Method
• To illustrate the basic concept of the slope‐deflection method,

consider the three‐span continuous beam shown in Figure below.
30 k
30 k
1.5 k/ft
EI = constant
A D E = 29,000 ksi
I = 500 in4
B C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft
Although
g the structure actuallyy consists of a single
g continuous
beam between the fixed supports A and D, for the purpose of
analysis it is considered to be composed of three members, AB, BC,
andd CD,
CD rigidly
i idl connected d at joints
j i A B,
A, B C,
C and
d D located
l d at the
h
supports of the structure. 29
Degrees of Freedom
Identify the unknown independent displacements (translations and
rotations) of the joints of the structure. These unknown joint
di l
displacementst are referred
f d to
t as the
th degrees
d off freedom
f d off the
th
structure.
From the qualitative deflected shape of the continuous beam
shown in Figure below, we can see that none of its joints can
translate.
30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
A D
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft
The fixed joints A and D cannot rotate,

rotate whereas joints B and C are
free to rotate.
30
Degrees of Freedom
30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
A D
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft
This beam has two degrees of freedom, θB and θC, which represent
the unknown rotations of joints B and C, respectively.
The number of degrees of freedom is sometimes called the degree

of kinematic indeterminacy of the structure. This beam is
ki
kinematically
i ll indeterminate
i d i to the
h second
d degree.
d
A structure without
h any degrees
d off freedom
f d is termedd
kinematically determinate. 31
Equations of Equilibrium
The unknown joint rotations are determined by solving the
equations of equilibrium of the joints that are free to rotate. The
f
free b d diagrams
body di off the
th members
b andd joints
j i t B and d C off the
th
continuous beam are shown.
30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
D
A
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft
30 k
1.5 k/ft MCD
MBA MCB MDC
A B B C C D
MAB MBC
B C
32
In addition to the external loads, each member is subjected to an
internal moment at each of its ends.
The correct senses of the member end moments are not yet
known, it is assumed that the moments at the ends of all the
members
b are positive (counterclockwise).
( l k )
The free body diagrams of the joints show the member end
moments acting in an opposite (clockwise) direction in accordance
with Newton’s law of action and reaction.
30 k
1.5 k/ft MCD
MBA MCB MDC
A B B C C D
MAB MBC
B C
33
Because the entire structure is in equilibrium, each of its members
and joints must also be in equilibrium. By applying the moment
equilibrium
ilib i equations
ti ∑MB = 0 andd ∑MC = 0,0 respectively,
ti l to
t the
th
free bodies of joints B and C, we obtain the equilibrium equations
M BA + M BC = 0 (17a)
M CB + M CD = 0 (17b)
30 k
1.5 k/ft MCD
MBA MCB MDC
A B B C C D
MAB MBA MBC MCB
B C
MBC MCD
34
The equilibrium equations Eqs. (17) can be expressed in terms of
the unknown joint rotations, θB and θC, by using slope‐deflection
equations
ti th t relate
that l t member
b end d momentst to
t the
th unknown
k j i t
joint
rotations.
Before
f we can write the
h slope‐deflection
l d fl equations, we needd to
compute the fixed‐end moments due to the external loads acting
on the members of the continuous beam.
beam
To calculate the fixed‐end moments, we apply imaginary clamps at
joints B and C to prevent them from rotating.
rotating
Or
we generally provide fixed‐supports at the ends of each member to
prevent the joint rotations as shown.
35
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D
FEMAB FEMBA B FEMBC FEMCB C
OR
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A B B C C D
FEMAB FEMBA FEMBC FEMCB FEMCD FEMDC
The fixed‐end
Th fi d d moments t that
th t develop
d l att the th ends
d off the
th members
b
of this fully restrained or kinematically determinate structure can
easily be evaluated by using the fixed
fixed‐end
end moment expressions
given inside the back cover of book.
36
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D
50 k‐ft 50 k‐ft B FEMBC FEMCB C
OR
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A B B C C D
50 k‐ft
50 k ft 50 k‐ft FEMBC FEMCB FEMCD FEMDC
F member
For b AB:
AB wL2 1.5(20 )
2
FEM AB = = = 50k − ft
12 12
wL2 1.5(20 )
2
FEM BA = = = 50k − ft
12 12 37
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D
50 k‐ft 50 k‐ft B 75 k‐ft 75 k‐ft C
OR
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A B B C C D
50 k‐ft
50 k ft 50 k‐ft 75 k
75 k‐ft
ft 75 k‐ft
75 k ft 0 0
F member
For b BC:
BC
PL 30(20 )
FEM BC = = = 75k − ft
8 8
PL 30(20 )
FEM CB = = = 75k − ft
8 8 38
The slope‐deflection equations for the three members of the
continuous beam can now be written by using Eq. (9).
Since none of the supports of the continuous beam translates, the
chord rotations of the three members are zero (ΨAB = ΨBC = ΨCD
=0).
)
Also, supports A and D are fixed, the rotations θA = θD = 0. By
applying Eq. (9) for member AB, with A as the near end and B as
the far end, we obtain the slope‐deflection equation
2 EI
M AB = (0 + θ B − 0) + 50 = 0.1EIθ B + 50 (18a )
20
Next, by considering B as the near end and A as the far end, we
write
2 EI
M BA = (2θ B + 0 − 0) − 50 = 0.2 EIθ B − 50 (18b )
39
20
Similarly, by applying Eq. (9) for member BC, we obtain
2 EI
M BC = (2θ B + θ C ) + 75 = 0.2 EIθ B + 0.1EIθ C + 75 (18c )
20
2 EI
M CB = (2θ C + θ B ) − 75 = 0.2 EIθ C + 0.1EIθ B − 75 (18d )
20
and for member CD,,

2 EI
M CD = (2θ C ) = 0.267 EIθ C (18e )
15
2 EI
M DC = (θ C ) = 0.133
33EIθ C (188 f )
15
40
Joint Rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations θB & θC, we substitute
the slope‐deflection equations Eqs. (18) into the joint equilibrium
equations
ti E
Eqs. (17) and
d solve
l the
th resulting
lti systems
t off equations
ti
simultaneously for θB & θC. By substituting Eqs. (18b) and (18c) into
Eq (17a),
Eq. (17a) we obtain
(0.2 EIθB − 50) + (0.2 EIθB + 0.1EIθC + 75) = 0

or 0.4 EIθ B + 0.1EIθC = −25 (19a )
and by substituting Eqs. (18d) and (18e) into Eq. (17b), we get
(0.2 EIθC + 0.1EIθB − 75) + 0.267 EIθC = 0

or 0.1EIθ B + 0.467 EIθC = 75 (19b )
41
Joint Rotations
Solving Eqs. (19a) & (19b) simultaneously for EIθB and EIθC, we
obtain
EIθ B = −108.46 k − ft 2
EIθC = 183.82 k − ft 2
By substituting
B b tit ti the
th numerical
i l values
l off E = 29,000
29 000 ksi 29 000(12)2
k i = 29,000(12)
ksf and I = 500 in.4 = (500/124)ft4 , we determine the rotations of
joints B and C to be
θ B = −0.0011 rad or 0.0011 rad

θC = 0.0018 rad
42
Member End Moments
The moments at the ends of the three members of the continuous
beam can now be determined by substituting the numerical values
off EIθB and
d EIθC into
i t the
th slope‐deflection
l d fl ti equations
ti (E 18).
(Eqs. 18)
M AB = 0.1(− 108.46) + 50 = 39.2 k-ft

kf
M BA = 0.2(− 108.46) − 50 = −71.7 k-ft or 71.7 k-ft
M BC = 0.2(− 108.46 ) + 0.1(183.82 ) + 75 = 71.7 k-ft
M CB = 0.2(183.82 ) + 0.1(− 108.46 ) − 75 = −49.1 k-ft
f or 49.1 k-ft
f
M CD = 0.267(183.82) = 49.1 k-ft
M DC = 0.133(183.82 ) = 24.4 k-ft
k ft
43
Member End Moments
To check that the solution of simultaneous equations (Eqs. 19) has
been carried out correctly, the numerical values of member end
momentst should
h ld be b substituted
b tit t d into
i t the
th joint
j i t equilibrium
ilib i
equations (Eqs. 17). If the solution is correct, then the equilibrium
equations should be satisfied.
satisfied
M BA + M BC = −71.7 + 71.7 = 0 Checks

M CB + M CD = −49.1 + 49.1 = 0 Checks
The member end moments just computed are shown on the free
body diagrams of the members and joints in Figure on next slide.
44
Member End Moments
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B B C C D
39.2 71.7
SAB = 13.38 k SBA B SBC SCB C SCD SDC
By Cy
Member End Shears
The shear forces at the ends of members can now be determined
by applying the equations of equilibrium to the free bodies of
members. For member AB,
+ ∑MB = 0 39.2 − S AB (20 ) + 1.5(20)(10 ) − 71.7 = 0

S AB = 13.38 k ↑
45
Member End Shears
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B B C C D
39.2 71.7
SBA = 16.62 k B SBC SCB C SCD SDC
SAB = 13.38 k
By Cy
For member AB,
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 3 38 − 1.5(20 ) + S BA = 0
13.38
S BA = 16.62 k ↑
46
Member End Shears
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B B C C D
39.2 71.7
SBA = 16.62 k B SCB = 13.87 k C SCD SDC
SAB = 13.38 k SBC = 16.13 k
= 16 13 k
By Cy
For member BC,
+ ∑ MC = 0 1 7 − S BC (20) + 30(10) − 49.1 = 0
71.7
S BC = 16.13 k ↑
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 16.13 − 30 + SCB = 0
SCB = 13.87 k ↑
47
Member End Shears
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B B C C D
39.2 71.7
SBA = 16.62 k B SCB = 13.87 k C SCD = 4.9 k SDC = 4.9 k
SAB = 13.38 k SBC = 16.13 k
= 16 13 k
By Cy
For member CD,
+ ∑MD = 0 9 1 − SCD (15) + 24.4 = 0
49.1
SCD = 4.9 k ↑
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 4.9 + S DC = 0
S DC = 4.9 k ↓
48
Support Reactions
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B 16.62 k16.13 k71.7
B C C D
39.2
SAB = 13.38 k SBC = 16.13 k
= 16 13 k
By = 32.75 k
= 32 75 k Cy
From the free body diagram of joint B, we can see that the vertical
reaction at the roller support B is equal to the sum of the shears at
ends B of member AB and BC; that is
B y = S BA + S BC = 16.62 + 16.13 = 32.75 k ↑
49
Support Reactions
30 k
1.5 k/ft 49.1 24.4
71.7 49.1
A B 16.62 k16.13 k71.7
B C 13.87 k 4.9 k
C D
39.2
SAB = 13.38 k SBC = 16.13 k
= 16 13 k
By = 32.75 k
= 32 75 k Cy = 18.77 k
= 18 77 k
The vertical reaction at the roller support C equals the sum of
shears at ends C of members BC and CD.
C y = SCB + SCD = 13.87 + 4.9 = 18.77 k ↑
50
Support Reactions
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D
B C
32.75 k 18.77 k
51
Support Reactions
30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32 75 k
32.75 k 18 77 k
18.77 k
13.38 k
The reactions at the fixed support A are equal to the shear and
moment at the end A of member AB.
Ay = S AB = 13.38 k ↑
M A = M AB = 39.2 k − fft
52
Support Reactions
30 k
1.5 k/ft 24.4 k‐ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32 75 k
32.75 k 18 77 k
18.77 k
13.38 k 4.9 k
The reactions at the fixed support D equal the shear and moment
at end D of the member CD.
D y = S DC = 4.9 k ↓
M D = M DC = 24.4 k − fft
53
Equilibrium Check
30 k
1.5 k/ft 24.4 k‐ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32 75 k
32.75 k 18 77 k
18.77 k
13.38 k 4.9 k
To check out computations of member end shears and support
reactions, we apply the equations of equilibrium to the free body
of the entire structure.
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0
13.38 − 1.5(20 ) + 32.75 − 30 + 18.77 − 4.9 = 0 Checks
+ ∑MD = 0
39.2 − 13.38(55) + 1.5(20)(45) − 32.75(35) + 30(25)
− 18.77(15) + 24.4 = −0.1 ≈ 0 Checks 54
Shear Diagram
30 k
1.5 k/ft 24.4 k‐ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32 75 k
32.75 k 18 77 k
18.77 k
13.38 k 4.9 k
Using General sign conventions
16.13
13.38
4.9
A F B E C D
8.92 ft
‐13.87
‐16.62
55
Moment Diagram
30 k
1.5 k/ft 24.4 k‐ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32 75 k
32.75 k 18 77 k
18.77 k
13.38 k 4.9 k
Using General sign conventions
89.7
20.5 24.4
A B C D
F E
‐39.2 ‐49.1
‐71.7
56
30 k
1.5 k/ft 24.4 k‐ft
A D
39.2 k‐ft B C
32.75 k 18.77 k
13.38 k 4.9 k
16.13
13 38
13.38
4.9
A F B E C D
8.92 ft
13 87
‐13.87
‐16.62 89.7
20 5
20.5 24.4
A B C D
F E
‐39.2 ‐49.1
57
‐71.7
Analysis of Continuous Beam
Based on the discussion above, the procedure for the analysis of
continuous beams can be summarized as follows:
1. Identify the degrees of freedom of structure.

2. Compute
p fixed‐end moments.
3. In case of support settlements, determine the chord rotations Ψ.
4. Write slope deflection equations.
5
5. W it equilibrium
Write ilib i equations
ti f each
for h joint.
j i t
6. Determine the unknown joint rotations.
7. Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint
rotations determined in step 6 into the slope deflection equations.
8. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for joints in step 5.
9. Compute member end shears.
10. Determine the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of joints.
11. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for end shears and support reactions.
12. Draw shear and bending moment diagrams using the beam sign convention.
58
Structures with Cantilever Overhangs
Consider a continuous beam with a cantilever overhang, as shown
in the figure.
w
A Actual Beam
D
B C
a
MCD = wa2/2 w
Statically Determinate Cantilever Portion D
C
SCD = wa
wa
w wa2/2
Actual Beam
A
59
B C
Example 1
• Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the two‐span continuous beam shown in Figure.
18 k
18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft
EI = constant
60
Solution
1. Degree of Freedom
We can see that only joint B of the beam is free to rotate. Thus, the
structure has only one degree of freedom, which is the unknown
joint rotation, θB.
18 k
18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
θB
10 ft
f 15 ft
f 30 ft
f
EI = constant
61
2. Fixed‐End Moments
By using the fixed‐end moment expressions given inside the back

cover of the book, we evaluate the fixed‐end moments due to the
external loads for each member.
Pab 2 18(10)(15)
2
FEM AB = 2 = = 64.8 k − ft or + 64.8 k-ft
L 25 2
Pa 2b 18(10 ) (15)
2
FEM BA = 2 = = 43.2 k − ft or − 64.8 k-ft
L 25 2
wL2 2(30 )
2
FEM BC = = = 150 k − ft or + 150 k-ft
12 12
FEM CB = 150 k − ft or − 150 k-ft
Counterclockwise FEM are positive, whereas clockwise FEM are negative.

62
3. Chord Rotations
Since no support settlements occur, the chord rotations of both

members are zero; that is, ΨAB = ΨBC = 0.
4. Slope‐Deflection Equations
To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint rotation,

θB, we write the slope deflection equation for the two members of
th structure
the t t b applying
by l i Eq.
E (9).
(9)
M nf =
2 EI
(2θ n + θ f − 3ψ ) + FEM nf (9)
L
since the
h supports A and
d C are fixed,
f d theh rotations θA = θC =0.
63
Slope‐Deflection Equation for Member AB
2 EI
M AB = (θ B ) + 64.8 = 0.08EIθ B + 64.8 (1)
25
2 EI
M BA = (2θ B ) − 43.2 = 0.16 EIθ B − 43.2 (2)
25
Slope‐Deflection Equation for Member BC
2 EI
M BC = (2θ B ) + 150 = 0.133EIθ B + 150 (3)
30
2 EI
M CB = (θ B ) − 150 = 0.0667 EIθ B − 150 (4)
30
64
5. Equilibrium Equations
The free body diagram of joint B is shown in Figure.
18 k
2 k/ft
2 k/ft
A B C
18 k
MBA /
2 k/ft
MBA MCB
B
A B MBC B C
MAB MBC
Member end moments,, which are assumed to be in

counterclockwise direction on the ends of members, must be
applied in (opposite) clockwise direction on the free body of the
joint in accordance
d with
h Newton’s
’ Third
h d Law.
65
The free body diagram of joint B is shown in Figure.
18 k
MBA 2 k/ft
/
MBA MCB
B
A B MBC B C
MAB MBC
By applying the moment equilibrium equation ∑MB = 0 to the free

body of the joint B, we obtain
M BA + M BC = 0 (5)
66
6. Joint Rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations, θB, substitute the slope

deflection equations (Eqs. 2 & 3) into the equilibrium equation (Eq.
5).
(0.16 EIθ B − 43.2) + (0.133EIθ B + 150) = 0

or
0.293EIθ B = −106.8
from which
EIθ B = −364.5 k − ft 2
67
7. Member End Moments
The member end moments can now be computed by substituting

the numerical value of EIθB back into the slope‐deflection equation
(Eqs. 1 to 4).
M AB = 0.08(− 364.5) + 64.8 = 35.6 k − ft

M BA = 0.16(− 364.5) − 43.2 = −101.5 k − ft or 101.5 k-ft
M BC = 0.133(− 364.5) + 150 = 101.5 k − ft
M CB = 0.0667(− 364.5) − 150 = −174.3 k − ft or 174.3 k-ft
Positive answer for an end moment indicates that its sense is

counterclockwise, whereas a negative answer implies a clockwise
sense As MBA and MBC are equal in magnitude but opposite in
sense.
sense, the equilibrium equation MBA + MBC = 0 is satisfied. 68
18 k
2 k/ft
2 k/ft
B
A B 101 5
101.5 101.5 B C
35.6 101 5
101.5 101.5 174 3
174.3
8. Member End Shears
The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium

of each member, are shown in figure below
18 k
2 k/ft
B
A B 101.5 101.5 B C
35.6 101.5 101.5 174.3
8.16 9.84 27.57 32.43
69
9. Support Reactions
The reactions at the fixed support A and C are equal to the forces
and moments at the ends of the members connected to these
joints. To determine the reaction at roller support B, consider the
equilibrium of the free body of joint B in the vertical direction.
direction
B y = S BA + S BC = 9.84 + 27.57 = 37.41 k ↑ ANS
18 k
9.84 27.57 2 k/ft
B
A B 101.5 101.5 B C
35.6 101.5 101.5 174.3
8 16
8.16 9 84
9.84 27 57
27.57 32 43
32.43
37.41
70
9. Support Reactions
The support reactions are shown in figure below.
18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k‐ft 174.3 k‐ft
37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
71
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations of member end shears and support

18 k
18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k‐ft 174.3 k‐ft
37 41 k
37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0
8.16 − 18 + 37.41 − 2(30) + 32.43 = 0 Ch k
Checks
72
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations of member end shears and support

18 k
18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k‐ft 174.3 k‐ft
37 41 k
37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft
+ ∑ MC = 0
35.6 − 8.16(55) + 18(45) − 37.41(30) + 2(30 )(15) − 174.3 = 0.2 ≈ 0 Checks
73
11. Shear Force Diagram

18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k‐ft 174.3 k‐ft
37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
27.57
8 16
8.16
16.2 ft
A D B C
E
‐9.84
‐32.43
74
11. Bending Moment Diagram

18 k
2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k‐ft 174.3 k‐ft
37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
88.7
46
A B C
D E
‐35.6
35 6
‐101.5 ‐174.3
75
Example 2
• Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the continuous beam shown in Figure.
60 kN
60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
10 m 5 m 5 m

I 2I 2I
E = 200 GPa
I = 700 (106) mm4
76
Solution
• From figure we can see that all three joints of the beam are free to
rotate. Thus the beam have 3 degrees of freedom, θA, θB, θD.
• The end supports A and D of the beam are simple supports at

which no external moment is applied, the moments at the end A of
the
h member
b AB and d at the
h end
d D off the
h member
b BD must beb zero.
60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
MBA MDB = 0

B
A D
MAB = 0 MBD

77
Solution
• The ends A and D can be considered as hinged ends and the

modified slope‐deflection equations can be used.
3EI ⎛ FEM hr ⎞
M rh = (θ r −ψ ) + ⎜ FEM rh − (15a )
L ⎝ 2 ⎠
M hr = 0 (15b )
• The modified SDE do not contain the rotations of the hinged ends,
by using these equations the rotations θA, and θD of the simple
supports can be eliminated, which will then involve only one
unknown
k j i t rotation,
joint t ti θB.
60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
78
θB
2. Fixed‐End Moments
15(10)
2
FEM AB = = 125 kN − m or + 125 kN-m
12
FEM BA = 125 kN − m or − 125 kN-m
60(10 ) 15(10 )
2
FEM BD = + = 200 kN − m or + 200 kN-m
8 12
FEM DB = 200 kN − m or − 200 kN
kN-m
m
60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
79
Since both members of the beam have one end hinged, we use
Eqs. 15 to obtain the slope‐deflection equations for both members.
M AB = 0 ANS
3EI ⎛ 125 ⎞
M BA = (θ B ) + ⎜ − 125 − ⎟ = 0.3EIθ B − 187.5 (1)
10 ⎝ 2 ⎠
3E (2 I ) ⎛ 200 ⎞
M BD = (θ B ) + ⎜ 200 + ⎟ = 0.6 EIθ B + 300 (2)
10 ⎝ 2 ⎠
M DB = 0 ANS
60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
80
By considering the moment equilibrium of the free body of joint B,

we obtain the equilibrium equation
MBA
B
MBD
M BA + M BD = 0 (3)
5. Joint Rotation
To determine the unknown joint rotation θB we substitute the SDE

(Eqs. 1 &2) into the equilibrium equations Eq. 3 to obtain
81
6. Joint Rotation
(0.3EIθ B − 187.5) + (0.6 EIθ B + 300) = 0
or
0.9 EIθ B = −112.5
from which
EIθ B = −125 kN − m 2
The member end moments can now be computedp byy substitutingg

the numerical value of EIθB into the slope‐deflection equations
(Eqs. 1 & 2).
82

M BA = 0.3(− 125) − 187.5 = −225 kN − m or 225 kN-m ANS
M BD = 0.6(− 125) + 300 = 225 kN − m ANS
9. Member End Shears and Support reactions

60 kN
15 kN/m 97.5 127.5 15 kN/m
B
A B 225 225 B C
225 225
52.5 97.5 127.5 82.5
By = 225
60 kN
15 kN/m
15 kN/m
A D
B C
52.5 kN 225 kN 82.5 kN 83

10. Equilibrium Checks

60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
52 5 kN
52.5 kN 225 kN
225 kN 82 5 kN
82.5 kN
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0
52.5 − 15(20 ) + 225 − 60 + 82.5 = 0 Checks
+ ∑ MC = 0
− 52.5(20) + 15(20)(10) − 225(10) + 60(5) = 0 Checks
84
11. Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
52 5 kN
52.5 kN 225 kN
225 kN 82 5 kN
82.5 kN
127 5
127.5
52.5
52 5
52.5
16.2 ft
A E B D
C
3.5 m ‐7.5
‐82.5
‐97.5
85
11. Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C
52 5 kN
52.5 kN 225 kN
225 kN 82 5 kN
82.5 kN
225
91.88
A E B D
C
86
225
Example 3
• Determine the member end moments and reactions for the three‐
span continuous beam shown, due to the uniformly distributed
load and due to the support settlements of 5/8 in. at B, and 1.5 in.
att C,
C and
d ¾ in.
i att D.
D
2 k/ft
A D
B C
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
E = 29,000 ksi
I = 7 800 in 4
I = 7,800 in.
87
Solution
Four joints of the beam are free to rotate, we will eliminate the
rotations of simple supports at ends A and D and use the modified
SDE for member AB and CD respectively.
The analysis will involve only two unknown joint rotations, θB and
θC.
2 k/ft
A D
B C
88
2. Fixed End Moments

2(20)
2
FEM AB = FEM BC = FEM CD = = 66.7 k − ft or + 66.7 k-ft
12
FEM BA = FEM CB = FEM DC = 66.7 k − ft or − 66.7 k-ft
3. Chord Rotations
The specified support settlements are shown on a exaggerated
scale. 2 k/ft
A D
B C
A B C D
3
5 in.
ΨAB 8
in. 1
1 in.
4
2
ΨBC D’
D
B’ ΨCD
C’ 89
3. Chord Rotations
2 k/ft
A D
B C
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
A B C D
ΨAB 5
8
in.
1
3
4
in.
1 in.
ΨBC 2
D’
B’ ΨCD
C’
0.0521
ψ AB =− = −0.0026
20
0.0729
ψ BC =− = −0.00365
20
1.5 − 0.75
ψ CD = = 0.00313
(12)20
90
4. Slope‐deflection Equations
M AB = 0 ANS
3EI
M BA = (θ B + 0.0026) − 100 = 0.15EIθ B + 0.00039 EI − 100 (1)
10
2 EI
M BC = [2θ B + θ C − 3(− 0.00365)] + 66.7
20
= 0.2 EIθ B + 0.1EIθ C + 0.0011EI + 66.7 (2)
2 EI
M CB = [2θ C + θ B − 3(− 0.00365)] − 66.7
20
= 0.1EIθ B + 0.2 EIθ C + 0.0011EI − 66.7 (3)
3EI
M CD = (θ C − 0.00313) + 100 = 0.15EIθ C − 0.00047 EI + 100 (4)
20
M DC = 0 ANS
91
MBA MCB
B
M BA + M BC = 0 C
(5)
MBC M CB + M CD = 0 MCD (6)
6. Joint Rotations
By substituting the slope‐deflection equations (Eqs. 1 – 4) into the

equilibrium equations (Eqs. 5 & 6), we obtain
0 35 EIθ B + 0.1EIθ C = −0.00149 EI + 33.3

0.35
0.1EIθ B + 0.35 EIθ C = −0.00063EI − 33.3
substituting EI = (29,000)(7,800)/(12)2 k‐ft2 into the right sides of

the above equations yields
92
6. Joint Rotations
0.35 EIθ B + 0.1EIθ C = −2,307.24 (7)
0 1EIθ B + 0.35 EIθ C = −1,022.93
0.1 (8)
By solving Eqs. (7) and (8) simultaneously, we determine the values

of EIθB and EIθB to be
EIθ B = −6,268
68.881 k − ft 2
EIθ C = −1,131.57.81 k − ft 2
To compute the member end moments, substitute the numerical

values of EIθB and EIθC back into the slope‐deflection equations
(
(Eqs. 1 – 4)) to obtain
b
93

M BA = −427.7 k − ft or 427 k-ft ANS
M BC = 427 k − ft ANS
M CB = 808 k − ft ANS
M CD = −808 k − ft or 808 k-ft ANS
8. Member End Shears and Support Reactions
41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4

2 k/ft 2 k/ft 808 808 2 k/ft
B C
A B B C C D
427.7 427.7
1.38 41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4 60.4
By = 123.17 Cy = 62.19
94
8. Member End Shears and Support Reactions
41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4

2 k/ft 2 k/ft 808 808 2 k/ft
B C
A B B C C D
427.7 427.7
1.38 41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4 60.4
By = 123.17 Cy = 62.19
2 k/ft
A D
B C
1.38 k 123.17 k 62.19 k 60.4 k
95
9. Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

2 k/ft
A D
B C
1 38 k
1.38 k 123 17 k
123.17 k 62 19 k
62.19 k 60 4 k
60.4 k
81.79
41 79
41.79
A D
B C
‐1.38
‐20.4
‐41.38
96
‐60.4
9. Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

2 k/ft
A D
B C
1 38 k
1.38 k 123 17 k
123.17 k 62 19 k
62.19 k 60 4 k
60.4 k
808.2
A D
B C
‐427.6 97
For other cases follow Examples 16.1 to 16.7 in Slope‐Deflection
Notes & Structural Analysis by Hibbeler.
98

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Slope‐Deflection Method

• Previously we have discussed Force/Flexibility methods

• In force method, the unknown redundant forces are

• This method takes into account only the bending

• This method gives an understanding of the Matrix‐

• When a continuous beam or a frame is subjected to external loads,

“The slope‐deflection equations relate the moments at the ends of

• Let us consider an arbitrary member AB of the continuous beam.

• When the beam is subjected to external loads and support

• Double‐subscript notation is used for member end moments, with

• MAB denotes the moment at end A of the member AB.

• MBA denotes the moment at end B of the member AB.

• θA & θB denote, respectively, the rotations of end A and B with

• Δ denotes the relative translation between the two ends of the

• Ψ denotes the rotation of the member’s chord (straight line

• Since the deformations are assumed to be small, the chord

• The sign convention used in this chapter is as follows:

• The slope deflection equations can be derived by relating the

• From figure we can see that

• By substituting Δ/L=Ψ into the preceding equation we have,

• ΔBA is tangential deviation of end B from the tangent to the elastic

• According to the second‐moment area theorem, the expressions

• The bending moment diagrams for the member is constructed in

• The three simple‐beam bending moment diagrams thus obtained

• Assuming that the member is prismatic (EI is constant along the

• In which gB and gA are the moments about the ends B and A,

• To express the member end moments in terms of the end

• By substituting this equation into Eq. 5b and solving the resulting

• It indicates that the moments develop at the ends of a member

• Now, suppose that the member under consideration, instead being

• By comparing Eqs. 6 & 7, we find that the second terms on the

in which the subscript n refers to the near end of the member

• The slope deflection equations derived previously are based on the

• When one of the member’s ends is connected to the adjacent joint

• With reference to the previous Figure of member AB, if the end B

• Solving Eq. (10) for θB, we obtain

• To determine θB from the slope deflection equations, we substitute

• And the modified slope‐deflection equations can be expressed as

• Because the modified slope‐deflection equations given by Eqs. (12)

In which the subscript r refers to the rigidly connected end of the

• To illustrate the basic concept of the slope‐deflection method,

The fixed joints A and D cannot rotate,

The number of degrees of freedom is sometimes called the degree

FEMAB FEMBA B FEMBC FEMCB C

50 k‐ft 50 k‐ft B FEMBC FEMCB C

50 k‐ft 50 k‐ft B 75 k‐ft 75 k‐ft C

and for member CD,,

(0.2 EIθB − 50) + (0.2 EIθB + 0.1EIθC + 75) = 0

(0.2 EIθC + 0.1EIθB − 75) + 0.267 EIθC = 0

θ B = −0.0011 rad or 0.0011 rad

M AB = 0.1(− 108.46) + 50 = 39.2 k-ft

M BA + M BC = −71.7 + 71.7 = 0 Checks

+ ∑MB = 0 39.2 − S AB (20 ) + 1.5(20)(10 ) − 71.7 = 0

B y = S BA + S BC = 16.62 + 16.13 = 32.75 k ↑

C y = SCB + SCD = 13.87 + 4.9 = 18.77 k ↑

1. Identify the degrees of freedom of structure.

10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

By using the fixed‐end moment expressions given inside the back

Counterclockwise FEM are positive, whereas clockwise FEM are negative.

Since no support settlements occur, the chord rotations of both

To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint rotation,

Slope‐Deflection Equation for Member AB

Slope‐Deflection Equation for Member BC