Inverse Trigonometric Functions

MODULE - IV
Functions

Notes
18

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In the previous lesson, you have studied the definition of a function and different kinds of functions.
We have defined inverse function.
Let us briefly recall :
Let f be a one-one onto function from A to B.
Let y be an arbitary element of B. Then, f being
onto, ∃ an element x ∈ A such that f ( x ) = y .
Also, f being one-one, then x must be unique. Thus
for each y ∈ B , ∃ a unique element x ∈ A such
that f ( x ) = y . So we may define a function,
denoted by f −1 as f −1 : B → A
∴ f −1 ( y ) = x ⇔ f ( x ) = y
The above function f −1 is called the inverse of f. A function is invertiable if and only if f is
one-one onto.
In this case the domain of f −1 is the range of f and the range of f −1 is the domain f.
Let us take another example.
We define a function : f : Car → Registration No.
If we write, g : Registration No. → Car, we see that the domain of f is range of g and the
range of f is domain of g.
So, we say g is an inverse function of f, i.e., g = f −1 .
In this lesson, we will learn more about inverse trigonometric function, its domain and range, and
simplify expressions involving inverse trigonometric functions.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
l define inverse trigonometric functions;
MATHEMATICS 141
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV l state the condition for the inverse of trigonometric functions to exist;
Functions l define the principal value of inverse trigonometric functions;
l find domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions;
l state the properties of inverse trigonometric functions; and
l simplify expressions involving inverse trigonometric functions.
Notes EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
l Knowledge of function and their types, domain and range of a function
l Formulae for trigonometric functions of sum, difference, multiple and sub-multiples of
angles.

18.1 IS INVERSE OF EVERY FUNCTION POSSIBLE ?

Take two ordered pairs of a function ( x1, y ) and ( x 2 , y )
If we invert them, we will get ( y , x1 ) and ( y , x2 )
This is not a function because the first member of the two ordered pairs is the same.
Now let us take another function :

 sin π , 1  π 1   π 3
 ,  sin ,  and  sin , 
 2   4 2  3 2 
Writing the inverse, we have

1,sin π   1 ,sin π   3 π
 ,   and  ,sin 
 2  2 4  2 3
which is a function.
Let us consider some examples from daily life.
f : Student → Score in Mathematics
Do you think f −1 will exist ?
It may or may not be because the moment two students have the same score, f −1 will cease to be
a function. Because the first element in two or more ordered pairs will be the same. So we
conclude that
every function is not invertible.

Example 18.1 If f : R → R defined by f (x) = x 3 + 4 . What will be f −1 ?

Solution : In this case f is one-to-one and onto both.

⇒ f is invertible.
Let y = x3 + 4
∴ y − 4 = x3 ⇒ x 3= y 4−

So f −1 , inverse function of f i.e., f −1 ( y ) = 3 y − 4

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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The functions that are one-to-one and onto will be invertible. MODULE - IV
Let us extend this to trigonometry : Functions
Take y = sin x. Here domain is the set of all real numbers. Range is the set of all real numbers
lying between −1 and 1, including −1 and 1 i.e. −1 ≤ y ≤1 .
We know that there is a unique value of y for each given number x.
In inverse process we wish to know a number corresponding to a particular value of the sine. Notes

1
Suppose y = sin x =
2
π 5π 13π
⇒ sin x = sin = sin = sin = ....
6 6 6
π 5π 13π
x may have the values as , , = ....
6 6 6
Thus there are infinite number of values of x.
y = sin x can be represented as
 π 1   5π 1 
 ,  ,  ,  ,....
6 2  6 2
The inverse relation will be
 1 π   1 5π 
 , ,  ,  ,....
2 6  2 6 
1
It is evident that it is not a function as first element of all the ordered pairs is , which contradicts
2
the definition of a function.
Consider y = sin x, where x ∈ R (domain) and y ∈ [−1, 1] or −1 ≤y ≤1 which is called range.
This is many-to-one and onto function, therefore it is not invertible.
Can y = sin x be made invertible and how? Yes, if we restrict its domain in such a way that it
becomes one-to-one and onto taking x as
π π
(i) − ≤ x≤ , y ∈ [−1, 1] or
2 2
3π 5π
(ii) ≤x≤ y ∈ [−1, 1] or
2 2
5π 3π
(iii) − ≤x ≤− y ∈ [−1, 1] etc.
2 2

Now consider the inverse function y = sin−1 x .

We know the domain and range of the function. We interchange domain and range for the
inverse of the function. Therefore,

MATHEMATICS 143
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV π π
− ≤y ≤ x ∈ [−1, 1]
Functions (i) 2 2
or

3π 5π
(ii) ≤ y≤ x ∈ [−1, 1] or
2 2
5π 3π
(iii) − ≤ y≤− x ∈ [−1, 1] etc.
Notes 2 2
Here we take the least numerical value among all the values of the real number whose sine is x
which is called the principle value of sin−1 x .
π π
For this the only case is − ≤ y ≤ . Therefore, for principal value of y = sin−1 x , the domain
2 2
π π
is [−1, 1] i.e. x∈ [−1, 1] and range is − ≤y ≤ .
2 2
Similarly, we can discuss the other inverse trigonometric functions.
Function Domain Range
(Principal value)
− π , π 
1. y = sin−1 x [−1, 1]  2 2 

2. y = cos −1 x [−1, 1] [0, π ]

− π, π 
3. y = tan −1 x R 
 2 2


4. y = cot −1 x R [0, π ]

 π  π 
5. y = sec−1 x x ≥ 1 or x ≤ − 1 0, 2  ∪  2 , π
 
 π   π
6. y = cosec−1 x x ≥ 1 or x ≤ − 1  − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2 
 

18.2 GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

18.2 Gr

y = sin−1 x y = cos −1 x
144 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV
Functions

Notes

y = tan −1 x y = cot −1 x

y = sec −1 x y = cosec −1 x
Fig. 18.2
Example 18.2 Find the principal value of each of the following :

 1  −1  1   1 
(i) sin −1   (ii) cos  − 2  (iii) tan −1  −
 2  3 

−1  1 
Solution : (i) Let sin  =θ
 2
π π
= sin   or
1
or sin θ = θ=
2 4  4

(ii) Let cos −1  − 1  = θ

 2
1  π  2π  2π
⇒ cos θ = − = cos  π −  = cos   or θ=
2  3  3  3

(iii) Let tan −1  −

1  π
= tan θ or tan θ = tan  − 
1
=θ or −
 3  3  6
π
⇒ θ=−
6
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MODULE - IV Example 18.3 Find the principal value of each of the following :
Functions
(i) cos −1 
1 
(a)  (ii) tan −1 (−1)
 2
(b) Find the value of the following using the principal value :
 
Notes sec  cos −1 3 
 2 

−1  1 
Solution : (a) (i) Let cos   = θ , then
 2
1 π
= cos θ or cos θ = cos
2 4
π
⇒ θ=
4
(ii) Let tan −1 (−1) = θ , then
π
−1 = tan θ or tan θ= tan  − 
 4
π
⇒ θ=−
4
 
(b) Let cos −1  3  = θ , then
 2 
3
= cos θ π
or cos θ = cos  
2 6
π
⇒ θ=
6
  π
sec  cos −1 3  = sec θ = sec   =
2
∴
 2  6 3
Example 18.4 Simplify the following :

(i) cos [sin −1 x ] (ii) cot [ cosec−1 x ]

Solution : (i) Let sin −1 x = θ

⇒ x = sin θ

∴ cos [sin −1 x ] = cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − x 2

(ii) Let cosec−1x = θ

⇒ x = cosec θ

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MODULE - IV
Also cot θ = cosec θ− 1 2
Functions
= x 2 −1

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 18.1 Notes

1. Find the principal value of each of the following :

 3  3
(a) cos −1   (b) cosec −1 ( − 2 ) (c) sin−1  − 
 2   2 
(d) tan −1 ( − 3 ) (e) cot −1 (1)
2. Evaluate each of the following :
 −1 1   π  −1 2 
(a) cos  cos  (b) cosec−1  cosec  (c) cos  cosec 
 3  4  3
(d) tan (sec −1 2 ) (e) cosec  cot −1 ( − 3 )

3. Simplify each of the following expressions :

(a) sec ( tan −1 x ) (b) tan  cosec−1  (c) cot (cosec −1 x 2 )

x
 2

(d) cos ( cot x ) (e) tan (sin −1 ( 1 − x ))

−1 2

18.3 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

π π
Property 1 sin −1 (sin θ ) = θ , − ≤θ≤
2 2
Solution : Let sin θ = x
⇒ θ = sin −1 x
= sin −1 (sin θ ) = θ
Also sin (sin −1 x ) = x
Similarly, we can prove that

(i) cos −1 ( cosθ ) = θ , 0 ≤θ≤π

π π
(ii) tan −1 ( tan θ ) = θ, − < θ <
2 2

−1  1 
(ii) cot −1 x = tan −1  
−1 1
Property 2 (i) cosec x = sin  
x  x

MATHEMATICS 147
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV 1
sec −1 x = cos −1  
Functions (iii) x

Solution : (i) Let cosec −1 x = θ (ii) Let cot −1 x = θ

⇒ x = cosec θ ⇒ x = cot θ
1 1
Notes ⇒ = sin θ ⇒ = tan θ
x x
1  1
∴ θ = sin−1   ⇒ θ = tan −1  
x  x
1  1
⇒ cosec −1 x = sin−1   ∴ cot −1 x = tan −1  
x  x
(iii) sec −1 x = θ
⇒ x = sec θ
1
= cos θ 1
∴ or θ = cos −1  
x x
1
∴ sec −1 x = cos −1  
x

Property 3 (i) sin −1 (− x ) = − sin −1 x (ii) tan −1 ( − x) = − tan −1 x

(iii) cos −1 ( − x ) = π −cos −1 x

Solution : (i) Let sin (− x ) = θ

−1

⇒ − x = sin θ or x = − sin θ = sin ( −θ)

∴ − θ = sin −1 x or θ = − sin −1 x
or sin −1 (− x ) = − sin −1 x
(ii) Let tan −1 ( − x ) = θ
⇒ − x = tan θ or x = − tan θ = tan ( −θ)
∴ θ = − tan −1 x or tan −1 ( − x) = − tan −1 x
(iii) Let cos −1 ( −x ) = θ
⇒ − x = cos θ or x = − cos θ = cos (π − θ )
∴ cos −1 x = π − θ
∴ cos −1 ( −x ) = π − cos −1 x
−1 −1 π π
Property 4. (i) sin x + cos x = (ii) tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
2 2
π
(iii) cosec −1 x + sec −1 x =
2
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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

π MODULE - IV
Soluton : (i) sin −1 x + cos −1 x = Functions
2
π 
Let sin −1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ = cos  − θ 
2 

π 
or cos −1 x =  − θ  Notes
2 
π π
⇒ θ + cos −1 x = or sin −1 x + cos −1 x =
2 2
π 
(ii) Let cot −1 x = θ ⇒ x = cot θ = tan  − θ 
2 
π π
∴ tan −1 x = −θ or θ + tan −1 x =
2 2
π
or cot −1 x + tan −1 x =
2
(iii) Let cosec −1 x = θ
π 
⇒ x = cosec θ = sec  − θ 
2 
π π
∴ sec −1 x = −θ or θ + sec−1 x =
2 2
π
⇒ cosec −1 x + sec −1 x =
2
x+y 
Property 5 (i) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 − xy 
x−y 
(ii) tan −1 x − tan −1 y =tan −1  
 1 + xy 
Solution : (i) Let tan −1 x = θ , tan −1 y = φ ⇒ x = tan θ , y = tan φ
x+y 
We have to prove that tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 − xy 
By substituting that above values on L.H.S. and R.H.S., we have
−1  tan θ + tan φ 
L.H.S. = θ + φ and R.H.S. = tan  
1 − tan θ tan φ 
= tan −1  tan (θ + φ ) = θ + φ = L.H.S.
∴ The result holds.
Simiarly (ii) can be proved.

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MODULE - IV
−1 1 − x 
2
 2x  −1  2x 
Functions Property 6 2tan −1 x = sin −1  = cos   = tan
1 + x 2  1 + x2  1 − x 2 
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Let x = tan θ
Substituting in (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) we get
Notes 2tan −1 x = 2 tan −1 ( tan θ ) = 2 θ ......(i)

−1  2x  −1  2 tan θ 
sin  2 
= sin  
 1+ x   1 + tan 2 θ 

−1  2 tan θ 
= sin  
 sec2 θ 
= sin −1 ( 2sinθ cos θ )
= sin −1 ( sin2 θ ) = 2 θ .....(ii)

 1− x2  −1  1 − tan θ 
2
cos −1   = cos  
 1+ x2   1 + tan 2 θ 

 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 
= cos− 1  
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 

= cos −1 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )

= cos− 1 ( cos2θ ) = 2 θ ......(iii)

−1  2x  −1  2tan θ 
tan  2 
= tan  
 1− x   1 − tan 2 θ 
= tan −1 ( tan 2 θ ) = 2 θ .....(iv)
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
 2x  
1 1− x
2
1− 2x 
2tan −1 x = sin −1   = cos −
  =tan  
1 + x2   1+ x2  1 − x 2 
Property 7

(i) sin
−1
x = cos
−1 ( 1− x
2 ) = tan − 1  x
2 
 1− x 
−1  1 
= sec 
2 
 1− x 
 1− x2 
−1
= cot  
 x 
1 
= cosec−1  
x 
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MODULE - IV
 1− x2 
(ii) cos −1 x = sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan − 1   Functions
 x 

−1  1 
= cosec 
2 
 1−x 
Notes
−1  x 
= cot 
2 
 1− x 

 1
= sec− 1  
 x

Proof : Let sin −1 x = θ ⇒ sin θ = x

x 1 1− x2 1
(i) cos θ = 1 − x 2 , tan θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = and cosec θ =
1 − x2 1− x2 x x

∴ sin
−1
x = θ = cos
−1 ( 1− x
2 ) = tan −1  x

 1− x 
2

−1  1 
= sec 
2 
 1− x 

 1− x2 
= cot −1  
 x 

1
= cosec −1  
x
(ii) Let cos −1 x = θ ⇒ x = cos θ

1− x2 1 x
∴ sin θ = 1 − x , 2 tan θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
x x 1− x2
1
and cosec θ =
1− x2

cos −1 x = sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 )
 1− x2 
−1
= tan  
 x 

−1  1 
= cosec 
2 
 1− x 

1
= sec−1  
x
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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV Property 8
Functions
(i) sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin − 1  x 1− y2 + y 1− x2 

(ii) cos −1 x + cos −1 y = cos −1  xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 

1−  2
Notes (iii) sin −1 x − sin −1
y =sin 2
 x 1 −y −y 1 x− 
1−  2
(iv) cos −1 x − cos −1
y =cos 2
 xy + 1 −x 1 −y 
Proof (i) : Let x = sin θ , y = sin φ , then
L.H.S. = θ + φ

R.H.S. = sin −1 (sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ )

= sin −1 sin (θ + φ ) = θ + φ

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(ii) Let x = cos θ and y = cos φ
L.H.S. = θ + φ

R.H.S. = cos −1 (cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ)

= cos −1  cos ( θ + φ ) = θ + φ

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(iii) Let x = sin θ , y = sin φ
L.H.S. = θ − φ

R.H.S. = sin −1  x 1− y 2 − y 1− x2 

= sin −1 sin θ 1 − sin 2 φ − sin φ 1 − sin 2 θ 

= sin −1 [ sin θcos φ− cos θsin φ]

= sin −1 sin (θ − φ ) = θ − φ

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

(iv) Let x = cos θ , y = cos φ

∴ L.H.S = θ − φ
R.H.S. = cos −1 [cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ]

= cos −1  cos (θ − φ ) = θ − φ

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
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Example 18.5 Evaluate : MODULE - IV
Functions
 3 5
cos sin −1 + sin −1 
 5 13 

 3 −1  5 
Soluton : Let sin−1   = θ and sin   = φ , then Notes
 5  13 
3 5
sin θ = and sin φ =
5 13
4 12
⇒ cos θ = and cos φ =
5 13
∴ The given expression becomes cos [θ + φ ]
= cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
4 12 3 5 33
= ⋅ − ⋅ =
5 13 5 13 65
Example 18.6 Prove that

1  1  2
tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1  
7  13  9
Solution : Applying the formula :

 x+y 
tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1   , we have
 1 − xy 

 1 1 
+
−1  1  −1  1  − 1  7 13   20  2
tan   + tan   = tan   = tan −1   = tan −1  
7  13   1 − 1 × 1   90  9
 7 13 
Example 18.7 Prove that

 4  12   33 
cos −1   + cos −1   = cos −1  
5  13   65 
Applying the property

( )
cos −1 x + cos −1 y = cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , we have

 4  12   4 12 16 144 
cos −1   + cos −1   = cos −1  × − 1 − 1− 
5  13   5 13 25 169 

 33 
= cos −1  
 65 
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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV Example 18.8 Prove that
Functions 1  1− x 
tan −1 x= cos −1  
2  1+ x 
Solution : Let x = tan θ then

−1  1 − tan θ 
2
1 1
Notes L.H.S. = θ and R.H.S. = cos  2 
= cos−1 ( c o s 2 θ )
2  1 + tan θ  2
1
= ×2θ=θ
2
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Example 18.9 Solve the equation
 1− x  1
tan −1  −1
 = tan x , x > 0
 1+ x  2
Solution : Let x = tan θ , then
 1 − tan θ  1
tan −1   = tan ( tan θ)
−1
 1 + tan θ  2
 π  1
⇒ tan −1  tan  − θ   = θ
 4  2
π 1
⇒ −θ= θ
4 2
π 2 π
⇒ θ= × =
4 3 6
 π 1
∴ x = tan   =
6 3
Example 18.10 Show that
 1+ x2 + 1− x2  π 1
tan −1   = + cos −1 ( x 2 )
  4 2
 1 + x − 1− x
2 2

Solution : Let x 2 = cos2θ , then

2 θ = cos −1 ( x 2 )
1
⇒ θ= cos −1 x 2
2
Substituting x 2 = c o s 2 θ in L.H.S. of the given equation, we have

 1 + x 2 + 1− x 2   1 + cos2θ + 1 − c o s 2θ 
−1
tan   = tan −1 
   1 + cos2θ − 1 − c o s 2θ 
 1 + x − 1− x
2 2
  
154 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV
−1  2cos θ+ 2sin θ 
= tan   Functions
 2cos θ− 2sin θ 

 cos θ + sin θ 
= tan −1  
 cos θ − sin θ 

 1 + tan θ  Notes
= tan −1  
 1 − tan θ 
 π 
= tan −1  tan  + θ  
 4 
π
= +θ
4
π 1
= + cos −1 ( x 2 )
4 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 18.2

1. Evaluate each of the following :
π  1 
(a) sin  − sin −1  −  (b) cot ( tan −1 α + cot −1 α )
3  2 

1 2 
2x −1 1 − y
(c) tan  sin −1 + cos 
2 1+ x2 1 + y2 

 1  1 π
(d) tan  2tan −1  (e) tan  2tan −1 − 
 5  5 4

2. If cos −1 x + cos −1 y = β , prove that

x 2 − 2xycos β + y 2 = sin 2 β
−1 −1 −1
3. If cos x + cos y + cos z = π , prove that

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1
4. Prove each of the following :
1 2 π 4 5 16 π
(a) sin −1 + sin − 1 = (b) sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1 =
5 5 2 5 13 65 2
4 3 27 1 1 1 π
(c) cos −1 + tan −1 = tan −1 (d) tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 =
5 5 11 2 5 8 4

MATHEMATICS 155
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV
Functions LET US SUM UP
LET US SUM UP
l Inverse of a trigonometric function exists if we restrict the domain of it.
π π
(i) sin −1 x = y if siny = x where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − ≤ y ≤
2 2
Notes
(ii) cos −1 x = y if cos y = x where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤π
π π
(iii) tan −1 x = y if tan y = x where x ∈ R, − < y <
2 2
−
(iv) cot x = y if cot y = x where x ∈ R , 0 < y < π
1

π π
(v) sec −1 x = y if sec y = x where x ≥ 1, 0≤ y< or x ≤ − 1, < y ≤ π
2 2
π
(vi) cosec −1 x = y if cosec y = x where x ≥ 1, 0 < y ≤
2
π
or x ≤ −1, − ≤ y < 0
2
l Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions can be represented in the given intervals by
interchanging the axes as in case of y = sin x, etc.
l Properties :
sin −1 (sin θ ) = θ , tan −1 ( tan θ ) = θ, tan (tan −1 θ ) = θ and sin (sin θ ) = θ
−1
(i)

1  1 −1 −1  1 
(ii) cosec −1 x = sin−1   , cot −1 x = tan −1   , sec x = cos  
x  x x

(iii) sin −1 (− x ) = − sin −1 x , tan −1 ( − x) = − tan −1 x , cos −1 ( −x ) = π − cos −1 x

−1 −1 π −1 −1 π −1 −1 π
(iv) sin x + cos x = , tan x + cot x = , cosec x + sec x =
2 2 2
 x+y  1 x−y 
(v) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1   , tan −1 x − tan −1
y =tan −
 1 + xy 
 1 − xy   
 2 
(vi) 2tan −1 x = sin −1  2x  = cos−1  1 − x  = tan−1  2x 
 1+ x2   1 + x2   1 − x2 

(vii) sin −1 x = cos −1 ( 1 −x 2 ) =tan −1 


x 
2 
 1−x 

 1  −1  1 − x 2  −1  1 
= sec−1   = cot   = cosec  
 1− x2   x  x

(viii) sin x ± sin y = sin  x 1− y ± y 1− x 

−1 −1 −1 2 2

(ix) cos −1 x ± cos −1 y = cos 1−  xy m y 1 −x 2 1 −y2 

156 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV
Functions
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

l http://www.wikipedia.org
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com
Notes

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Prove each of the following :

 3  8  77  1 1 1  3
(a) sin −1   + sin −1   = sin − 1   (b) tan −1   + tan −1   = cos− 1  
 5  17   85  4 9 2  5

 4  3  27 
(c) cos −1   + tan −1   = tan −1  
5  5  11 
2. Prove each of the following :

1  1  23  1 −1  1 
(a) 2tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1   (b) tan −1   + 2tan   = tan
1−
2
2  5  11  2  3

1  1 1
(c) tan −1   + tan − 1   = tan − 1  
8  5  3

3. (a) Prove that 2sin −1 x = sin − 1 ( 2x 1− x2 )

(b) Prove that 2cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1)

 1− x  −1  1 + x 
(c) Prove that cos −1 x = 2sin −1   = 2cos  
 2   2 
4. Prove the following :
 cosx  π x  cosx − sin x  π
(a) tan −1  = − (b) tan −1  = −x
 1 + sin x  4 2  cosx + sin x  4

 ab + 1  −1  bc + 1  −1  ca + 1 
(c) cot −1   + cot   + cot  = 0
 a −b   b− c   c−a 
5. Solve each of the following :
π
(a) tan −1 2x + tan −1 3x = (b) 2tan −1 ( cosx ) = tan −1 ( 2cosecx)
4
1  π π
(c) cos −1 x + sin −1  x  = (d) cot x − cot (x + 2 ) =
−1 −1
,x>0
2  6 12

MATHEMATICS 157
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - IV
Functions ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 18.1
π π π π π
1. (a) (b) − (c) − (d) − (e)
Notes 6 4 3 3 4
1 π 1
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) −2
3 4 2

2 x2 1− x
3. (a) 1 + x 2 (b) (c) x4 −1 (d) (e)
x −42
x4 +1 x

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 18.2

x+y 5 7
1. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) (e) −
1 − xy 12 17
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1 π
5. (a) (b) (c) ±1 (d) 3
6 4

158 MATHEMATICS