Vol. 72 | No.

9 | Sep 2016 International Scientific Researches Journal

Review of the Porphyry Ore Deposits in the Tethyan Orogenic Belt-A Case
Study of the Bangpu Mo-Cu Porphyry Ore Deposits, Tibet, China

Chang-Qian Ma a*

(Second Author/Corresponding author)

a
State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences,
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China. Email: cqma@cug.edu.cn Tel:
+862767883139

H. A. Ahmeda,b, Chang-Qian Maa* Lian-Xun Wanga Mukhtar Habibc, and Kabir Shola Ahmedc

1. H.A. Ahmed aState Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Faculty of
Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
b
Department of Geology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola Adamawa State,
Nigeira. E-mail: hifzullahahmed@yahoo.com/Tel: +8613129930780

a
2. Chang-Qian Ma State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources,
Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074,
China.*Corresponding author, Email: cqma@cug.edu.cn Tel: +862767883139
3. Lian-Xun Wang aState Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Faculty
of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.E-mail:
wanglianxun16@163.com/Tel: +8618995603042
4. Mukhtar Habib cKey Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of
Education, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
E-mail: mukhtarhabib102@gmail.com

5.Kabir Shola Ahmed cKey Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of
Education, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
E-mail:sholli242@yahoo.com

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ABSTRACT
The occurrence of the post-collisional Bangpu Mo-Cu porphyry ore deposits has been reviewed.
The Cenozoic deposit is located within the Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt (GPCB) in Tibet,
part of Himalayan (Tethyan) Orogenic Belt, with an estimated resource of over 800,000 and
200,000 tons of Mo and Cu respectively, and an approximate grades of 0.089% Mo and 0.32%
Cu. The Mo reserves within the Bangpu deposit accounts for about 60% of the known
Molybdenum reserve in Tibet. The mineralization is hosted by Mid- Miocene porphyritic
monzogranites, diabase and diorite porphyry and is controlled by extensional structures and are
distributed along E-W fault and fracture zones. Isotopic and fluid inclusion analyses suggest that
the ore fluids might have been derived from degassed mafic magmas that originate from an
upwelling asthenospheric mantle. The Redox state of the magma could be viewed as an important
factor in the formation of Mo rich and Cu poor in the study area. Several studies have indicated
that the Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu deposit was generated by post-collisional crustal extension that
took place during the Indo-Asian collision that started at 65 Ma. In future, a rigorous fluid-rock
interaction studies and determination of Redox state of magma and emplacement mechanisms in
the region would give a better understanding of the genetic model that resulted in the formation
of Mo-Cu deposits in the area and perhaps a great potential for discovery of additional new
deposits in the Tibetan sector of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt.

Keywords: Tethyan Orogenic Belt, Bangpu, porphyry Mo-Cu ore deposits, Gangdese, Magmatic
degassing.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Porphyry deposits are globally the most significant source of Cu and Mo, and are major sources
of Au, Ag, and Sn. They account for about 60% of the world’s Cu production and more than 95%
of Mo production. Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu deposit is hosted in the northern Gangdese Porphyry
Copper Belt (GPCB) along the southern margin of Lhasa terrane (Fig. 1). Gangdese porphyry
copper belt is 500 km wide long and 100 km wide (Hou et al., 2003; Zheng et al., 2004; Cheng
et al., 2008) and is one of the most important Cu-Mo producing areas in China. Ore deposits in
GPCB are controlled by extensional structures and are distributed along E-W and as line of
deposits in N-S direction (Hou et al, 2009).

The Northern GPCB in which Bangpu Cu-Mo deposit occurs is relatively understudied compared
to the Southern GPCB, which was discovered much earlier (Wang et al, 2006, 2012, Meng et al,
2003, Yang et al, 2009 and Zhang et al, 2009).

Porphyry-type ore deposits are spatially and temporally associated with intermediate to felsic
magmas with depth ranging from few kilometers to earth’s surface (Candella and Piccoli, 2005,
Sillitoe, 2010) and mainly occur at volcano-plutonic arcs (Cooke et al, 2005) and collisional
zones (Hou et al, 2009). There are increasing evidences for the occurrence of large porphyry
molybdenum deposits in post- collisional settings in association with porphyry copper deposits.
This is typically exemplified by the Bangpu Mo-Cu deposits in Tibet, hosting the largest Mo
deposit in the Miocene Gangdese porphyry copper Belt (Fig. 1). This event is believed to have
resulted by post- collisional crustal extension during the Indo-Asian collision (Tethyan orogeny)
that started at 65Ma ago ( Hou et al, 2007, 2009).

The Bangpu deposit is unique within the GPCB in that, it contains both porphyry – Skarn
systems and in addition to Mo-Cu, it also hosts important deposit of Pb-Zn mineralization (Zhao
et al, 2015a). The porphyry Mo-Cu mining area in Bangpu yields Mo and Cu ores that are more
than 800,000 and 200,000 tonnes respectively at an approximate grade of 0.089% Mo and 0.32%

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Cu. The Mo reserves within the Bangpu deposit accounts for about 60% of documented Mo
reserves in Tibet (Zhang et al, 2009; Zhou et al, 2013).

In this paper, we attempt to review the occurrence and ore forming components of porphyry Mo-
Cu deposits in Bangpu, northern sector of Gangdese porphyry Copper Belt within the Tethyan
metallogenic domain in Tibet, China.

Fig. 1 Geology Map Showing Bangpu Porphyry Mo-Cu Deposits (Modified after Zhao et al, 2015a)

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2. DEPOSIT GEOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

The Bangpu Mo-Cu deposit is found in the eastern part of northern GPCB and is characterized by
widespread fractures and ductile shear zones (Wen et al, 2009). Rock units in the ore area are
mainly volcanic tuffs of the Paleocene Dianzhong formation and volcanic breccias occurring to
the north of the mining area; and biotite monzogranite in the southwest part of the mine, in
addition to some Quaternary sediment. (Dong et al, 2005, Mo et al, 2003, Zhou et al, 2004, Wang
et al, 2012, Zhao et al, 2015a). The tuffs, marbles and limestone of the Permian Luobadui
formation covers the largest area of Bangpu and the Miocene intrusive that brought about the
mineralization comprising of porphyrytic monzogranites, diabase and diorite units (Wang et al,
2012 Zhao et al, 2015a, Luo et al, 2015, Wang et al, 2012 and 2015).The porphyritic
monzogranite hosts the Mo-Cu Mineralization (Zhou et al, 2009, 2012), as well as the porphyritic
diorites (Zhou et al, 2010b and Wang et al, 2012).

2.1 MO ORE DEPOSITS

The Bangpu deposit contains porphyry types molybdenum deposits with reserves of well above
800,000 tonnes and an average grade of 0.089% Mo (Zhao et al, 2015a), making it the largest
known molybdenum deposit in the area accounting for about 60% of total Mo reserves in Tibet
(Zhang et al, 2009). Meng et al, 2003, Wang et al, 2012, Zhou et al, 2013 among many other
authors reported that Mo mineralization in Bangpu occurred within 13-17Ma of Mid Miocene.
molybdenum is widely distributed from shallow to the deeper part of the intrusions with the
highest Mo grades of molybdenum occurring around 500m below the surface (Luo et al, 2015).
Alteration and mineralization of Mo ore in Bangpu is associated with silicification of quartz-
Molybdenite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite veins, surrounded by alteration minerals containing K-
feldspars and sericite (Luo et al, 2015). Phyllic, potassic and propylitic alterations in Bangpu area
have also been reported by (Zhao et al, 2015a). Alteration and mineralization within diorite in the
study area is obviously very strong (Z. Wang et al, 2012) indicating that the diorite porphyry in
Bangpu constitutes an important component of Mo-Cu mineralization in the area.

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2.2 CU DEPOSITS

Porphyry copper deposits in Bangpu amount to reserves of more than 200,000 tonnes with an
average grade of 0.32% Cu. The highest grade of copper is found upward at heights of between
4600m and 4850m above sea level, which extended over the area of highest grade zone for Mo
(Luo et al 2015). This overlap and difference in highest grade zonation for Mo-Cu mineralization
could be attributed to variation in thermodynamics and redox state of the ore bearing magmas.

(Chen et al, 2012, Wang et al, 2011, 2012) assigned the age of 14.07-16.2 Ma for the Bangpu Cu
deposits. The deposit generally occurs as chalcopyrite and hosted by porphyritic monzogranite
and gabbroic intrusions. Chalcopyrite mineralization is often disseminated or occurs in
discontinuous veinlets . It is interesting to note that Gabbro hosted Cu- mineralization has higher
grade than that hosted by porphyritic monzogranites (Zhao et al, 2015a). They also proposed that
copper mineralization has formed earlier than Molybdenum in Bangpu based on the observed
patterns of alteration mineralization. This could further be supported by upward gradation of Cu
rich zones and deeper Mo concentration perhaps signifying early and late mineralization stages
respectively.

3. FLUID SYSTEMS

3.1 FLUID INCLUSIONS

Fluid inclusion studies of Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu deposit from the mineral veins is
characterized by gas-liquid two phase inclusions and crystal bearing inclusions (Zhao et al,
2015a). The authors further concluded in their work that the fluid inclusion microthermometry in
Bangpu indicated that the ore forming fluids related to the porphyry Mo-Cu mineralization was
developed from high temperature and salinity of 3200C-5500C and 17 wt%-67.2 wt%
respectively, to low temperature and salinity of 2130C-4580C and 1.6 wt%-11.6 wt% respectively.
Bangpu deposit exhibits characteristics of fluid boiling.

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An obvious immiscibility was reported between silicate melts and dense brine fluids present
during magmatic to hydrothermal transition in Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu deposits (Luo et al,
2015), where brines were directly exsolved by a crystallizing melt.

3.2 FLUID ISOTOPE COMPOSITION

Oxygen- deuterium (O-D) isotope geochemistry can be very useful in constraining the sources of
the mineralizing fluids. Previous O-D isotopic studies of porphyry copper deposits
unambiguously indicated that the early stages of mineralization are dominated by magmatic-
derived fluids (Taylor, 1971; Taylor, 1974). However, debate exists as to the nature of the fluids
that formed the later sericite-bearing (phyllic) stages of porphyry copper deposits. Hydrogen and
Oxygen isotope composition analysis of ore forming fluids in Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu ore
deposits as presented by (Zhao et al, 2015a), yielded δ18OV-SMOW values that range between
9.5‰ and 14.5‰, resulting into δ18O fluid values of 6.67‰ ~ 12.91‰ when combined with the
δDV-SMOW values of fluid inclusions within quartz (−107.1‰ and −185.8‰). Their entire
analyses plot on one side of the meteoric water line in a δDV-SMOW–δ18O fluid diagram (Fig. 2),
which is an indication of an open system mineralization as a result of degassing of primary
magmatic fluids (Zhou et al, 2013; Zhao et al, 2015a). This is consistent with (-1.7 to 2.2‰δ18O,
-90 to -152‰ δD) (Zhou et al, 2010, 2013). However, in contrast to the former, results (2.3-
3.9‰δ18O, -73.7 to -75‰ δD) from (Wang et al, 2015) suggested the source of fluid in Bangpu
to be from magmatic water.

3.3 ORE FORMING COMPONENTS

3.3.1 SULPHUR ISOTOPES

S isotope compositions of pyrite, molybdenite, and chalcopyrite from Bangpu deposit, yielded
δ34S values that range from −2.3‰ and 4.3‰ with the highest average of 1.1‰ from
molybdenites (Zhou et al, 2012a, 2012b, Zhao et al, 2015a and Wang et al, 2015). This points to
the mantle derived source of sulfur in Bangpu (0‰ ± 3‰ Chaussidon et al, 1989). In a similar

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note, Pb isotopes of sulphide minerals from the Bangpu deposits determined by (Wang et al,
206
2015, Zhao et al, 2015a) yielded ranges of Pb/204Pb values of 18.45-19.13, 207
Pb/204Pb values
of 15.602-15.93 and 208Pb/204Pb values of 38.715-40.45

3.3.2 He-Ar ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION

The 4He concentration for Bangpu porphyry Mo-Cu deposit ranges from 1.51x10-7 to 3.57x10-7
cm3 STPg-1, whereas, 40
Ar concentration varies between 0.49x10-7 and 9.31x10-7cm3STPg-1
(Wang et al, 2015). 3He/4He ratios and 40
Ar/36Ar are 0.12209 to 0.36370 Ra and 275.6 to 346.1
respectively. Since 4He in ore forming fluids usually has only two possible sources i.e. mantle
and/or crustal source. Hence the results of the 4He ratios (0.12209-0.36370 Ra) above for Bangpu
ore forming fluids are well above the crustal values of 0.01-0.05 Ra (Turner et al, 1993, Wang et
al, 2015) and far lower than the mantle values of 6-9 Ra as well (Dunai and Baur, 1995,
Gautheron and Moreira, 2002. Hence, the above data indicated more affinity to crustal Helium in
Bangpu than mantle source.

4. HOST ROCK AND MINERALIZATION

Meng et al (2003) reported for the first time the highly precise Re-Os ages for molybdenites from
Bangpu deposit. The molybdenite samples analysed returned ages varying from 14.30±0.25 Ma
187
to 14.75 ± 0.28 Ma. The deposit yielded Re-187Os isochron age of 15.32±0.79 Ma. This is
consistent with most work in the area and identical with the age of porphyry copper
mineralization in the southern belt of Gangdese (Meng et al, 2003, Zhou et al, 2010, Wang et al,
2015, Zhao et al, 2015a, Wang et al, 2012). Re content of Mo bearing rocks range from
166.8ppm-250 ppm, averaging 209 ppm (Meng et al, 2003). Another Re content of molybdenites
from monzogranite and diorite porphyry in Bangpu was found to be in the range of 102.9- 698.1
ppm with an average content of 254.1 ppm (Wang et al, 2012). All these suggest mantle source,
for Bangpu mineralization.

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Rb-Sr isochron of monzonite granite porphyry from Bangpu deposits returned age of (13.88±0.38
Ma) with MSWD=1.7 that represents crystallization age of the host rocks, while pyrite Rb-Sr
isochron age of 11.01+0.5 Ma with MSWD=3.5 was obtained for Mo-Cu bearing ores indicating
age of later Mo-Cu mineralization (Zhou et al, 2010). Data from other methods such as SHRIMP
40
U-Pb age and laser microprobe Ar/39Ar show that the rock forming minerals and ore forming
ages fall within the same range. Initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.706538-0.709190 (Zhou et al, 2010),
0.714011-0.715539 (Zhao et al, 2015a) and 0.707504-0.710012 (Zhao et al, 2015b) all pointed to
mantle source of primary magma for Bangpu mineralization.

5. DISCUSSION

The δ18O and δD of porphyry mineralization in the area have demonstrated slight variation,
though consistent values based on the previous studies in the area (eg. Wang et al, 2015, Zhao et
al, 2015a, Zhou et al, 2010, Zhou et al, 2013). This study concur with the opinion of Zhao et al
(2015a) and (Zhou et al. 2013) which indicated the activity of open system mineralization as a
result of degassing of primary magmatic fluids. Although results of Oxygen and hydrogen
isotopes by (Wang et al, 2015) indicated magmatic fluid sources, we view this difference as
paucity of samples analyzed by the former, if otherwise; the sources of fluid for Bangpu ore
deposits will still remain debatable.

Sulfur isotopes data reviewed indicates that sulfur in Bangpu deposit came from mantle sources.
Lead isotopes data from various workers (e. g Zhao et al, 2015a, Wang et al, 2015, Sun et al,
2016) are consistent and all pointed that metals in Bangpu have crustal sources. This conforms to
results of Helium and Argon isotopes (Wang et al, 2015) that suggested crustal source for
Bangpu ore fluids. Petrological data and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.714011-0.715539 (Zhao et
al, 2015a) in Bangpu Mo-Cu bearing porphyries, indicated mantle source. The differences of
Rhenium content in Molybdenite can indicate the source of mineralization materials (Mao et al,
1999, Stein et al, 2001, Huang et al, 1996). The range of rhenium content of molybdenites

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(166.8-250 ppm, Meng et al, 2003) and (102.9-698.1 ppm, Wang et al, 2012) are indicative that
the ore materials in Banagpu ore field were mostly derived from mantle source.

It has been shown by previous studies that the Bangpu deposit is genetically related to the
Miocene granitic magmatism in the Gangdese belt and has uniformity with the regional
porphyry- skarn deposits (eg. Qulong, Jiama among others) in terms of age and mineralization, as
well as tectonic setting (Wang et al, 2011). The emplacement of biotite monzogranitic rocks in
SW mining district of Bangpu took place about 60-70 Ma ago, indicating the commencement
stage of the collision between Indian and Asian Continents (Tethyan Orogeny). Mid Miocene
magmatic activity resulted into the mineralization of the ore bearing monzogranite in the area
around 16.23 Ma ago (Wang et al, 2012).

The Cu bearing porphyries in the GPCB are dominantly K-alkaline, believed to have been
generated by the partial melting of the thickened mafic lower crust as indicated by their adakitic
composition (Hou et al, 2004). The Cu bearing porphyries is thought to have been derived from a
juvenile mafic lower crust formed by underplating of Jurassic arc mafic magmas (Hou et al, 2011)

The Mo bearing porphyries in the area on the other hand were generated from ancient lower
crustal source. These differences are the major reasons why Bangpu is Mo dominated instead of
Cu dominated porphyry deposits (Zhao et al, 2015a). To buttress the dominance of Mo over Cu
deposits in Bangpu, Redox state of Magma and surficial environment could be an important
factor behind that. Mo is mobilized during oxidation and then enriched in organic-rich sediments
due to reduction (Li et al., 2012). Zhou et al, (2013), suggested that the entire GPCB has
undergone a large-scale magmatic degassing (reduction), and the result of the magmatic
degassing was increased gradually from the East to the West (including Bangpu area). They also
remarked that the magmatic degassing has a direct impact on the formation of porphyry copper
deposit and molybdenum - copper deposit: the stronger the magmatic degassing, the more easily
to form the molybdenum-based porphyry deposit (as in Bangpu). Otherwise, deposits dominated
by copper and gold will be formed instead under weak magmatic degassing.

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5.1 COMPARISON WITH OTHER PORPHYRY MO-CU DEPOSITS

The previous works studied so far; show that the Mo-Cu deposit in the Bangpu ore field was
formed during the Miocene Post-collisional setting in the Gangdese belt. Although the entire
GPCB was affected by same Miocene post- collision, but some differences exist between Bangpu
ore deposits and the other porphyry deposits in GPCB, where the former is dominated by Mo
occurrence and the latter poorer in Mo and Cu dominated.

The intrusions related to the GPCB (including Bangpu) post-collisional Mo-Cu mineralization
are monzogranitic, gabbroic, dioritic and granodioritic, and belong to shoshonite and calc-
alkaline granitoids (Sun et al., 2016). These characteristics are also shown in other Mo-Cu related
intrusions across the globe including the world’s largest PCDs of El Teniente, Dexing and
Luoboling (Table 1). Similarly, alteration mineralization associated with Bangpu deposits and the
GPCB is similar to those exhibited by some of the world class PCDs (Table 1), more especially
the phyllic alteration.

Comparison of Hydrogen and isotopes data of some PCDs from previous works (Table 1, Fig. 2)
has shown that ore fluid sources from Bangpu are markedly different from that of the famous El-
Teniente and other porphyry Mo-Cu deposits in the world. While the ore fluid sources of the El
Teniente porphyry Mo-Cu deposits plot within the primary magmatic water, that of Bangpu is
entirely different and plot along line of degassing with contribution from atmospheric
precipitation, suggesting that the fluids formed by magmatic degassing have complexly evolved
in an open mineralizing system (Zhao et al, 2015a, Zhou et al, 2013).

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Fig. 2 Comparison between fluid sources of Bangpu and other Porphyry Mo-Cu deposits. Data from
(Yang et al, 2016, Zhao et al, 2015a, Zhong et al, 2014, Kusakabe, 1990)

6. CONCLUSION

Several studies have shown that porphyry deposits are the most significant source of Cu and Mo
in the world. The Bangpu Porphyry system contains good quality grades and reserves of
porphyry type molybdenum and Copper deposits, accounting for about 60% of the total Mo
reserve in Tibet, China. Bangpu deposit is genetically related to the Miocene granitic magmatism
associated with porphyry deposits mineralization in the Gangdese belt. However, distribution of
ore deposits is not uniform across this belt, with the northern part of Gangdese (including Bangpu)
dominated by Mo, while the southern part being poorer in Mo and richer in porphyry Cu. This
phenomenon has been explained by previous workers to have happened as a result of large-scale
(non- uniform) magmatic degassing that took place in the region. Comparison of ore forming

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fluids sources for PCDs indicated clear difference between that of Bangpu and the world class
porphyry Cu-Mo deposits of El Teniente, where by the former is characterized by degassing and
contribution from atmospheric precipitation, the latter is dominated by primary magmatic water.
On the basis of alteration mineralization, Bangpu porphyry deposits have shown common
alteration patterns with several other PCDs studied particularly, phyllic alteration which seems to
be typical for PCDs. Hence such alteration could be good indicator for porphyry Cu and Mo
mineralization.

In future, a rigorous fluid-rock interaction studies and determination of Redox state of magma
and emplacement mechanisms in the region would give a better understanding of the genetic
model that resulted in the formation of Mo-Cu deposits in the area and perhaps a great potential
for discovery of additional new deposits in the Tibetan sector of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive and thoughtful comments,
Dr. Xuanbo Gao for his helpful discussions, which have greatly improved the manuscript. We
thank Prof. Ladislav Palinkas for his suggestions and words of encouragement during the process
of manuscript writing. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from National
Science Foundation of China.

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