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Soil classification
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Published on Jul 30, 2013

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Soil classification

1. 1. Soil Classification
2. 2. 2 Soil Texture
3. 3. 3 Soil Texture The texture of a soil is its appearance or “feel” and it depends
on the relative sizes and shapes of the particles as well as the range or
distribution of those sizes. Coarse-grained soils: Gravel Sand Fine-grained soils:
Silt Clay 0.075 mm (USCS) 0.06 mm (BS) (Hong Kong) Sieve analysis
Hydrometer analysis
4. 4. 4 1.2 Characteristics (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
5. 5. 5 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution
6. 6. Take note!!! The sizes of particles that make up soil vary over a wide range.
Soils are generally called gravel, sand, silt, or clay, depending on the
predominant size of particles within the soil. To describe soils by their particle
size, several organizations have developed particle-size classifications.
7. 7. Particle Size Distribution boulders > 60mm 60mm > gravel > 2mm 2mm >
sand > 60 m 60 m > silt > 2 m 2 m > clay Each class may is sub-divided
into coarse, medium and fine. for sand: 2mm > coarse sand > 600 m 600 m >
medium sand > 200 m 200 m > fine sand > 60 m Classification boundaries
either begin with a '2' or a '6'.
8. 8. Soil-Particle Size Classification
9. 9. 9 Grain Size 4.75 Unit: mm (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981) USCS BS 0.075 2.0
0.06 0.002 USCS: Unified Soil Classification BS: British Standard
10. 10. • Data often presented as Particle Size Distribution Curves with logarithmic
scale on X-axis Particle Size Distribution (continued) • S - shaped - but some
conventions of curves going left to right, others, the opposite way around sand
siltclay
 11. 11. A Problem • clay is used both as a classifier of size as above, and also to
define particular types of material. • clays exhibit a property known as cohesion
(the "stickiness" associated with clays). General Properties • Gravels -----
permeability is of the order of mm s-1. • Clays ----- it is 10-7 mm/s or less. •
Compressibility of the soil increases as the particle size decreases. •
Permeability of the soil decreases as the particle size decreases. Particle Size
Distribution (continued)
12. 12. 12 Sieve Sizes (Das, 1998) (Head, 1992)
13. 13. 13 Grain Size Distribution (Cont.) Coarse-grained soils: Gravel Sand Fine-
grained soils: Silt Clay 0.075 mm (USCS) 0.06 mm (BS) (Hong Kong)
•Experiment Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis (Head, 1992)
14. 14. 14 Grain Size Distribution (Cont.) Log scale (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Effective size D10: 0.02 mm D30: D60:
15. 15. 15 Grain Size Distribution (Cont.) • Describe the shape Example: well
graded •Criteria •Question What is the Cu for a soil with only one grain size? 2
)9)(02.0( )6.0( )D)(D( )D( C curvatureoftCoefficien 450 02.0 9 D D C
uniformityoftCoefficien 2 6010 2 30 c 10 60 u   mm9D mm6.0D
)sizeeffective(mm02.0D 60 30 10    )sandsfor( 6Cand3C1 )gravelsfor(
4Cand3C1 soilgradedWell uc uc   
16. 16. 16 Answer •Question What is the Cu for a soil with only one grain size? D
Finer 1 D D C uniformityoftCoefficien 10 60 u  Grain size distribution
17. 17. SAMPLE PROBLEM 1. For a soil with D60 =0.42mm, and D30 =0.21mm,
and D10 =0.16, calculate and the coefficient of gradation. Sol’n; CU =D60 /D10
=0.42mm/0.16mm=2.625 CC = (D30 )2 /(D10 )(D60) =(0.21)2 /
(0.16)(0.42)=0.66

18. 2. The following are the results of a sieve analysis: US S 2:34 / 5:43
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18. ieve No. Mass of Soil Retained on Each Sieve (g) Opening Commulative Mass
% Passing 4 10 20 40 60 100 200 PAN 0 18.5 53.2 90.5 81.8 92.2 58.5 26.5 4.75
2.0 .850 .425 .250 .150 .075 0 18.5 71.5 162.2 244 336.2 394.1 421.2 100
95.608 82.977 61.491 42.070 20.180 6.434 0 a.) Determine t

ent.