You are on page 1of 134

Chemistry

Subject : Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Chemical Calculations
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)

General Introduction to Metallurgy


1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)

Atomic Structure I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)

Group 1 sBlock elements


1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)

Group 2 sBlock elements


1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)

pBlock elements
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)

Atomic Structure II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
p Block Elements
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)

d Block Elements
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)

f Block Elements
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)

Coordination Compounds and BioCoordination Compounds


1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)

Nuclear Chemistry
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)

Physical Chemistry
Solid state I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)

Gaseous state I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)

Chemical Bonding
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)

Colligative Properties
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)

Solid State II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
220. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
221. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
222. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
223. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester -
Answer (click here)
224. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
225. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click
here)

Surface Chemistry
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
220. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
221. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
222. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
223. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester -
Answer (click here)
224. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
225. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click
here)
226. Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer
(click here)
227. General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click
here)
228. Types of catalysts - Answer (click here)
229. Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here)
230. Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here)
231. Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer
(click here)
232. Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here)
233. Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here)
234. Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here)
235. Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry I
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
220. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
221. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
222. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
223. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester -
Answer (click here)
224. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
225. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click
here)
226. Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer
(click here)
227. General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click
here)
228. Types of catalysts - Answer (click here)
229. Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here)
230. Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here)
231. Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer
(click here)
232. Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here)
233. Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here)
234. Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here)
235. Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)
236. Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors -
Answer (click here)
237. Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Answer (click here)
238. Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Answer (click here)
239. Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Answer (click
here)
240. Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Answer (click here)
241. Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Answer (click here)
242. Electrical Conductance Quantities - Answer (click here)
243. Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Answer (click
here)
244. Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Answer (click here)
245. Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Answer (click here)
246. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
247. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Answer (click here)
248. Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Answer (click here)
249. Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry II
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
220. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
221. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
222. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
223. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester -
Answer (click here)
224. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
225. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click
here)
226. Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer
(click here)
227. General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click
here)
228. Types of catalysts - Answer (click here)
229. Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here)
230. Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here)
231. Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer
(click here)
232. Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here)
233. Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here)
234. Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here)
235. Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)
236. Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors -
Answer (click here)
237. Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Answer (click here)
238. Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Answer (click here)
239. Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Answer (click
here)
240. Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Answer (click here)
241. Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Answer (click here)
242. Electrical Conductance Quantities - Answer (click here)
243. Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Answer (click
here)
244. Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Answer (click here)
245. Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Answer (click here)
246. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
247. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Answer (click here)
248. Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Answer (click here)
249. Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Answer (click here)
250. Electrochemistry - Cells and Daniel cell - Answer (click here)
251. Electro Chemistry - Cell Terminology - Answer (click here)
252. Single Electrode Potential - Answer (click here)

Organic Chemistry
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry
1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass -
Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click
here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved
Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and
Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click
here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click
here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent -
Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click
here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click
here)
16. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
18. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
19. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
20. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)
21. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
22. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
23. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
24. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
25. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
26. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
27. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
28. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
29. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
30. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)
31. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
32. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
33. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
34. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer
(click here)
35. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
36. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
37. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
38. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
39. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
40. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
41. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
42. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability
etc. - Answer (click here)
43. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
44. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
45. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
46. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
47. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions,
Uses - Answer (click here)
48. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer
(click here)
49. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
50. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click
here)
51. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
52. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer
(click here)
53. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
54. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click
here)
55. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)
56. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
57. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties -
Answer (click here)
58. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
59. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click
here)
60. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
61. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
62. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
63. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
64. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
65. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer
(click here)
66. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)
67. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
69. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
70. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer
(click here)
71. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
72. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click
here)
73. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
74. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
75. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals -
Answer (click here)
76. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular
behaviour - Answer (click here)
77. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,
Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
78. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
79. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces
- Answer (click here)
80. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
81. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
82. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click
here)
83. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
84. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
85. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
86. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
87. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)
88. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
89. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
90. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
91. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
92. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses -
Answer (click here)
93. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
94. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
95. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus
pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
96. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click
here)
97. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer
(click here)
98. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
99. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
100. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
101. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
102. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click
here)
103. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
104. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
105. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method -
Answer (click here)
106. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)
107. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer
(click here)
108. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
109. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
110. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and
alloys - Answer (click here)
111. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
112. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
113. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
114. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process -
Answer (click here)
115. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click
here)
116. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
117. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer
(click here)
118. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses -
Answer (click here)
119. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click
here)
120. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
121. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
122. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
123. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
124. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)
125. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
126. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds -
Answer (click here)
127. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
128. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond
theory - Answer (click here)
129. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
130. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click
here)
131. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
132. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer
(click here)
133. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
134. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
135. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)
136. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
137. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
138. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click
here)
139. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)
140. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
141. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
142. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
143. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
144. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
145. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
146. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
147. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
148. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
149. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process -
Answer (click here)
150. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
151. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
152. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
153. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
154. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click
here)
155. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
156. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer
(click here)
157. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
158. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
159. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
160. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer
(click here)
161. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
162. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
163. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
164. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)
165. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
166. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
167. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method -
Answer (click here)
168. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
169. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method -
Answer (click here)
170. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method -
Answer (click here)
171. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
172. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-
Hartley method - Answer (click here)
173. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click
here)
175. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
176. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
177. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click
here)
178. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible
process - Answer (click here)
179. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
180. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click
here)
181. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
182. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
183. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
184. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
185. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
186. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)
187. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
188. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes - Answer (click here)
189. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example -
Answer (click here)
190. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of
degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
191. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of
dissociation - Answer (click here)
192. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
193. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)
194. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
195. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
196. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
197. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
198. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
199. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click
here)
200. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
201. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
202. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
203. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
204. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer
(click here)
205. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
206. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
207. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
208. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
209. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
210. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
211. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
212. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
213. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
214. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
215. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
216. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
217. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
218. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
219. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
220. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
221. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
222. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
223. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester -
Answer (click here)
224. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
225. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click
here)
226. Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer
(click here)
227. General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click
here)
228. Types of catalysts - Answer (click here)
229. Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here)
230. Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here)
231. Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer
(click here)
232. Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here)
233. Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here)
234. Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here)
235. Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)
236. Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors -
Answer (click here)
237. Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Answer (click here)
238. Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Answer (click here)
239. Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Answer (click
here)
240. Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Answer (click here)
241. Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Answer (click here)
242. Electrical Conductance Quantities - Answer (click here)
243. Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Answer (click
here)
244. Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Answer (click here)
245. Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Answer (click here)
246. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
247. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Answer (click here)
248. Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Answer (click here)
249. Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Answer (click here)
250. Electrochemistry - Cells and Daniel cell - Answer (click here)
251. Electro Chemistry - Cell Terminology - Answer (click here)
252. Single Electrode Potential - Answer (click here)
253. Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry - Introduction - Answer (click here)
254. Classification of Organic Compounds: open chain, cyclic compounds -
Answer (click here)

You might also like