Batch No 11 PDF

4/20/2015
CIVIL - SURVEY CAMP - 2015
BATCH NO: 11 | ACADEMIC YEAR : 2014 -2015

A SURVEY CAMP REPORT
Submitted by
ARAVINTHKUMAR.T 714112103302
ARULSENTHURNATHAN.A 714112103303
BALACHANDAR.O.R. 714112103304
HARI.K 714112103306
SIVARAMAKRISHNAN.C 714112103310
THENDRAL.K 714112103312
VISWANATH.B 714112103313
In partial fulfilment for the award of the camp of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SRIGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025
APRIL – 2015
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “SURVEY CAMP” is the bonafide work of
“BATCH NO:11”.Who carried out the project work under my supervision.
Signature Signature
Prof. R.Kannappan M.E, M.I.S.T.E,( Ph.D ) Mr.D.Loganathan M.E,M.I.S.T.E,( M.B.A )
Department of Civil Engineering, Assistant professor
SriGuru Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering,
Varathaiyangar palayam, SriGuru Institute of Technology,
Kondayampalayam (po), Varathaiyangar palayam,
Coimbatore – 641 110. Kondayampalayam (po),
Coimbatore – 641 110.

INDEX
PAGE STAFF
EX.N0 DATE TITLE
NO INITIAL
1. Trilateration
Determination of the Latitude of the
2.
place of observation
Determination of the Longitude of the
3.
place of observation
4. Block contouring
5. Highway project
6. Triangulations
7. Radial contouring
Azimuth of a line based on observation
8.
on an a sun
BATCH NO:11
MARKS STAFF
S.NO REG.NO STUDENT NAME
OBTAINED INITIAL
1. 714112103302 ARAVINTHKUMAR.T
2. 714112103303 ARULSENTHURNATHAN.A
3. 714112103304 BALACHANDAR.O.R.
4. 714112103306 HARI.K
5. 714112103310 SIVARAMAKRISHNAN.C
6. 714112103312 THENDRAL.K
7. 714112103313 VISWANATH.B
Submitted for the university practical examination

Held on ……………………………………….
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR INTERNAL EXAMINAR
4
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL:
The survey camp of 2014-2015 was organized by S.G.I.T CAMPUS for the sixth
semester civil engineering students, 66 in number. The duration of the camp was ten days
from 15/12/2014 to 24/12/2014 the places in and around the Rathnagiri Murugan Temple
were chosen for surveying.
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF CAMP WORKS:
 The objectives of the camp works are,

 To train the students in taking field observations pertaining to some of the real
world problems such as triangulation, contouring,etc..,
 To train the students in all the related calculations and in the preparation of the
required maps.
 The scope of the camp works may be briefly outlined as follows:

 To determine the co ordinates of few triangulation stations.
 To determine the co ordinates of few stations by trilateration method.
 To determine the latitude of the place of observation by taking extra meridian
observation on the sun.
 To determine the longitude of the place of observation by taking extra meridian
observation on the sun.
 To align a highway and to calculate the earthwork involved by determining the
cross section of the highway at various intervals.
 To prepare the contour map of an area by block contouring method.
 To prepare the contour map of a hilly terrain by radial contouring method.
5
INSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTION:
This manual is intended to guide you through several survey works during survey camp.
Because of the nature of the work, you may have to say in the camp director. All students
everyday to the camp site as planned and arranged by the camp director. All students must
start to the camp site from one place which also will be informed by the camp director/HOD.
Read this manual as well as text books before commencing your work at the field. Being
prepared will help you to finish the field work early. You may require to perform calculations
after regular camp hours. Anticipate and adapt to any unexpected bad weather etc.
All reading must be noted using pen. Pencil should not be used in the field book except
drawing sketch or diagram if needed. Each batch must submit the field book to the camp
director/staff in charge for your batch. At the end of the survey camp, a survey report must be
submitted by each student which is considered to be an engineering technical report. Consider
this manual as only a guideline for preparing the survey report. Students are strictly advised
not to copy the wording, procedure, results, and conclusions given in this manual. As such,
you will be evaluated on your ability to clearly communicate your methodology, results, and
ideas to others. All charts, plots and drawings should be original.
SAFETY:
Safety is our prime concern at all times. If your conduct is deemed to compromise
safety regulations, you may be asked to leave camp and disciplinary action will be taken. Do
not perform unauthorized experiments by yourself. Never leave the survey equipments
unattended in the field. There must be no fooling around in the camp site. The students are
strictly advised to wear shoes during the entire hours of the camp as a measure of safety.
BHATCHES:
The readings are to be done by the batch as grouped by the camp director/HOD and
report should be submitted by each student. Team work is also an important aspect of this
course and it will enhance your performance.
6
FIELD WORK SCHEDULE:
The students must come prepared for their sessions to complete the field work as
scheduled.
PRACTICE: Precautions To Be Observed In The Field Work (Do’s and Don’ts):
Do’s:
1. Students must follow the instructions given by the camp director/staff

incharge.
2. Students must adhere to the dress code for the survey camp.
3. Students must handle the instruments with at most care as instructed.
4. Instruments, accessories must be properly disassembled and handed over to
the lab assistant.
Don’ts:
1. Instruments, ranging rods, pegs, arrow, staves etc have to be used only for
field work purposes. Inappropriate use of the above such accessories will
lead to disciplinary action/penalty.
2. Instruments must not be operated in a rough/violent manner.
NO MAKE-UPS:
Students must participate in the camp for all days as scheduled. Camp will not be
arranged for the students who miss it.
INTERNAL ASSESMENT MARKS:
Internal assessment will be performed as per the rules of the university.
7
CONTENTS
1. TRILATERATION
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Base Line 14
1.2.1 Selection of Site for Base Line 14
1.3 Stations 14
1.4 Instruments Used 15
1.5 Routine of Trilateration 15
1.6 Reconnaissance 15
1.7 Erection of Signals and Towers 15
1.8 Measurement of Length of the Sides 16
1.9 Checking the Length of the Sides 16
1.10 Astronomical Observations at Laplace Stations 17
1.11 (A) – Observations Using Subtense Bar 18
1.11 (B) - Observation Using Theodolite 18
1.12 Field Measurements 19
1.13 Calculations 19
1.14 Area Calculation 22
1.15 Results 23
1.16 Conclusion 24
2. DETERMINATION OF THE LATITUDE OF THE PLACE OF

OBSERVATION
2.1 Aim 26
2.2 Triangulation 26
2.3 Methods Adopted 26
2.3.1 Triangulation Method 26
2.3.2 Base Line Measurement 27
2.3.3 Selection Of Site 27
2.4 Apparatus Required 27
2.4.1 Invar Tape 27
2.4.2 Other Instruments Used 28
2.5 Advantages 28
8
2.6 Procedure 28
2.7 Corrections 29
2.7.1 Correction For Temperature 29
2.7.2 Correction For Pull 29
2.7.3 Correction For Sag 29
2.7.4 Correction For Tape 29
2.7.5 Standard Values 30
2.8 Observation & Tabulation 30
2.9 Calculations 31
2.9.1 Base Line Of AB Station 31
2.9.2 Vertical Distance Of AB 31
2.9.3 To Find Out Distance Of Sides 31
2.9.4 Area Calculation 35
2.9.5 To Find Intermediate Distance Of Points 38
2.9.6 To Find Out Vertical Distance Of Points 40
2.9.7 Determine The Reduce Level Of Points 41
2.9.8 Determine The Latitude Of Points 42
2.10 Result 46
2.11 Conclusion 46
3. DETERMINATION OF THE LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF

OBSERVATION
3.1 Aim 48
3.2 Triangulation 48
3.3 Methods Adopted 48
3.3.1 Triangulation Method 48
3.3.2 Base Line Measurement 49
3.3.3 Selection Of Site 49
3.4.1 Invar Tape 49
3.4.2 Other Instruments Used 50
3.5 Advantages 50
3.6 Procedure 50
3.7 Corrections 51
3.7.1 Correction For Temperature 51
9
3.7.2 Correction For Pull 51
3.7.3 Correction For Sag 51
3.7.4 Correction For Tape 51
3.7.5 Standard Values 52
3.9 Calculations 53
3.9.1 Base Line Of AB Station 53
3.9.2 Vertical Distance Of AB 53
3.9.3 To Find Out Distance Of Sides 53
3.9.4 Area Calculation 57
3.9.5 To Find Intermediate Distance Of Points 60
3.9.6 To Find Out Vertical Distance Of Points 62
3.9.7 Determine The Reduce Level Of Points 63
3.9.8 Determine The Longitude Of Points 64
3.10 Result 68
3.11 Conclusion 68
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
4.1 Introduction 70
4.4 Procedure 70
4.6 Result 74
4.7 Conclusion 74
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
5.1 Introduction 76
5.4 Procedure 76
5.5 Observation and Tabulation 77
5.7 Result 100
5.8 Conclusion 100
10
6. TRIANGULATION
6.1 Introduction 102
6.2 Baseline 102
6.2.1 Selection of Site for Baseline 102
6.3 Triangulation Station 102
6.5 Routine of Triangulation Survey 103
6.7 Erection of Signals and Towers 104
6.8 Measurement of Base Lines 104
6.9 Measurement of Horizontal Angles 104
6.10 Astronomical Observations at Place Stations 105
6.13 Results 114
6.14 Conclusion 115
7. RADIAL CONTOURING
7.1 Introduction 117
7.4 Procedure 117
7.6 Result 122
7.7 Conclusion 122
8. DETERMINATION OF THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY

OBSERVATION ON THE SUN
8.1 Aim 124
8.3 Procedure 124
8.6 Result 127
11
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1 - FROM C BLOCK TO A BLOCK 18
TABLE 1.2 - FROM A BLOCK TO C BLOCK 18
TABLE 1.3 - TRILATERATION AT STATION A&B 18
TABLE 1.4 - TRILATERATION RESULT 23
TABLE 2.1 - LAITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS 30
TABLE 2.2 - LAITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT 46
TABLE 3.1 - LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS 52
TABLE 3.2 - LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT 68
TABLE 4.0 - BLOCK CONTOURING 72
TABLE 5.1 - CROSS-SECTION 77
TABLE 5.2 - LONGITUDINAL SECTION 94
TABLE 6.1 - TRIANGULATION READINGS 106
TABLE 6.2 - TRIANGULATION RESULT 114
TABLE 7.0 - RADIAL CONTOURING 119
TABLE 8.0 - THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY OBSERVATION ON THE SUN 124
12
1. TRILATERATION
13
EX. NO:
DATE:
1. TRILATERATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Trilateration is a method of calculating the distance between the station points of a
closed traverse. The trilateration work was carried out in the S.G.I.T.campus. In this method,
the lengths of the sides and diagonals of the quadrilaterals are measured and then the
necessary correction are made.
1.2 BASE LINE:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulation
operations. The base line is laid down with great accuracy of measurement and alignment as
it forms the basis for the computations of triangulation system.
1.2.1 Selection of Site for Base Line:
Since the accuracy in the measurement of the baseline depends upon the site
conditions, the following points be taken into consideration while selecting the site:
 The site should be fairly level.
 The site should free from obstructions through the whole of the length.
 The extremities of the base should be intervisible at ground level.
 The ground should be reasonably firm and smooth.
 The site should extension to primary triangulation.
1.3 STATIONS:
The selection of stations is based upon the following considerations:
 The trilateration station should be intervisible. For this purpose, they should be placed
upon the most elevated ground.
 They should from well shaped triangles. No angles should be smaller than 30° or
greater than 120°.
 The stations should be easily accessible.
 They should be so selected that the length of sight is neither too small nor too large.
 They should be in commanding situation.
14
1.4 INSTRUMENTS USED:
1. Theodolite
2. Ranging rods
3. 30m chain
4. Subtense Bar
1.5 ROUTINE OF TRILATERATION SURVEY:

The routine of survey generally consists of the following operations:
 Reconnaissance
 Erection of signals and towers
 Measurement of length of the sides
 Checking of length of the sides
 Astronomical observations at laplace stations, and
 Computations
1.6 RECONNAISSANCE:
Trilateration was carried out in the S.G.I.T.campus. Reconnaissance survey at the site
was done before starting the work. The area was grassy with some short herbs. There was no
obstruction to the survey work. Food, instruments, transportation was also easier as it was
within our college campus.
1.7 ERECTION OF SIGNALS AND TOWERS:

 A signal is a device erected to define the exact position of an observed station. Day
light or non luminous signal i.e., flags tied to posts (ranging rods),are used as signals
at the different four stations.
 A tower is a structure erected over a station for the support of the instrument and
observing party and is provided when the station or the signal or both to be elevated.
Since the survey is done on temporary stations a rigid, smooth and flat surface is
selected and the instrument and observing party are setup over that and the
observations are taken.
15
1.8 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF THE SIDES:
1. At first the instrument is setup at station A and all the temporary adjustments like
centring, levelling, and focusing are done.
2. The venire A is made to 0 and thus venire B as 180 and the instrument is made as face
left. Now the lower clamp of the theodolite is loosened and the targets placed at B
point is bisected for exact bisection. Exact bisection of the station is done using the
lower tangential screw.
3. Through telescope the line AB is ranged and the length AB by using subtense bar for
finding horizontal distance.
4. Similarly, the other sides of the triangle i.e., length AP measured from A to P, and
length BP is measured by ranging and chaining from station B to P.
5. Likewise various triangles are formed within the given quadrilateral plot and the sides
of all other triangles such as ∆𝐴𝑃𝐵, ∆𝐵𝑃𝑄, ∆𝐴𝑄𝐵 are measured by chaining along the
sides of these triangles.
6. The measured length of the sides of the triangles is then noted in observations.
1.9 CHECKING THE LENGTH OF THE SIDES:

1) The checking of the measured length of the sides are done by using
Theodolite
2) The theodolite instrument is kept at the target station A and the initial
adjustments and the side of triangles calculating by using sine rule.
3) The target is kept at the target station B and the ray by observing the
levelling staff in the target the accurate length between the two stations can
be determined.
4) Similarly all other all other length of the sides of the four triangles are
determined.
5) Thus with these length measurements the chainage length can be

corrected.
16
1.10 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AT LAPLACE STATIONS:
1. Setup the theodolite and perform all the three temporary adjustments.
2. Set venire A to read O tight upper clamp
3. Keep face left and direct the telescope, bisect the ranging rod at P
4. Now tighter the lower clamp and release the upper lamp
5. Swing the telescope and bring the image of the sun to the I-quadrant of the cross hair
6. For making the vertical and horizontal hair tangential to the image of the sun, use the
upper clamp and vertical circle clamp. Immediately note down the time, horizontal
angle and vertical angle.
7. Change the face and release the upper clamp and vertical circle clamp and being the
image of the sun to the III quadrant, making the horizontal and vertical hairs
tangential to the image. Immediately note down the time, vertical angle and horizontal
circle reading.
8. Average of the concerned two values gives that value corresponding to the sun.
17
1.11 (A) - OBSERVATION USING SUBTENSE BAR:
TABLE – 1.1 FROM C BLOCK TO A BLOCK
HORIZONTAL ANGLE
MEAN
FACE SIGHT TO VERNIER A VERNIER B
0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0''
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEFT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 57 20 1 54 40 1 56 0
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 55 0 1 57 20 1 56 10
MEAN= 1 56 5
TABLE – 1.2 FROM A BLOCK TO C BLOCK

HORIZONTAL ANGLE
MEAN
FACE SIGHT TO VERNIER A VERNIER B
0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0''
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEFT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 55 40 1 56 40 1 56 10
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 56 0 1 56 0 1 56 0
MEAN= 1 56 5
1.11 (B) - OBSERVATION USING THEOOLITE:

TABLE - 1.3 TRILATERATION AT STATION A&B
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA ANGLE ANGLE
STATION POINT
READING
REMARK
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 22 0 Red tower
A Q 1.555 68 5 0 1 56 20 Temple Tower
B 112 1 30 4 21 30 Station Point
A 0 0 0 4 22 0 Station Point
B P 1.395 62 2 35 1 23 35 Red tower
Q 122 4 0 2 4 0 Temple Tower
18
1.12 FIELD MEASUREMENTS:
Figure 1.1 – Trilteration field measurements
Where,
𝜃1 = 46°56′ 30′′ α = 112°01′30′′
𝜃2 = 65°05′00′′
𝜃3 = 60°02′35′′ β = 122°04′00′′
𝜃4 = 62°01′25′′
𝜃5 = 180° − (α + 𝜃3) = 7°55′55′′
𝜃6 = 180° − (β + 𝜃1) = 10°59′30′′
1.13 CALCULATIONS:
1.13.1 Base line of AB station:
AB = D = { 206265*(S/θ) }
Where, S = Length of Subtense Bar
θ = Subtended Angle = 1°56'05''
AB = 206265 * (3/ 1°56'05'')
AB = 88.84m
19
1.13.2 To find out distance of side:
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
Θ5= 7°55’55’’
Θ3= 60°02’35’’
α= 112°01’30’’
To calculate the Distance of AP:

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃 𝐵𝑃
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ5 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ5 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ3
88.84
AP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(60°02’35”)
sin(7°55’55”)
AP = 577.77 m
To calculate the Distance of BP:
𝐴𝑃 𝐵𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
88.84
BP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(112°01’30”)
sin(7°55’55”)
BP = 596.80 m
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
Θ1 = 46°56’30’’
Θ6 = 10°59’30’’
β= 122°04’00’’
20
To calculate the Distance of BQ:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑄
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1
88.84
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(46°56’30”)
sin(10°59’30”)
BQ = 340.45 m
To calculate the Distance of AQ:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
88.84
AQ= 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(122°04’00”)
sin(10°59’30”)
AQ = 394.86 m
To calculate the Distance of PQ:
BP = 596.80 m
BQ = 340.45 m
PQ = √ 𝐵𝑃² + 𝐵𝑄 2
PQ = √ 596.8² + 340.45²
PQ = 678.08 m
21
1.14AREA CALCULATION
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
557.77+596.80+88.84
=
2
S= 621.71 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

a = AP = 557.77 m
b = BP = 596.80 m
A =√621.71(63.94𝑋24.91𝑋532.84) c = AB = 88.84 m
Area of APB = 22970.88 m2

Area of APB = 5.68 Acre
Area of APB = 2.297 Hectare
𝐢𝐢) < 𝐏𝐐𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
678.08+596.80+340.45
=
2
S= 807.66 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√807.66(129.58𝑋210.86𝑋467.21)
a = PQ = 678.08 m
Area of PQB = 101539.83 m2 b = BP = 596.80 m
Area of PQB = 25.09 Acre c = BQ = 340.45 m
Area of PQB = 10.15 Hectare
22
Total Area = APB + PQB
= 5.68 + 25.09
Total Area = 30.77 Acre
i) Area = 30.77 Acre
ii) Area = 124510.71 m2
iii) Area = 12.45 Hectare
1.15 RESULTS:
Length of the sides of triangles:
TABLE 1.4 – TRILATERATION RESULT
AB = 88.84 m BP = 596.80 m
AP = 577.77 m BQ = 340.45 m
AQ = 394.86 m PQ = 678.08 m
Area = 124510.71 m2
Area = 12.45 Hectare
23
Figure 2.1 – Trilteration Result
1.16 CONCLUSION:
 The angles found by the cosine formula were used to find the co-ordinates of various
stations.
 Through trilateration, we learnt to calculate the dimensions of closed traverse. This
finds the application in large survey projects like urban rehabilitation and land use.
24
2. DETERMINATION OF
THE LATITUDE OF THE
PLACE OF
OBSERVATION
25
EX. NO:
DATE:
2. DETERMINATION OF THE LATITUDE OF THE PLACE

OF OBSERVATION
2.1 AIM:
The aim of geodetic survey is to establish a certain number of points on the surface whose
relative positions and elevations are determined. The positions of these points are determined
relatively in terms of length and zenith of line joining them absolutely in terms of the co
ordinate latitudes and elevation of sea level. These points serve as control points with
reference to which other ordinary topographic survey may be carried out. Hence it is more
accurate the control points wherein primarily angles are measured and the sides connecting
the points are computed with reference to choose accurate base line.
2.2 TRIANGULATION:
The horizontal control in geodetic survey is established either by triangulation system
consists of number of inter connected triangles in which the length of only one line a/called
the base lines and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. Knowing the length
of one side and the three angles, the length of other two sides of each triangle is computed.
The apex of the triangle is called the triangulation station. The main advantage of
triangulation is that it tends to accumulation of errors subsidiary bases are also selected.
2.3 METHODS ADOPTED:

2.3.1 TRIANGULATION METHOD:
The routine of triangulation survey generally consists of the following operations:
1. Reconnaissance
2. Erection of signals and towers
3. Measurement of base line
4. Measurement of horizontal angle
5. Astronomical observations
6. computations
26
2.3.2BASE LINE MEASUREMENT:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulations.
The base line is laid with great accuracy of measurement and alignment at it terms the basis
for the computation of triangulation system.
2.3.3 SELECTION OF SITE:

1. The site should be fairly level. In shopping grounds, the slopes should be
uniform and gentle.
2. The site should be free from obstructions.
3. The extremities of the base should be inter visible.
4. The ground should be firm and smooth.
2.4 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Forms of base measuring apparatus:
There are two forms:
1. Rigid bars
2. Flexible apparatus
o Rigid bars:
1. Contact apparatus
2. Optical apparatus
o Flexible apparatus:
The flexible apparatus consists of,
1. Steel invar tape
2. Steel and brass wires
2.4.1 INVAR TAPE:
Invar is steel alloy consists of 30% of nickel. It is least expansible steel alloy the co
efficient of thermal expansion is the lowest of all the known metals and alloys.
The main advantage of this tape is that it undergoes some secular change in its
length which increases slowly with time. It is softer than steel and should be handled
carefully. They are available in length of 30 to 100m with 6mm wide. They are
usually divided into mm to length of 10cm each end.
1. Three standardized tapes one for fixed measurement and the other two for
standardizing the fixed tape.
2. Straining device, making tripods supporting tripods.
27
3. A steel tape for spacing tripods
4. 6 thermometers – 4 for measuring temperature of field tape and 2 for
standardization.
2.4.2 OTHER INSTRUMENTS USED:
1. Theodolite
2. Invar steel
3. Small tripods
4. Weights – 5,8,10kgs
5. Dumpy level
6. Staff
2.5 ADVANTAGES:
1. Due to greater length of flexible apparatus, a wider choice of base site is
available.
2. The speed of measurement is quicker and thus less expansive, in this project
the invar tape is used to measure the tape.
2.6 PROCEDURE:
 To start with the theodolite is set on any one of the stations say A. The work is carried
towards B.
 The station B is sighted through the telescope of the theodolite.
 The tripods are ranged along the line of the theodolite at approximately equidistant
between them such that the invar tape is divided into segments.
 The invar tape is stretched on the knife edge of the tripods and the end is connected to
straining rods. To the other end of the tape weights are put to eliminate sagging of
tape to certain extent.
 One thing is too kept in mind that means the main divisions of the tape should rest
over the knife edge of the tripod which helps to read the length directly.
 The level staff is kept on top of tripod and levels are taken the difference in level
between two successive tripods is taken as h.
 If the base line is too length than the tape the theodolite is shifted and again ranged
towards B and then towards A and the tripods are shifted and placed in the forward
directions.
28
 The absolute length of the base line is then obtained by applying corrections of
temperature, slope, sag and pull.
2.7 CORRECTIONS:
2.7.1 CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE:
The correction for temperature is given by Ct = ∝ (Tm – To)
Where,
A = co efficient of linear expansion
To=temperature at which the tape is standardized
Tm= temperature measured during measurement
Ct = temperature measured during measurement
2.7.2 CORRECTION FOR PULL:

Cp = (p – po) L/AE
Where,
P = Pull applied during measurement in kgs
Po = Standard pull
L = length of the tape segment
A = area of cross section of tape segment
E = modulus of elasticity in kg/cm
2.7.3 CORRECTION FOR SAG:

Cs = L(WL)^2/24P^2
Where,
L = distance between supports
W=Weight of tape per unit length
P = Pull applied in kgs
T = total length of the tape
2.7.4 CORRECTION FOR TAPE:
Cv = H^2/2L
Where,
L = span between two supports
H = difference in level between two successive pegs
Details of steel tape used for measurement for measurement of baseline are as follows:
29
2.7.5 STANDARD VALUES:
(corresponding to invar tape)
1. Standard temperature = 20c
2. Standard pull = 10kgs
2.8 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
TABLE 2.1 – LATITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS:
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA
STATION POINT ANGLE ANGLE REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 4 20 Red tower
Q 19 45 10 1 20 40 Multi drum Tower
R 37 47 10 0 40 40 Yellow Tank
A S 1.225 54 52 10 0 40 0 Green tank Tower
T 64 13 30 0 36 20 Near Black Tower
U 74 4 5 0 26 30 Temple Tower
P 19 40 35 0 22 15 Red tower
B R 1.540 37 21 0 0 38 10 Yellow Tank
S 109 0 30 1 36 10 Green tank Tower
U 171 45 10 0 55 0 Temple Tower
Figure 2.1 - Latitude Field Measurements
30
2.9 CALCULATIONS:
2.9.1 BASE LINE OF AB STATION
AB = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
When analytical lense is fixed
so K=100 & C = 0
D = 100x 1.86 x cos2 (1°04’00”) + 0
D = AB = 189.90 m
2.9.2 VERTICAL DISTANCE OF AB:
Ks sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋1.86𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°01′22")
=
2
V = 4.43 m
2.9.3 TO FIND OUT DISTANCE OF SIDES:
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
To calculate the distance of AP:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
α 1 = 78º02’00”
189.9
AP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(19°40’35”) β 1 = 19°40’35”
sin(82°17’25”)
 1 = 82º17’25’’
AP = 64.52 m
31
To calculate of distance of AB:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
189.9
BP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(78º02’00”)
sin(82°17’25”)
BP = 187.44 m
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
= =
sin 𝛾 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
To calculate the distance of AQ:
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵
=
189.9
AQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(35°20′00")
sin(86°23’10”)
α 2 = 58º16’50’’
AQ = 110.04 m β 2 = 86º23’10”
To calculate the distance of AQ:  2 = 35º20’00’’
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
189.9
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(58°16'50'')
sin(86°23’10”)
BQ = 161.86 m
32
iii)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅 𝐵𝑅
= =
To calculate the distance of AR:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅
=
α 3 = 40°14’50”
189.9
𝐴𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(37°21′00”)
sin(102°24 ′ 10”) β 3 = 37°21′00”
 3 = 102°24′10”
AR = 117.96 m
To calculate the distance of BR:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑅
=
189.90
𝐵𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(40°14’50”)
sin(102°24′10”)
BR= 125.62 m
iv)< 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆 𝐵𝑆
= =
To calculate the distance of AS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆
=
189.90
α 4 = 23°09′50”
𝐴𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(109°00′30”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
β 4 = 109°00′30”
AS = 242.25 m  4 = 47°49′ 40”
33
To calculate the distance of BS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑆
=
189.90
𝐵𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(23°09′50”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
BS = 100.79 m
v)< 𝐀𝐓𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇
= =
To calculate the distance of AT:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇
=
189.90
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑋 sin(125°20′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
AT =236.86 m
α 5 = 13°48′30”
β 5 = 125°20′30”
To calculate the distance of BT:
 5 = 139º09’00’’
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑇
=
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
189.90
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑋sin(13°48′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
BT = 69.30 m
34
vi)< 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 𝐵𝑈
= =
To calculate the distance of BU:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑈
=
189.90
𝐵𝑈 = 𝑋 sin(3°57′55”)
sin(04°14′55”)
BU = 175.87 m
To check the distance of AU: α 6 = 3°57′55”

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈
= β 6 = 171º45’10’’
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6
 6 = 04°16′ 55”
189.90
𝐴𝑈 = 𝑋sin(171°45′ 10”)
sin(04°16′ 55”)
AU = 364.83 m
2.9.4 AREA CALCULATION:
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
a+b+c
Where, S =
2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
64.52+189.9+187.47
= a = AP = 64.52 m
2
b = AB = 189.90 m
S= 220.945 m c = BP = 187.47 m
35
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√220.495(155.975𝑋30.595𝑋33.025)
Area of APB = 5894.86 m2
𝐢𝐢) < 𝐀𝐐𝐁
a+b+c
S=
2
110.04+189.9+161.86
=
2
S = 230.9 m a = AQ = 110.04 m
b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
c = BQ = 161.86 m
A =√230.9(120.86𝑋41𝑋69.04)
Area of AQB = 8887.83 m2
Area of AQB = 2.196 Acre
Area of AQB = 0.888 Hectare
𝐯𝐢)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
117.96+189.90+125.62
=
2
S = 216.74 m
a = AR = 117.96 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√216.74(98.78𝑋26.84𝑋91.12) c = BR = 125.62m
36
Area of ARB = 7236.06 m2
Area of ARB = 1.788 Acre
Area of ARB = 0.724 Hectare
𝐢𝐢𝐢) < 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
242.25+189.90+100.79
=
2
S = 266.47 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√266.47(24.22𝑋76.57𝑋165.68)
a = AS = 242.25 m
Area of ASB = 9048.48 m2
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ASB = 2.235Acre c = BS = 100.79 m
Area of ASB = 0.905 Hectare
𝐢𝐯) < 𝐀𝐓𝐁

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
236.86+189.90+69.30
=
2
S = 248.03 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√248.03(11.17𝑋58.13𝑋178.73)
a = AT = 236.86 m
Area of ATB = 5365.09 m2
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ATB = 1.326 Acre
c = BT = 69.30 m
Area of ATB = 0.536 Hectare
37
𝐯) < 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S =
2
364.83+189.90+175.87
=
2
S = 365.30 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√365.30(0.47𝑋175.4𝑋189.43) a = AU = 364.83 m
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of SEF = 2388.43 m2
c = BU = 175.87 m
Area of SEF = 0.59Acre
Area of SEF = 0.238 Hectare
Total Area = APB+AQB+ARB+ASB+ATB+AUB
= 1.456+2.196+1.788+2.235+1.326+0.59

ii) Area = 38820.75 m2
2.9.5 TO FIND INTERMEDIATE DISTANCE OF POINTS:
PQ DISTANCE:
∝ = 19º45’10’’
AP = 64.52 m
AQ = 110.04 m
38
PQ = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑄 2 − 2𝐴𝑝𝑋𝐴𝑄𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √64.522 + 110.042 − 2(64.52 𝑋110.04) 𝑥cos(19°45′10")
PQ = 53.92 m
QR DISTANCE:
∝ = 18º02’00’’
AR = 117.96 m
AQ = 110.04 m
QR = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑅 2 − 2𝐴𝑄𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √110.042 + 117.962 − 2(110.04 𝑋117.96) 𝑥cos(18°02′00")
QR = 36.58 m
RS DISTANCE:
∝ = 17º15’10’’
AR = 117.96 m
AS = 242.25 m
RS = √𝐴𝑅 2 + 𝐴𝑆 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √117.962 + 242.252 − 2(117.96 𝑋 242.25) 𝑥cos(17°05′00")
RS = 134.05 m
ST DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°21′20"
AT = 236.86 m
AS = 242.25 m
ST = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √242.252 + 236.862 − 2(242.25 𝑋 236.86) 𝑥cos(9°21′20")
ST = 39.43 m
39
TU DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°50′35"
AT = 236.86m
AU = 364.83 m
TU = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √ 236.86 + 364.83 2 − 2(236.25 𝑋364.83 ) 𝑥cos(9°50′35")
TU = 137.55 m
2.9.6 TO FIND OUT VERTICAL DISTANCE OF POINTS:

V =𝐷 tan 𝛼
Where,
D = Horizontal Distance of Point
𝛼 = Vertical Angle of Point
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT P:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 64.52 X tan 01º04’20’’ D = AP Distance = 64.52 m
V = 1.21 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 01º04’20’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT Q:
= 110.04 X tan 01º20’40’’ D = AQ Distance = 110.04 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT R:
= 117.96 X tan 00º40’40’’ D = AR Distance = 117.96 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT S:
40
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT T:
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT U:
2.9.7 DETERMINE THE REDUCE LEVEL OF POINTS:
R.L. of bench mark = 100.00
Height of instrument = (10.67 + 1.225) = 11.895m
Reduce level of A = R.L. of BM + H.I
= 100 + 11.895
= 110.67 m
Reduce level of B = R.L. of BM + H.I + V – H2

= 100 + 11.895 + 4.43 + 1.454
= 114.785 m
Reduce level of P = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 + 1.21
= 110.685 m
Reduce level of Q = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.58
= 109.315 m
Reduce level of R= R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 -1.395
= 110.50 m
41
Reduce level of S = R.L. of BM + H.I - V
= 100 + 11.895 – 2.82
= 109.075 m
Reduce level of T = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.50
= 109.395 m
Reduce level of U = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.81
= 109.085 m
2.9.8 DETERMINE THE LATITUDE OF POINTS:
LATITUDE AT POINT P:
Quadrant - IV
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point P = N 1W
Reduced Bering = N 19°45'10'' W
L = Distance of AP = 64.52 m
A
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 1
= 64.52 X cos (19°45'10'')
= + 60.72 m
42
LATITUDE AT POINT Q:
Quadrant - IV
2
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 2 W
L = Distance of AQ = 110.04 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 2
= 110.04 X cos (37°47'10'')
= +86.96 m
LATITUDE AT POINT R:
Quadrant - IV
3
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
43
L = Distance of AR = 117.96 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 3
= 117.96 X cos (54°52'10'')
= + 67.88 m
LATITUDE AT POINT S:
Quadrant - IV
4
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
L = Distance of AS = 242.25 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 4
= 242.25 X cos (64°13'30'')
= + 105.34 m
44
Latitude At Point T:
Quadrant - IV
T
5
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 5 W
L = Distance of AT= 236.86 m
A
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 5
= 236.86 X cos (74°04'05'')
= + 65.02 m
Latitude At Point U:
Quadrant - IV
6
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 6W
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 6
= 364.83X cos (78°02'00'')
= + 75.64 m
45
2.10 RESULT:
The latitude of the various points are determined
TABLE 2.2 – LAITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT
LENGTH OF SIDES R.L. OF POINTS LATITUDE

AB = 189.90 m BA = 189.90 m A = 110.670 m P = + 60.72 m
AP = 64.520 m BP = 187.44 m B = 114.785 m Q = + 89.96 m
AQ = 110.04 m BQ = 161.86 m P = 110.685 m R = + 67.88 m
AR = 117.96 m BR = 125.62 m Q = 109.315 m S = + 105.34 m
AS = 242.25 m BS = 100.79 m R = 110.500 m T = + 65.02 m
AT = 236.86 m BT = 69.300 m S = 109.075 m U = + 75.64 m
AU = 364.83 m BU = 175.87 m T = 109.395 m
U = 109.085 m
Figure 3.2 - Latitude of the Place of Observation Result
2.11 CONCLUSION:
The latitude is the angular distance of given place on the earth's surface north or south
of the equator, and is measured on the meridian of the place.
46
3. DETERMINATION OF
THE LONGITUDE OF THE
PLACE OF
OBSERVATION
47
EX. NO:
DATE:
3. DETERMINATION OF THE LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE

OF OBSERVATION
3.1 AIM:
The aim of geodetic survey is to establish a certain number of points on the surface whose
relative positions and elevations are determined. The positions of these points are determined
relatively in terms of length and zenith of line joining them absolutely in terms of the co
ordinate latitudes, longitudes and elevation of sea level. These points serve as control points
with reference to which other ordinary topographic survey may be carried out. Hence it is
more accurate the control points wherein primarily angles are measured and the sides
connecting the points are computed with reference to choose accurate base line.
3.2 TRIANGULATION:
The horizontal control in geodetic survey is established either by triangulation system
consists of number of inter connected triangles in which the length of only one line a/called
the base lines and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. Knowing the length
of one side and the three angles, the length of other two sides of each triangle is computed.
The apex of the triangle is called the triangulation station. The main advantage of
triangulation is that it tends to accumulation of errors subsidiary bases are also selected.
3.3 METHODS ADOPTED:

3.3.1 TRIANGULATION METHOD:
The routine of triangulation survey generally consists of the following operations:
1. Reconnaissance
2. Erection of signals and towers
3. Measurement of base line
4. Measurement of horizontal angle
5. Astronomical observations
6. computations
48
3.3.2 BASE LINE MEASUREMENT:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulations. The base
line is laid with great accuracy of measurement and alignment at it terms the basis for the
computation of triangulation system.
3.3.3 SELECTION OF SITE:

1. The site should be fairly level. In shopping grounds, the slopes should be uniform
and gentle.
2. The site should be free from obstructions.
3. The extremities of the base should be inter visible.
4. The ground should be firm and smooth.
3.4 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Forms of base measuring apparatus:
There are two forms:
1. Rigid bars
2. Flexible apparatus
 Rigid bars:
1. Contact apparatus
2. Optical apparatus
 Flexible apparatus:
The flexible apparatus consists of,
1. Steel invar tape
2. Steel and brass wires
3.4.1 INVAR TAPE:

Invar is steel alloy consists of 30% of nickel. It is least expansible steel alloy the co
efficient of thermal expansion is the lowest of all the known metals and alloys.
The main advantage of this tape is that it undergoes some secular change in its
length which increases slowly with time. It is softer than steel and should be handled
carefully. They are available in length of 30 to 100m with 6mm wide. They are
usually divided into mm to length of 10cm each end.
49
1. Three standardized tapes one for fixed measurement and the other two
for standardizing the fixed tape.
2. Straining device, making tripods supporting tripods.
3. A steel tape for spacing tripods
4. 6 thermometers – 4 for measuring temperature of field tape and 2 for
standardization.
3.4.2 OTHER INSTRUMENTS USED:

1. Theodolite
2. Invar steel
3. Small tripods
4. Weights – 5,8,10kgs
5. Dumpy level
6. Staff
3.5 ADVANTAGES:
1. Due to greater length of flexible apparatus, a wider choice of base site is
available.
2. The speed of measurement is quicker and thus less expansive, in this
project the invar tape is used to measure the tape.
3.6 PROCEDURE:
 To start with the theodolite is set on any one of the stations say A. The work is carried
towards B.
 The station B is sighted through the telescope of the theodolite.
 The tripods are ranged along the line of the theodolite at approximately equidistant
between them such that the invar tape is divided into segments.
 The invar tape is stretched on the knife edge of the tripods and the end is connected to
straining rods. To the other end of the tape weights are put to eliminate sagging of
tape to certain extent.
 One thing is too kept in mind that means the main divisions of the tape should rest
over the knife edge of the tripod which helps to read the length directly.
 The level staff is kept on top of tripod and levels are taken the difference in level
between two successive tripods is taken as h.
50
 If the base line is too length than the tape the theodolite is shifted and again ranged
towards B and then towards A and the tripods are shifted and placed in the forward
directions.
 The absolute length of the base line is then obtained by applying corrections of
temperature,slope,sag and pull.
3.7 CORRECTIONS:
3.7.1 CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE:
The correction for temperature is given by Ct = ∝ (Tm – To)
Where,
A = co efficient of linear expansion
To=temperature at which the tape is standardized
Tm= temperature measured during measurement
Ct = temperature measured during measurement
3.7.2 CORRECTION FOR PULL:

Cp = (p – po)L/AE
Where,
P = Pull applied during measurement in kgs
Po = Standard pull
L = length of the tape segment
A = area of cross section of tape segment
E = modulus of elasticity in kg/cm
3.7.3CORRECTION FOR SAG:

Cs = L(WL)^2/24P^2
Where,
L = distance between supports
W=Weight of tape per unit length
P = Pull applied in kgs
T = total length of the tape
3.7.4CORRECTION FOR TAPE:

Cv = H^2/2L
Where,
51
L = span between two supports
H = difference in level between two successive pegs
Details of steel tape used for measurement for measurement of baselinr are as follows:
3.7.5 STANDARD VALUES:
(corresponding to invar tape)
3. Standard temperature = 20c
4. Standard pull = 10kgs
TABLE 3.1 – LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS:
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA
STATION POINT ANGLE ANGLE REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 4 20 Red tower
R 37 47 10 0 40 40 Yellow Tank
A S 1.225 54 52 10 0 40 0 Green tank Tower
U 74 4 5 0 26 30 Temple Tower
P 19 40 35 0 22 15 Red tower
B R 1.540 37 21 0 0 38 10 Yellow Tank
S 109 0 30 1 36 10 Green tank Tower
U 171 45 10 0 55 0 Temple Tower
Figure 3.1 - Longitude Field Measurements
52
3.9 CALCULATIONS:
3.9.1 BASE LINE OF AB STATION
AB = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
so K=100 & C = 0
D = 100x 1.86 x cos2 (1°04’00”) + 0
D = AB = 189.90 m
3.9.2 VERTICAL DISTANCE OF AB:
Ks sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋1.86𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°01′22")
=
2
V = 4.43 m
3.9.3 TO FIND OUT DISTANCE OF SIDES:
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
= =
To calculate the distance of AP:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 α 1 = 78º02’00”
189.9 β 1 = 19°40’35”
AP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(19°40’35”)
sin(82°17’25”)
 1 = 82º17’25’’
AP = 64.52 m
53
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑃
=
189.9
BP =
sin(82°17’25”)
𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(78º02’00”)
BP = 187.44 m
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
= =
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵
=
189.9
AQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(35°20′00") α 2 = 58º16’50’’
sin(52°40’10”)
β 2 = 86º23’10”
AQ = 110.04 m
 2 = 35º20’00’’
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
189.9
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(58°16'50'')
sin(86°23’10”)
BQ = 161.86 m
54
iii)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅 𝐵𝑅
= =
To calculate the distance of AR:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅
=
189.9
𝐴𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(37°21′00”) α 3 = 40°14’50”
sin(102°21′ 10”)
β 3 = 37°21′00”
AR = 117.96 m
 3 = 102°24′10”
To calculate the distance of BR:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑅
=
189.90
𝐵𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(40°14’50”)
sin(102°24′10”)
BR= 125.62 m
iv)< 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆 𝐵𝑆
= =
To calculate the distance of AS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆
= α 4 = 23°09′50”
β 4 = 109°00′30”
189.90
𝐴𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(109°00′30”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)  4 = 47°49′ 40”
AS = 242.25 m
55
To calculate the distance of BS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑆
=
189.90
𝐵𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(23°09′50”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
BS = 100.79 m
v)< 𝐀𝐓𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇
= =
To calculate the distance of AT:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇
=
189.90
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑋 sin(125°20′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
α 5 = 13°48′30”
AT =236.86 m β 5 = 125°20′30”
 5 = 139°09′30”
To calculate the distance of BT:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑇
=
189.90
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑋sin(13°48′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
BT = 69.30 m
vi)< 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 𝐵𝑈
= =
56
To calculate the distance of BU:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑈
=
189.90
𝐵𝑈 = 𝑋 sin(3°51′55”)
sin(04°14′55”)
BU = 175.87 m
To check the distance of AU: α 6 = 171°45′ 10”
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 β 6 = 03°51′55”
=
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6
 6 = 04°16′ 55”
189.90
𝐴𝑈 = 𝑋sin(171°45′ 10”)
sin(04°16′ 55”)
AU = 364.83 m
3.9.4 AREA CALCULATION:
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
a+b+c
Where, S =
2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
64.52+189.9+187.47
=
2
S= 220.945 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

a = AP = 64.52 m
A =√220.495(155.975𝑋30.595𝑋33.025)
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of APB = 5894.86 m2 c = BP = 187.47 m
57
𝐢𝐢) < 𝐀𝐐𝐁
a+b+c
S=
2
110.04+189.9+161.86
=
2
S = 230.9 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) a = AQ = 110.04 m

b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√230.9(120.86𝑋41𝑋69.04)
c = BQ = 161.86 m
Area of AQB = 8887.83 m2
Area of AQB = 2.196 Acre
Area of AQB = 0.888 Hectare
𝐯𝐢)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
117.96+189.90+125.62
=
2
S = 216.74 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

a = AR = 117.96 m
A =√216.74(98.78𝑋26.84𝑋91.12)
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ARB = 7236.06 m2 c = BR = 125.62m
Area of ARB = 1.788 Acre
Area of ARB = 0.724 Hectare
58
𝐢𝐢𝐢) < 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
242.25+189.90+100.79
=
2
S = 266.47 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) a = AS = 242.25 m

b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√266.47(24.22𝑋76.57𝑋165.68)
c = BS = 100.79 m
Area of ASB = 9048.48 m2
Area of ASB = 2.235Acre
Area of ASB = 0.905 Hectare
𝐢𝐯) < 𝐀𝐓𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
236.86+189.90+69.30
=
2
S = 248.03 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

a = AT = 236.86 m
A =√248.03(11.17𝑋58.13𝑋178.73)
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ATB = 5365.09 m2 c = BT = 69.30 m
Area of ATB = 1.326 Acre
Area of ATB = 0.536 Hectare
59
𝐯) < 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S =
2
364.83+189.90+175.87
=
2
S = 365.30 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
a = AU = 364.83 m
A =√365.30(0.47𝑋175.4𝑋189.43)
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of SEF = 2388.43 m2 c = BU = 175.87 m
Area of SEF = 0.59Acre
Total Area = APB+AQB+ARB+ASB+ATB+AUB
= 1.456+2.196+1.788+2.235+1.326+0.59

ii) Area = 38820.75 m2
3.9.5 TO FIND INTERMEDIATE DISTANCE OF POINTS:
PQ DISTANCE:
∝ = 19º45’10’’
AP = 64.52 m
AQ = 110.04 m
60
PQ = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑄 2 − 2𝐴𝑝𝑋𝐴𝑄𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √64.522 + 110.042 − 2(64.52 𝑋110.04) 𝑥cos(19°45′10")
PQ = 53.92 m
QR DISTANCE:
∝ = 18º02’00’’
AR = 117.96 m
AQ = 110.04 m
QR = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑅 2 − 2𝐴𝑄𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √110.042 + 117.962 − 2(110.04 𝑋117.96) 𝑥cos(18°02′00")
QR = 36.58 m
RS DISTANCE:
∝ = 17º15’10’’
AR = 117.96 m
AS = 242.25 m
RS = √𝐴𝑅 2 + 𝐴𝑆 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √117.962 + 242.252 − 2(117.96 𝑋 242.25) 𝑥cos(17°05′00")
RS = 134.05 m
ST DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°21′20"
AT = 236.86 m
AS = 242.25 m
ST = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √242.252 + 236.862 − 2(242.25 𝑋 236.86) 𝑥cos(9°21′20")
ST = 39.43 m
61
TU DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°50′35"
AT = 236.86m
AU = 364.83 m
TU = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √ 236.86 + 364.83 2 − 2(236.25 𝑋364.83 ) 𝑥cos(9°50′35")
TU = 137.55 m
3.9.6 TO FIND OUT VERTICAL DISTANCE OF POINTS:

V =𝐷 tan 𝛼
Where,
D = Horizontal Distance of Point
𝛼 = Vertical Angle of Point
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT P:
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT Q:
= 110.04 X tan 01º20’40’’ D = AQ Distance = 110.04 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT R:
= 117.96 X tan 00º40’40’’ D = AR Distance = 117.96 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT S:
62
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT T:
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT U:
3.9.7 DETERMINE THE REDUCE LEVEL OF POINTS:
R.L. of bench mark = 100.00
Height of instrument = (10.67 + 1.225) = 11.895m
Reduce level of A = R.L. of BM + H.I

= 100 + 11.895
= 110.67 m
Reduce level of B = R.L. of BM + H.I + V – H2

= 100 + 11.895 + 4.43 + 1.454
= 114.785 m
Reduce level of P = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 + 1.21
= 110.685
Reduce level of Q = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.58
= 109.315 m
Reduce level of R= R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 -1.395
= 110.50 m
63
Reduce level of S = R.L. of BM + H.I - V
= 100 + 11.895 – 2.82
= 109.075 m
Reduce level of T = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.50
= 109.395 m
Reduce level of U = R.L. of BM + H.I - V

= 100 + 11.895 – 2.81
= 109.085 m
3.9.8 DETERMINE THE LONGITUDE OF POINTS:
LONGITUTE AT POINT P:
Quadrant - IV
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point P = N 1W
L = Distance of AP = 64.52 m
A
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin1
= 64.52 X sin (19°45'10'')
= -21.80 m
64
LONGITUDE AT POINT Q:
Quadrant - IV
2
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
= L sin2
= 110.04 X sin (37°47'10'')
= -67.42 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT R:
Quadrant - IV
3
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
L = Distance of AR = 117.96 m
65
= L sin3
= 117.96 X sin (54°52'10'')
= - 96.47 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT S:
Quadrant - IV
4
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
L = Distance of AS = 242.25 m
= L sin4
= 242.25 X sin (64°13'30'')
= - 218.15 m
66
LONGITUDE AT POINT T:
Quadrant - IV
5
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
L = Distance of AT= 236.86 m
= L sin5
= 236.86 X sin (74°04'05'')
= - 227.76 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT U:
Quadrant - IV
6
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 6 W
A Reduced Bering = N 78°02'00'' W
67
= L sin6
= 364.83 X sin (78°02'00'')
= - 356.90 m
3.10 RESULT:
The longitude of the various points are determined
TABLE 3.2 – LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT
LENGTH OF SIDES R.L. OF POINTS LONGITUDE

AB = 189.90 m BA = 189.90 m A = 110.670 m P = - 21.80 m
AP = 64.520 m BP = 187.44 m B = 114.785 m Q = - 67.42 m
AQ = 110.04 m BQ = 161.86 m P = 110.685 m R = - 96.47 m
AR = 117.96 m BR = 125.62 m Q = 109.315 m S = - 218.15 m
AS = 242.25 m BS = 100.79 m R = 110.500 m T = - 227.76 m
AT = 236.86 m BT = 69.300 m S = 109.075 m U = - 356.90 m
AU = 364.83 m BU = 175.87 m T = 109.395 m
U = 109.085 m
Figure 3.2 - Longitude of the Place of Observation Result
3.11 CONCLUSION:
The longitude of given place determined from the angle between a fixed reference
meridian called prime meridian.
68
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
69
EX.NO:
DATE:
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Contouring is a method of representing the ground surface from using contour
lines. The block contour is a method by which a given area is divided into a number of blocks
of equal dimensions. The map of the area is drawn using this contour line. The contour lines
are imaginary lines on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. These are drawn by
determining the reduced level of various points within the area. The intermediate points may
be chosen based on the convenience.

1. Dumpy level:
The dumpy level is used for determining the differences of the
elevations of various stations.
2. Levelling staff:
Leveling staff of 0.005m least count is used to deduce the R.L.of
the points.
3. Metric chain:
A 30 m metric chain is used for setting out the blocks.
4. Arrows & pegs
4.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
The site selected for contouring was an undulated area outside the S.G.I.T
campus. The area was visited by our team one day before we started the exercise. We found
that the area was most suitable for contouring.
4.4 PROCEDURE:
 The site of block contour was selected outside our college campus by
reconnaissance survey.
 The dimensions were taken to be size of 12000sqm
 Then the area was divided into blocks of size 5m x 5m by using cross
staff , chain and ranging rods.
 The dumpy levels are fixed at a station such that all the intersecting
points of the blocks were visible.
70
 Then the staff readings were taken by keeping the staff at all the
intersecting points of the blocks.
 Then the R.L.is determined by the height of collimation method.
 Finally, all the reduced levels are plotted in the A2 size graph sheet.
 The contours are drawn by connecting the points having the same
reduced levels.
71
TABLE - 4 BLOCK CONTOURING:
HEIGHT OF REDUCE
INSTRUMEN SIGHT B.S I. S F.S INSTRUMEN D REMARK
T STATION TO (m) (m) (m) T LEVEL S
(m) (m)
O A1 1.600 101.600 100.000 B.M
A2 1.860 99.740
A3 2.055 99.545
A4 2.310 99.290
A5 2.470 99.130
A6 2.635 98.965
A7 2.790 98.810
O B1 1.890 99.710
B2 2.045 99.555
B3 2.250 99.350
B4 2.420 99.180
B5 2.680 98.920
B6 2.860 98.740
B7 2.955 98.645
O C1 2.045 99.555
C2 2.165 99.435
C3 2.390 99.210
C4 2.600 99.000
C5 2.845 98.755
C6 3.020 98.580
C7 3.030 98.570
O D1 2.200 99.400
D2 2.380 99.220
D3 2.465 99.135
D4 2.765 98.835
D5 2.930 98.670
D6 3.045 98.555
D7 3.150 98.450
O E1 2.320 99.280
E2 2.420 99.180
E3 2.835 98.765
E4 2.945 98.655
E5 3.090 98.510
E6 3.245 98.355
E7 3.235 98.365
72
B.S I. S F.S HEIGHT OF REDUCED
INSTRUMENT SIGHT
INSTRUMENT LEVEL REMARKS
STATION TO
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
O F1 2.585 99.015
F2 2.810 98.790
F3 2.950 98.650
F4 3.090 98.510
F5 3.290 98.310
F6 3.365 98.235
F7 3.300 98.300
O G1 2.575 99.025
G2 2.660 98.940
G3 2.720 98.880
G4 2.925 98.675
G5 2.990 98.610
G6 3.150 98.450
G7 3.305 98.295
O H1 1.735 99.865
H2 1.875 99.725
H3 2.160 99.440
H4 2.210 99.390
H5 2.655 98.945
H6 2.830 98.770
H7 3.410 98.190
O I1 1.700 99.900
I2 2.895 98.705
I3 3.110 98.490
I4 3.235 98.365
I5 3.380 98.220
I6 3.400 98.200
I7 3.430 98.170
Check:
∑B.S - ∑F.S = LAST R.L - FIRST R.L
1.600-3.430 = 98.170 - 100.000
-1.830 = -1.830
Note:
Where, B.S - BACK SIGHT

I.S - INTERMEDIATE SIGHT
F.S - FORE SIGHT
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 m.
Reduced Level = ( R.L Of Bench Mark + B.S ) - I.S/F.S

73
4.6 RESULT:
The R.L of the various intermediate points was deduced from the staff
readings taken at the site. From the deduced R.L. a contour map was drawn indicating the
points of equal elevation in the given area.
4.7 CONCLUSION:
We gained experience in drawing the contour maps, which can be used for
tracing contour gradients and locating routs, measurements of drainage area and calculating
the reservoir capacity.
74
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
75
EX.NO:
DATE:
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
5.1 INTRODUTION:
The highway projects consist of aligning a highway and calculating the earthwork
involved by determining the cross-section of the highway at various intervals. The centerline
was divided into equal intervals. The cross-section of the highway at these regular were found
by cross levelling. The drawing of the cross-section is prepared with formation width and side
slopes. The earthwork involved is calculated from the area of the cross-section.
 Dumpy level
 Levelling staff
 Arrows
 Chain
 Cross staff
 Ranging rod
5.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
It is a primary survey that has to be conducted before every survey work.
During this site is visited to get a general idea about how to begin the work.
5.4 PROCEDURE:
 Centreline was marked along the alignment of the road.
 Assumed road width at ground level was 4m.
 Along the centreline the points are marked at 10m interval up to entire length
and named as A, B, C, D, E and F…..
In the traverse direction offsets were marked at 2m interval from each point on both side of
the central line up to edge of the road
1. The staff was kept at all offsets and readings were tabulated.
2. The reduced level of all the offsets is calculated.
3. The cross-section and longitudinal section are drawn in the graph and earth work was
calculated using prismodial formula.
76
5.5 OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:
TABLE 5.1 - CROSS-SECTION:
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L

STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
A BM 1.470 101.470 100.000

L 1.500 99.970
0m C 1.470 100.000
R 1.560 99.910
L 1.535 99.935
SPEED
10m C 1.430 100.040
BREAKER
R 1.595 99.875
L 1.580 99.890
20m C 1.530 99.940
R 1.580 99.890
L 1.600 99.870
30m C 1.530 99.940
R 1.575 99.895
L 1.645 99.825
40m C 1.540 99.930
R 1.560 99.910
L 1.630 99.840
50m C 1.560 99.910
R 1.560 99.910
L 1.600 99.870
60m C 1.560 99.910
R 1.580 99.890
L 1.640 99.830
70m C 1.690 99.780
R 1.600 99.870
L 1.610 99.860
80m C 1.510 99.960
R 1.520 99.950
L 1.580 99.890
90m C 1.510 99.960
R 1.560 99.910
L 1.650 99.820
100m C 1.590 99.880
R 1.640 99.830
L 1.940 99.530
110m C 1.990 99.480
R 1.980 99.490
77
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.270 99.200
WIDENING
120m L 2.230 99.240
C 2.210 99.260
R 2.280 99.190
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.295 99.175
WIDENING
130m L 2.270 99.200
C 2.230 99.240
R 2.260 99.210
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.155 99.315
WIDENING
140m C 2.140 99.330
R 2.120 99.350
C 2.170 99.300
L 2.210 99.260
150m C 2.160 99.310
R 2.270 99.200
L 2.340 99.130
160m C 2.250 99.220
R 2.380 99.090
L 2.460 99.010
170m C 2.410 99.060
R 2.440 99.030
L 2.540 98.930
180m C 2.500 98.970
R 2.530 98.940
L 2.540 98.930
190m C 2.460 99.010
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.640 98.830
200m C 2.650 98.820
R 2.700 98.770
L 2.900 98.570
210m C 2.580 98.890
R 2.600 98.870
L 2.710 98.760
220m C 2.650 98.820
R 2.720 98.750
L 2.900 98.570
230m C 2.770 98.700 CURVE POINT
R 2.630 98.840
78
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.600 98.870
240m C 2.500 98.970 ELECTRICAL
R 2.550 98.920 POST
L 2.550 98.920
250m C 2.450 99.020
R 2.480 98.990
L 2.520 98.950
260m C 2.420 99.050
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.500 98.970
270m C 2.380 99.090
R 2.440 99.030
L 2.580 98.890
280m C 2.600 98.870
R 2.700 98.770
L 2.450 99.020
290m C 2.400 99.070
R 2.400 99.070
L 2.580 98.890
300m C 2.500 98.970
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.550 98.920
310m C 2.450 99.020 CHANGING
B R 2.230 2.550 101.150 98.920 POINT 1
L 2.210 98.940
320m C 2.170 98.980
R 2.220 98.930
L 2.200 98.950
330m C 2.190 98.960
R 2.140 99.010
L 1.700 99.450
340m C 1.750 99.400 CURVE POINT
R 1.850 99.300
L 1.700 99.450
ELECTRICAL
350m C 1.770 99.380
POST
R 1.690 99.460
L 1.700 99.450
360m C 1.850 99.300
R 2.100 99.050
L 1.700 99.450
370m C 1.800 99.350
R 2.000 99.150
79
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.800 99.350
380m C 1.750 99.400
R 1.820 99.330
L 1.950 99.200
390m C 1.980 99.170
R 2.000 99.150
L 2.220 98.930
400m C 2.140 99.010
R 2.100 99.050
L 2.140 99.010
410m C 1.950 99.200 CURVE POINT
R 1.690 99.460
L 1.950 99.200
420m C 1.870 99.280 CURVE POINT
R 1.800 99.350
L 1.800 99.350 ELECTRICAL
430m C 1.770 99.380 POST
R 1.750 99.400
440m C 1.580 99.570 POST
R 1.630 99.520
L 1.590 99.560
450m C 1.590 99.560
R 1.580 99.570
L 1.400 99.750
460m C 1.400 99.750
R 1.510 99.640
L 1.350 99.800
470m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.360 99.790
480m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.390 99.760
490m C 1.390 99.760
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.360 99.790
500m C 1.390 99.760
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.440 99.710
510m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.360 99.790
80
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.450 99.700
520m C 1.350 99.800
R 1.360 99.790
L 1.440 99.710
530m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.370 99.780
L 1.400 99.750
540m C 1.320 99.830
R 1.390 99.760
L 1.360 99.790
C 1.300 99.850 CONSTRUCTIO
550m
N ARCH
R 1.390 99.760
560m C 1.300 99.850 POST
R 1.400 99.750
L 1.370 99.780
570m C 1.300 99.850
R 1.370 99.780
L 1.390 99.760
580m C 1.370 99.780
R 1.390 99.760
L 1.370 99.780
590m C 1.350 99.800
R 1.410 99.740
L 1.340 99.810
600m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.420 99.730
L 1.390 99.760
610m C 1.340 99.810
R 1.400 99.750
L 1.420 99.730
620m C 1.340 99.810
R 1.510 99.640
L 1.400 99.750
630m C 1.400 99.750
R 1.480 99.670
L 1.420 99.730
640m C 1.400 99.750 CHANGING
C R 2.030 1.420 101.760 99.730 POINT 2
L 1.990 99.770
650m C 1.950 99.810 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 POST
81
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.180 99.580
660m C 1.940 99.820
R 1.995 99.765
L 1.970 99.790
670m C 1.910 99.850
R 1.930 99.830
L 1.890 99.870
680m C 1.855 99.905
R 1.895 99.865
L 1.860 99.900
690m C 1.815 99.945
R 1.840 99.920
L 1.810 99.950
700m C 1.750 100.010
R 1.800 99.960
L 1.860 99.900
710m C 1.750 100.010
R 1.720 100.040
L 1.770 99.990
720m C 1.670 100.090
R 1.700 100.060
L 1.660 100.100
730m C 1.550 100.210
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.560 100.200
740m C 1.570 100.190
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.630 100.130
750m C 1.670 100.090
R 1.670 100.090
L 1.590 100.170
760m C 1.550 100.210
R 1.560 100.200
L 1.620 100.140
770m C 1.560 100.200
R 1.520 100.240
L 1.650 100.110
780m C 1.590 100.170
R 1.560 100.200
L 1.570 100.190
790m C 1.590 100.170
R 2.025 99.735
82
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.690 100.070
800m C 1.570 100.190
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.690 100.070
810m C 1.590 100.170
R 1.670 100.090
L 1.690 100.070
820m C 1.630 100.130
R 1.640 100.120
L 1.650 100.110
830m C 1.630 100.130
R 1.690 100.070
L 1.650 100.110
840m C 1.700 100.060
R 1.820 99.940
L 1.340 100.420
850m C 1.730 100.030 CURVE POINT
R 1.710 100.050
L 1.860 99.900
860m C 1.770 99.990
R 1.750 100.010
L 2.100 99.660
870m C 1.890 99.870
R 1.740 100.020
L 2.100 99.660
880m C 1.900 99.860 CURVE POINT
R 1.700 100.060
L 1.900 99.860
890m C 1.800 99.960
R 1.800 99.960
L 1.900 99.860
900m C 1.810 99.950
R 1.830 99.930
L 2.100 99.660
910m C 1.900 99.860
CHANGING
D R 1.650 1.900 101.510 99.860
POINT 3
L 1.300 100.210
920m C 1.600 99.910
R 1.700 99.810
L 1.330 100.180
CONSTRUCTIO
930m C 1.630 99.880
N ARCH
R 1.730 99.780
83
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.720 99.790
940m C 1.680 99.830
R 1.750 99.760
L 1.700 99.810 CURVE POINT
950m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.600 99.910
L 1.600 99.910
960m C 1.580 99.930
R 1.720 99.790
L 1.700 99.810
970m C 1.660 99.850
R 1.730 99.780
L 1.500 100.010
980m C 1.510 100.000
R 1.550 99.960
L 1.460 100.050
990m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.500 100.010
L 1.360 100.150
1000m C 1.400 100.110
R 1.500 100.010
L 1.350 100.160
1010m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.550 99.960
L 1.410 100.100
1020m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.560 99.950
L 1.550 99.960
1030m C 1.560 99.950
R 1.620 99.890
L 1.470 100.040
1040m C 1.500 100.010
R 1.600 99.910
L 1.540 99.970
1050m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.610 99.900
L 1.560 99.950
1060m C 1.520 99.990
R 1.590 99.920
L 1.670 99.840
1070m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.710 99.800
84
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.750 99.760
1080m C 1.710 99.800
R 1.800 99.710
L 1.840 99.670
1090m C 1.810 99.700
R 1.860 99.650
L 1.940 99.570
1100m C 1.890 99.620
R 1.910 99.600
L 1.920 99.590
1110m C 1.820 99.690
R 1.810 99.700
L 2.000 99.510
1120m C 1.900 99.610
R 1.950 99.560
L 2.025 99.485
1130m C 1.960 99.550
R 1.950 99.560
L 1.950 99.560
1140m C 1.960 99.550
R 1.960 99.550
L 2.100 99.410
1150m C 2.085 99.425
R 2.125 99.385
L 2.130 99.380
1160m C 2.120 99.390
R 2.140 99.370
L 2.200 99.310
1170m C 2.180 99.330
R 2.300 99.210
L 2.260 99.250
1180m C 2.270 99.240
R 2.250 99.260
L 2.370 99.140
1190m C 2.410 99.100
R 2.270 99.240
L 2.410 99.100
1200m C 2.270 99.240
R 2.500 99.010
1210m C 2.200 99.310 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 POST
85
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
ELECTRICAL
L 2.200 99.310 TRANSFORME
1220m R
C 2.400 99.110
R 2.270 99.240
L 2.470 99.040
1230m C 2.440 99.070
CHANGING
E R 1.280 2.300 100.490 99.210
POINT 4
L 1.420 99.070 ITALI INDIA
1240m C 1.310 99.180 (P) LTD.
R 1.280 99.210
L 1.540 98.950
1250m C 1.460 99.030
R 1.450 99.040
L 1.570 98.920
1260m C 1.540 98.950
R 1.640 98.850
L 1.480 99.010
1270m C 1.500 98.990
R 1.560 98.930
L 1.480 99.010
1280m C 1.470 99.020
R 1.490 99.000
L 1.500 98.990
1290m C 1.490 99.000
R 1.495 98.995
L 1.520 98.970
1300m C 1.500 98.990
R 1.525 98.965
L 1.500 98.990 PENGUIN
1310m C 1.480 99.010 COMPANY
R 1.500 98.990
L 1.540 98.950
1320m C 1.550 98.940
R 1.570 98.920
L 1.550 98.940
1330m C 1.560 98.930
R 1.525 98.965
L 1.625 98.865
1340m C 1.590 98.900
R 1.570 98.920
L 1.600 98.890
1350m C 1.550 98.940
R 2.025 99.735
86
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.570 98.920
1360m C 1.540 98.950
R 1.550 98.940
L 1.570 98.920
1370m C 1.520 98.970
R 1.575 98.915
L 1.640 98.850
1380m C 1.580 98.910
R 1.575 98.915
L 1.660 98.830
1390m C 1.610 98.880
R 1.625 98.865
L 1.695 98.795
1400m C 1.625 98.865
R 1.640 98.850
L 1.620 98.870
1410m C 1.630 98.860
R 1.645 98.845
L 1.490 99.000
1420m C 1.525 98.965
R 1.630 98.860
1430m C 1.430 99.060
R 1.500 98.990
L 1.450 99.040
1440m C 1.400 99.090
R 1.450 99.040
L 1.390 99.100
1450m C 1.325 99.165
R 1.390 99.100
L 1.295 99.195
1460m C 1.245 99.245
R 1.285 99.205
L 1.260 99.230
1470m C 1.240 99.250
R 1.290 99.200
L 1.250 99.240
1480m C 1.210 99.280
R 1.240 99.250
L 1.215 99.275
1490m C 1.110 99.380
R 2.025 99.735
87
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.120 99.370
1500m C 1.100 99.390
R 1.150 99.340
1510m C 1.140 99.350 3 - ROAD CROSS
F R 1.850 1.200 101.140 99.290 CHANGING POINT 5
L 1.840 99.300
1520m C 1.795 99.345
R 1.790 99.350
L 1.850 99.290
1530m C 1.810 99.330
R 1.810 99.330
L 1.730 99.410
1540m C 1.810 99.330
R 1.805 99.335
L 1.640 99.500
CURVE POINT
1550m C 1.730 99.410
R 1.830 99.310
L 1.545 99.595
CURVE POINT
1560m C 1.620 99.520
R 1.715 99.425
L 1.550 99.590
1570m C 1.595 99.545
R 1.650 99.490
L 1.345 99.795
1580m C 1.405 99.735
R 1.525 99.615
L 1.390 99.750
1590m C 1.395 99.745
R 1.460 99.680
L 1.370 99.770
1600m C 1.415 99.725
R 1.480 99.660
L 1.265 99.875
1610m C 1.325 99.815
R 1.410 99.730
L 1.200 99.940
1620m C 1.270 99.870 CHANGING
G R 2.430 1.400 102.170 99.740 POINT 6
L 2.325 99.845
1630m C 2.390 99.780 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 TOWER
88
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.210 99.960
1640m C 2.230 99.940
R 2.295 99.875
L 2.080 100.090
1650m C 2.100 100.070
R 2.200 99.970
L 1.900 100.270
1660m C 1.945 100.225
R 2.010 100.160
L 1.770 100.400
1670m C 1.790 100.380
R 1.865 100.305
L 1.645 100.525
1680m C 1.650 100.520
R 1.670 100.500
L 1.550 100.620
1690m C 1.520 100.650
R 1.415 100.755
L 1.410 100.760
1700m C 1.400 100.770
R 1.410 100.760
L 1.385 100.785
1710m C 1.400 100.770
R 1.405 100.765
L 1.490 100.680
1720m C 1.450 100.720
R 1.390 100.780
L 1.525 100.645
1730m C 1.530 100.640
R 1.575 100.595
L 1.660 100.510
1740m C 1.950 100.220
R 1.610 100.560
L 1.680 100.490
1750m C 1.685 100.485
R 1.700 100.470 ELECTRICAL
L 1.700 100.470 TOWER &
1760m C 1.770 100.400 CHANGING
H R 1.265 1.810 101.625 100.360 POINT 7
L 1.245 100.380
1770m C 1.230 100.395
R 2.025 99.735
89
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.320 100.305
1780m C 1.300 100.325
R 1.275 100.350
L 1.350 100.275
1790m C 1.305 100.320
R 1.345 100.280
L 1.420 100.205
1800m C 1.370 100.255
R 1.385 100.240
L 1.495 100.130
1810m C 1.395 100.230
R 1.375 100.250
L 1.560 100.065
1820m C 1.470 100.155
R 1.460 100.165
L 1.550 100.075
1830m C 1.475 100.150
R 1.560 100.065
L 1.565 100.060
1840m C 1.505 100.120
R 1.550 100.075
L 1.535 100.090
1850m C 1.505 100.120
R 1.565 100.060
L 1.455 100.170
1860m C 1.405 100.220
R 1.405 100.220
L 1.400 100.225
1870m C 1.370 100.255
R 1.375 100.250
L 1.530 100.095
1880m C 1.465 100.160
R 1.485 100.140
L 1.585 100.040
1890m C 1.530 100.095
R 1.570 100.055
L 1.545 100.080
1900m C 1.560 100.065 CHANGING
I R 2.365 1.585 102.405 100.040 POINT 8
L 2.390 100.015
1910m C 2.460 99.945
R 2.520 99.885
90
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.185 100.220
1920m C 2.225 100.180
R 2.290 100.115
L 2.085 100.320
1930m C 2.100 100.305
R 2.160 100.245
L 2.115 100.290
1940m C 2.110 100.295
R 2.155 100.250
L 2.030 100.375
1950m C 2.000 100.405
R 2.045 100.360
L 2.050 100.355
1960m C 2.070 100.335
R 2.100 100.305
L 2.000 100.405
1970m C 2.020 100.385
R 2.050 100.355
L 1.930 100.475
1980m C 1.925 100.480
R 1.970 100.435
L 1.785 100.620
1990m C 1.810 100.595
R 1.795 100.610
L 1.665 100.740
2000m C 1.705 100.700
R 1.730 100.675
L 1.635 100.770
2010m C 1.640 100.765
R 1.665 100.740
2020m C 1.545 100.860
R 1.600 100.805
L 1.420 100.985
2030m C 1.450 100.955
R 1.480 100.925
L 1.280 101.125
2040m C 1.290 101.115
R 1.350 101.055
L 1.190 101.215
2050m C 1.170 101.235
R 1.240 101.165
91
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.185 101.220
2060m C 1.235 101.170
R 1.265 101.140
L 1.350 101.055
2070m C 1.335 101.070
R 1.380 101.025
2080m C 1.425 100.980
R 1.470 100.935
L 1.445 100.960
2090m C 1.485 100.920
R 1.535 100.870
L 1.545 100.860
2100m C 1.510 100.895
R 1.520 100.885
L 1.490 100.915
2110m C 1.600 100.805 CHANGING
J R 1.355 1.600 102.160 100.805 POINT 9
L 1.340 100.820
2120m C 1.350 100.810
R 1.360 100.800
L 1.375 100.785
2130m C 1.325 100.835
R 1.315 100.845
L 1.410 100.750
2140m C 1.355 100.805
R 1.345 100.815
L 1.460 100.700
2150m C 1.430 100.730
R 1.435 100.725
L 1.445 100.715
2160m C 1.450 100.710
R 1.500 100.660
L 1.455 100.705
2170m C 1.430 100.730
R 1.480 100.680
L 1.500 100.660
2180m C 1.470 100.690
R 1.490 100.670
L 1.500 100.660
2190m C 1.470 100.690
R 1.500 100.660
92
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.505 100.655
2200m C 1.515 100.645
R 1.525 100.635
L 1.545 100.615
2210m C 1.560 100.600
R 1.600 100.560
L 1.610 100.550
2220m C 1.610 100.550
R 1.625 100.535
L 1.700 100.460
2230m C 1.690 100.470
R 1.740 100.420
L 1.760 100.400
2240m C 1.730 100.430
R 1.800 100.360
L 1.850 100.310
2250m C 1.830 100.330
R 1.870 100.290
Check:
∑B.S- ∑F.S = LAST R.L - FIRST R.L

17.925 - 17.635 = 100.290 - 100.000
0.290 = 0.290
Note:
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 M.
Reduced Level = ( R.L Of Bench Mark + B.S ) - I.S/F.S
Where,
B.S - BACK SIGHT R.L - REDUCED LEVEL
I.S - INTERMEDIATE SIGHT L - LEFT
F.S - FORE SIGHT C - CENTER
H.I – HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT R - RIGHT
93
TABLE 5.2 - LONGITUDINAL SECTION:
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
A BM 1.470 101.470 100.000 BENCH MARK

0m C 1.470 100.000
10m C 1.430 100.040
20m C 1.530 99.940
30m C 1.530 99.940
40m C 1.540 99.930
50m C 1.560 99.910
60m C 1.560 99.910
70m C 1.690 99.780
80m C 1.510 99.960
90m C 1.510 99.960
100m C 1.590 99.880
110m C 1.990 99.480
120m C 2.210 99.260
130m C 2.230 99.240
140m C 2.120 99.350
150m C 2.160 99.310
160m C 2.250 99.220
170m C 2.410 99.060
180m C 2.500 98.970
190m C 2.460 99.010
200m C 2.650 98.820
210m C 2.580 98.890
220m C 2.650 98.820
230m C 2.770 98.700
240m C 2.500 98.970
250m C 2.450 99.020
260m C 2.420 99.050
270m C 2.380 99.090
280m C 2.600 98.870
290m C 2.400 99.070
300m C 2.500 98.970
310m C 2.450 99.020
CHANGING
320m C 2.170 101.150 98.980
POINT 1
330m C 2.190 98.960
340m C 1.750 99.400
350m C 1.770 99.380
360m C 1.850 99.300
370m C 1.800 99.350
380m C 1.750 99.400
94
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
390m C 1.980 99.170
400m C 2.140 99.010
410m C 1.950 99.200
420m C 1.870 99.280
430m C 1.770 99.380
440m C 1.580 99.570
450m C 1.590 99.560
460m C 1.400 99.750
470m C 1.360 99.790
480m C 1.360 99.790
490m C 1.390 99.760
500m C 1.390 99.760
510m C 1.360 99.790
520m C 1.350 99.800
530m C 1.360 99.790
540m C 1.320 99.830
550m C 1.300 99.850
560m C 1.300 99.850
570m C 1.300 99.850
580m C 1.370 99.780
590m C 1.350 99.800
600m C 1.360 99.790
610m C 1.340 99.810
620m C 1.340 99.810
630m C 1.400 99.750
CHANGING
C 640m C 1.400 99.750
POINT 2
650m C 1.950 101.760 99.810
660m C 1.940 99.820
670m C 1.910 99.850
680m C 1.855 99.905
690m C 1.815 99.945
700m C 1.750 100.010
710m C 1.750 100.010
720m C 1.670 100.090
730m C 1.550 100.210
740m C 1.570 100.190
750m C 1.670 100.090
760m C 1.550 100.210
770m C 1.560 100.200
780m C 1.590 100.170
790m C 1.590 100.170
800m C 1.570 100.190
95
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
810m C 1.590 100.170
820m C 1.630 100.130
830m C 1.630 100.130
840m C 1.700 100.060
850m C 1.730 100.030
860m C 1.770 99.990
870m C 1.890 99.870
880m C 1.900 99.860
890m C 1.800 99.960
900m C 1.810 99.950
CHANGING
D 910m C 1.900 101.510 99.860
POINT 3
920m C 1.600 99.910
930m C 1.630 99.880
940m C 1.680 99.830
950m C 1.650 99.860
960m C 1.580 99.930
970m C 1.660 99.850
980m C 1.510 100.000
990m C 1.450 100.060
1000m C 1.400 100.110
1010m C 1.450 100.060
1020m C 1.450 100.060
1030m C 1.560 99.950
1040m C 1.500 100.010
1050m C 1.650 99.860
1060m C 1.520 99.990
1070m C 1.650 99.860
1080m C 1.710 99.800
1090m C 1.810 99.700
1100m C 1.890 99.620
1110m C 1.820 99.690
1120m C 1.900 99.610
1130m C 1.960 99.550
1140m C 1.960 99.550
1150m C 2.085 99.425
1160m C 2.120 99.390
1170m C 2.180 99.330
1180m C 2.270 99.240
1190m C 2.410 99.100
1200m C 2.270 99.240
1210m C 2.200 99.310
1220m C 2.400 99.110
96
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
CHANGING
E 1230m C 2.440 100.490 99.070
POINT 4
1240m C 1.310 99.180
1250m C 1.460 99.030
1260m C 1.540 98.950
1270m C 1.500 98.990
1280m C 1.470 99.020
1290m C 1.490 99.000
1300m C 1.500 98.990
1310m C 1.480 99.010
1320m C 1.550 98.940
1330m C 1.560 98.930
1340m C 1.590 98.900
1350m C 1.550 98.940
1360m C 1.540 98.950
1370m C 1.520 98.970
1380m C 1.580 98.910
1390m C 1.610 98.880
1400m C 1.625 98.865
1410m C 1.630 98.860
1420m C 1.525 98.965
1430m C 1.430 99.060
1440m C 1.400 99.090
1450m C 1.325 99.165
1460m C 1.245 99.245
1470m C 1.240 99.250
1480m C 1.210 99.280
1490m C 1.110 99.380
1500m C 1.100 99.390
CHANGING
F 1510m C 1.140 101.140 99.350
POINT 5
1520m C 1.795 99.345
1530m C 1.810 99.330
1540m C 1.810 99.330
1550m C 1.730 99.410
1560m C 1.620 99.520
1570m C 1.595 99.545
1580m C 1.405 99.735
1590m C 1.395 99.745
1600m C 1.415 99.725
1610m C 1.325 99.815
CHANGING
G 1620m C 1.270 102.170 99.870
POINT 6
97
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1630m C 2.390 99.780

1640m C 2.230 99.940
1650m C 2.100 100.070
1660m C 1.945 100.225
1670m C 1.790 100.380
1680m C 1.650 100.520
1690m C 1.520 100.650
1700m C 1.400 100.770
1710m C 1.400 100.770
1720m C 1.450 100.720
1730m C 1.530 100.640
1740m C 1.950 100.220
1750m C 1.685 100.485
CHANGING
H 1760m C 1.770 101.625 100.400
POINT 7
1770m C 1.230 100.395
1780m C 1.300 100.325
1790m C 1.305 100.320
1800m C 1.370 100.255
1810m C 1.395 100.230
1820m C 1.470 100.155
1830m C 1.475 100.150
1840m C 1.505 100.120
1850m C 1.505 100.120
1860m C 1.405 100.220
1870m C 1.370 100.255
1880m C 1.465 100.160
1890m C 1.530 100.095
CHANGING
I 1900m C 1.560 102.405 100.065
POINT 8
1910m C 2.460 99.945
1920m C 2.225 100.180
1930m C 2.100 100.305
1940m C 2.110 100.295
1950m C 2.000 100.405
1960m C 2.070 100.335
1970m C 2.020 100.385
1980m C 1.925 100.480
1990m C 1.810 100.595
2000m C 1.705 100.700
2010m C 1.640 100.765
2020m C 1.545 100.860
2030m C 1.450 100.955
98
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
2040m C 1.290 101.115

2050m C 1.170 101.235
2060m C 1.235 101.170
2070m C 1.335 101.070
2080m C 1.425 100.980
2090m C 1.485 100.920
2100m C 1.510 100.895
CHANGING
J 2110m C 1.600 102.160 100.805
POINT 9
2120m C 1.350 100.810
2130m C 1.325 100.835
2140m C 1.355 100.805
2150m C 1.430 100.730
2160m C 1.450 100.710
2170m C 1.430 100.730
2180m C 1.470 100.690
2190m C 1.470 100.690
2200m C 1.515 100.645
2210m C 1.560 100.600
2220m C 1.610 100.550
2230m C 1.690 100.470
2240m C 1.730 100.430
2250m C 1.830 100.330
Note:
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 m.
Reduced Level =( R.L Of Bench Mark + B.S ) - I.S/F.S
Where,
B.S - BACK SIGHT R.L - REDUCED LEVEL
I.S - INTERMEDIATE SIGHT L - LEFT
F.S - FORE SIGHT C - CENTER
99
5.7 RESULT:
FROM GRAPH:
Total volume = 4758.70 m³

Volume of filling = 3379.45 m³
Volume of cutting = 1379.25 m³
5.8 CONCLUSION:
The highway project that means profile levelling of the highway total quantity of
earthwork determined to be involved in the respective projects etc.
100
6. TRIANGULATION
101
EX.NO:
DATE :
6. TRIANGULATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
Triangulation is a process of establishing horizontal control in surveying. The triangulation

system consists of number of interconnected triangles in which the length of the base lines
and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. The triangulation stations were
selected based on the inter visibility of the stations, shape of the triangles to be formed, the
length of the sight, accessibility to the stations. The horizontal angles were measured by
repetition method.
6.2 BASELINE:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulation operations.
The base line is laid down with great accuracy of measurement and alignment as it forms the
basis for the computations of triangulation system.
6.2.1 Selection of site for baseline:

Since the accuracy in the measurement of the base line depends upon the site
conditions, the following points be taken into consideration while selecting the site:
 The site should be fairly level
 The site should be free from obstructions throughout the whole of the length
 The extremities of the base should be intervisible at ground level
 The ground should be reasonably firm and smooth
 The site should be extended to primary triangulation
6.3 TRIANGULATION STATION:
 The selection of stations is based upon the following considerations:

 The triangulation station should be intervisible.For this purpose,they should be placed
upon the most elevated ground.
 They should from well shaped triangles.No angles should be smaller than 30° or
greater than 120°.
102
 The stations should be easily accessible
 They should be so selected that the length of sight is neither too small nor too large.
 They should be in commanding situation.
 Theodolite : Used to focus the station and for measuring the horizontal angles
 Tripodstand:The theodolite is fixed on it and leveled at the station points
 Tape : It is used measure the distance of the base line
 Arrows and Pegs
 Ranging rods: To range the intermediate points in the survey line
6.5 ROUTINE OF TRIANGULATION SURVEY:
 The routine of triangulation survey generally consists of the following operations:

 Reconnaissance
 Erection of signals & Towers
 Measurement of baselines
 Measurement of horizontal angles
 Astronomical observations at Laplace stations and
 Computations
6.6 RECONNAISANCE:
For triangulation, the mountable hill at karattumedu waschosen. Reconnaissance

survey at the site was done before actually starting the exercise. The easiest route for tracking
by means of transport and visibility of other stations from that particular station was ensured
and the work was planned accordingly. The base line was chosen in a farm near the S.G.I.T
campus and visibility of two other station points (a hill temple and the hilltop) was ensured
from the base stations.
103
6.7 ERECTION OF SIGNALS AND TOWERS:
 A signal is a device erected to define the exact position of an observed station.
Daylight or non luminous signal i.e., flags tied to posts (ranging rods), are used as
signals at the different four stations.
 A tower is a structure erected over a station for the support of the instrument and
observing party and is provided when the station,or the signal,or both to be
elevated.Since the survey is done on temporary stations a rigid, smooth and flat
surface is selected and the instrument and observing party are setup over that and the
observaions are taken.
6.8 MEASUREMENT OF BASE LINES:
The base line is established to a length of 61.25m approximately. The base line
length is accurately measured using a total station. Thus the base line ends are P and Q.
6.9 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES:
 Each batch is sent to each point of triangulation system namely P,Q,R,S.

 At first the instrument is set up at station P and all the temporary
adjustments like centering, leveling,and focusing are done.
 The vernier A is made to 0 and thus vernier B as 180 and the instrument
is made as face left. now the lower clamp of the theodolite is loosened
and the targets placed at S point is bisected for exact bisection. Exact
bisection of the station is done using the lower tangential screw.
 The upper screw is loosened and the telescope is turned clockwise to
bisect the target placed at R.
 The readings are both verniers are noted down. The upper screw is
tightened and the lower screw is loosened to bisect the point S(repetition
method). Similarly three face left readings are taken.
 The mean value of this reading gives the exact angle
Between line PS and PR.
 Similar procedures was repeated for all angles which are possible at one
station.
104
 Then the instrument is shifted to the other stations Q,R and S and all
intermediate angles between the station lines are observed and the
angular readings are tabulated.
6.10 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AT PLACE STATIONS:
 Setup the theodolite at S and perform all the three temporary adjustments.
 Set vernier A to read O and tighten upper clamp.
 Keep face left and direct the telescope to bisect the ranging rod at P.
 Now tighten the lower clamp and release the upper clamp.
 Sawing the telescope and bring the image of the sun to the I – quadrant of the
cross hairs
 For making the vertical and horizontal hair tangential to the image of the sun, use
the upper tangent screw and vertical circle tangent screw after tightening the upper
clamp and vertical circle clamp. Immediately note down the time, horizontal angle
and vertical angle.
 Change the face and release the upper clamp and vertical circle clamp and bring
the image of the sun to the III- quadrant, making the horizontal and vertical hairs
tangential to the image of the sun. Immediately note down the time, vertical angle
and horizontal circle reading.
 Average of the concerned two values gives that value corresponding to the sun.
105
TABLE 6.1 – TRIANGULATION READINGS:
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA ANGLE ANGLE
STATION POINT REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
TOP - 2.75
MIDDLE -
C - BLOCK HEAD ROOM
2.42 0 0 0 2 2 30
BOTTOM -
FRONT
A 2.09
B 57 57 30 1 20 40 MULTI DRUM TOWER

APARTMENT NEAR
S 96 47 30 0 40 40
C TOWER
D 184 44 0 0 40 0 VIOLET FACTORY
E 255 56 0 0 36 20 COAGNIZONT BUILDING
F 307 08 20 0 48 30 ASIAN COLLEGE TOWER

C - BLOCK HEAD ROOM
360 00 00 2 2 30
A FRONT
Figure 6.1 – Triangulation Field Measurements
106
6.12 CALCULATIONS:
6.12.1 Base line of SA station:
SA = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
so K=100 & C = 0
D = 100x0.66xcos2 (2°02’30”)
D = 100x1.2x0.9987
D = SA = 65.92 m
Vertical distance of SA:
KS sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋0.66𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°8′00")
=
2
V = 2.45 m
6.12.2 To find out distance of side:
i)< 𝑆𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵 𝐴𝐵
= =
To calculate the distance of SB:
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵
=
65.92
SB = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(116°40’30”)
sin(5°22’00”)
SB = 629.79 m

𝑆𝐴 𝐴𝐵 α1 = 57º57’30’’
=
β1 = 116º40’30’’
65.92
AB = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(57°57’30”) γ1 = 05º22’00’’
sin(5°22’00”)
AB = 597.44 m
107
ii)< 𝐒𝐁𝐂
𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐶 𝐵𝐶
= =
To calculate the distance of SC:
𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐶
=
629.79
SC = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(88°30′20")
sin(52°40’10”)
SC = 791.77 m
α2 = 38º48’30’’
β2 = 88º30’20’’
To calculate the distance of BC:
γ2 = 52º40’10’’
𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2
629.79
BC = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(38°48'30'')
sin(52°40’10”)
BC = 496.38 m
iii)< 𝐒𝐃𝐂
𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝐷 𝐶𝐷
= =
To calculate the distance of SD:
𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝐷
=
791.77
𝑆𝐷 = 𝑋 sin(46°33′00”)
sin(45°30′ 00”)
SD = 805.90 m
108
To calculate the distance of CD:
𝑆𝐶 𝐶𝐷
= α3 = 81º57’00’’
β3 = 46º33’00’’
791.77
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑋 sin(81°57’0”) γ3 = 45º30’30’’
sin(45°30′ 30”)
CD = 1109.38 m
iv)< 𝐒𝐃𝐄
𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐸 𝐷𝐸
= =
To calculate the distance of SE:

𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐸
=
805.90
𝑆𝐸 = 𝑋 sin(44°24′00”)
sin(64°24′ 00”)
SE = 625.24 m
To calculate the distance of DE:
𝑆𝐷 𝐷𝐸 α4 = 71º12’00’’
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4 β4 = 44º24’00’’
805.90 γ4 = 64º24’00’’
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑋 sin(71°12′00”)
sin(64°24′ 00”)
DE = 845.95m
v)< 𝐒𝐄𝐅
𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝐹 𝐸𝐹
= =
To calculate the distance of SF:
𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝐹
=
109
625.27
𝑆𝐹 = 𝑋sin(15°00′00”)
sin(113°47′ 40”)
SF =176.86 m
To calculate the distance of EF:
𝑆𝐸 𝐸𝐹
=
625.27
𝐸𝐹 = 𝑋sin(51°12′20”) α5 = 51º12’20’’
sin(113°47′ 40”)
β5 = 15º00’00’’
EF = 532.58m γ5 = 113º47’40’’
vi)< 𝐒𝐅𝐀
𝑆𝐹 𝑆𝐴 𝐹𝐴
= =
To calculate the distance of FA:
𝑆𝐹 𝐹𝐴
=
176.86
𝑆𝐹 = 𝑋 sin(52°51′40”)
sin(106°10′ 00”)
SF = 146.79 m
To check the distance of FA:
𝑆𝐴 𝐹𝐴
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
65.92
𝐹𝐴 = 𝑋sin(52°51′ 40”) α6 = 52º51’40’’
sin(20°58′ 20”)
β6 = 20º58’20’’
FA = 146.82 m γ6 = 106º10’00’’
110
6.12.3 Area Calculating:
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐒𝐀𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
65.92+629.79+597.44
=
2
S = 646.58 m
a = SA = 65.92 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) b = SB = 629.79 m
c = AB = 594.44 m
A =√646.58(579.66𝑋15.79𝑋48.14)
Area of SAB = 17600.01 m2
Area of SAB = 4.35 Acre
Area of SAB = 1.760 Hectare
𝐢𝐢) < 𝐒𝐁𝐂
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
629.79+791.77+496.38
=
2
S = 958.97 m
a = SB = 629.79 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
b = SC = 791.77 m
A =√958.97(329.18𝑋167.2𝑋462.59) c = BC = 496.38 m
111
Area of SBC = 156255.56 m2
Area of SBC = 38.61 Acre
Area of SBC = 15.625 Hectare
𝐢𝐢𝐢) < 𝐒𝐂𝐃
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
791.77+805.90+1109.38
=
2
S = 1353.53 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√1353.53(561.76𝑋547.63𝑋244.15)
Area of SCD = 318846.26 m2

a = SC = 791.77 m
Area of SCD = 78.79 Acre b = SD = 805.90 m
Area of SCD = 31.885 Hectare c = CD = 1109.38 m
𝐢𝐯) < 𝑆𝐷𝐸

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
805.9+625.24+845.95
=
2
S = 1138.55 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√1138.55(332.65𝑋513.31𝑋845.95)
Area of SDE = 238504.64 m2

a = SD = 805.90 m
Area of SDE = 58.94 Acre
b = SE = 625.24 m
Area of SDE = 23.850 Hectare
c = DE = 845.95 m
112
𝐯) < 𝐒𝐄𝐅
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
625.24+176.86+532.58
=
2
S = 667.34 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√667.34(42.10𝑋490.48𝑋134.76)
a = SD = 625.24 m
Area of SEF = 43092.91 m2
b = SE = 176.86 m
Area of SEF = 10.65 Acre c = DE = 532.58 m
𝐯𝐢)< 𝑆𝐹𝐴
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
176.86+65.92+146.79
=
2
S = 194.79 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√194.79(17.93𝑋128.87𝑋48.00)
Area of SFA = 4608.64 m2
Area of SFA = 1.15 Acre a = SD = 176.86 m

Area of SFA = 0.465 Hectare b = SE = 65.92 m
c = DE = 146.79 m
113
Total Area = SAB+SBC+SCD+SDE+SEF+SFA
= 4.35+38.61+78.79+58.94+10.65+1.15
Total Area = 192.47Acre
iv) Area = 192.47 Acre

v) Area = 778908.11 m2
vi) Area = 77.89 Hectare
6.13 RESULTS:
Length of the sides of triangles:

TABLE 6.2 – TRIANGULATION RESULT
SA = 65.92 m AB = 597.44 m
SB = 629.79 m BC = 496.38 m
SC = 791.77 m CD = 1109.38 m
SD = 805.90 m DE = 845.95 m
SE = 625.24 m EF = 532.58 m
SF =176.86 m FA = 146.79 m
TOTAL AREA = 192.47Acre
= 778908.11 m2
= 77.89 Hectare
114
Figure 6.2 – Triangulation Results
6.14 CONCLUSION:
Thus the triangulation was completed by measuring the horizontal angles at various
stations. Viewed from each of the four stations P,Q,R,S for each angle six set of readings
were taken and they are tabulated. The average of the three set of face left readings was
calculated similarly the average face right observations were calculated. The average of these
two averages gives the required horizontal angle. These angles were used to calculate the
distance between various fixed stations P,Q,R,S.
The experience gained by triangulation is to be obtain the horizontal control over the
required stations which are at distances that cannot be measured by direct means. These
triangles may form a frame work to which cadastral, topographical, hydrographical
engineering and other surveys may be referred.
115
116
EX.NO:
DATE:
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Contouring is a method of representing the ground surface from using contour
lines. The radial contouring is the method by which intermediate points are taken on the
radial lines whose reduced levels are used to draw the contour maps. The radial lines are
those lines which radiate from a fixed point with some uniform angle (30°). The leveling staff
is held at various points on the radial lines and the staff readings are noted. From those, the
reduced levels can be determined.

 Theodolite and tripod:
The theodolite is used here for angular spacing of the radial lines and for
reading staff.
 Levelling staff:
Leveling staff of 0.005m least count is used to deduce the
R.L.of the points.
7.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
The area given to us was a small hill. We can get the contour lines at some
particular intervals. During the survey, we decided that where the instrument should be
placed and which direction the staff man should go along the radial lines.
7.4 PROCEDURE:
 The transit theodolite,is placed exactly over the station point
 The temporary adjustment namely centering,leveling,focusing the eye
piece and the object glass are done perfectly.
 The staff reading over the bench mark is noted down.
 The vernier face are adjusted such that vernier A line.
 The upper,middle and the lower hair readings are noted down and the
vertical angles if necessary.
117
 Similarly various readings are observed along the same line and by
varying the distances approximately at equal intervals.
 The telescope is turned clockwise by 30° and focused along B line: the
same procedure is repeated.
 Using the above observations, the distance between the instrument
station and the staff station and the R.L. of all points are calculated and
the contours are plotted.
118
TABLE 7 - RADIAL CONTOURING
STADIA HAIR READING

STAFFREA VERTICAL
H.
SIGHT DING HORIZONTAL ANGLE S.I V.D H.I R.L
STATION D REMARKS
TO ANGLE TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
(m) (m) (m) (m)
0° 0' 0''
O A1 1.46 0° 0° 00' 00'' 1.525 1.510 1.490 0.035 3 1.510 101.460 100.000
A2 0° 0° 12' 40'' 1.945 1.920 1.885 0.060 6 1.942 99.518
A3 0° 0° 46' 20'' 2.425 2.380 2.340 0.085 9 2.490 98.970
A4 0° 0° 01' 00'' 2.980 2.920 2.860 0.120 12 3.140 98.320
A5 0° 0° 02' 00'' 3.340 3.265 3.190 0.150 15 3.840 97.620
O B1 30° 0° 00' 00'' 1.465 1.450 1.440 0.025 3 1.450 100.010
B2 30° 1° 22' 40'' 1.575 1.535 1.505 0.070 6 1.581 99.879
B3 30° 1° 16' 00'' 1.790 1.745 1.705 0.085 9 1.933 99.527
B4 30° 1° 22' 20'' 2.010 1.950 1.890 0.120 12 2.237 99.223
B5 30° 0° 48' 00'' 2.330 2.250 2.175 0.155 15 2.740 98.720
O C1 60° 0° 00' 00'' 1.470 1.455 1.400 0.070 3 1.455 100.005
C2 60° 0° 14' 20'' 1.490 1.460 1.430 0.060 6 1.485 99.975
C3 60° 0° 28' 30'' 1.510 1.465 1.415 0.095 9 1.543 99.917
C4 60° 1° 15' 10'' 1.725 1.665 1.600 0.125 12 1.938 99.522
C5 60° 1° 42' 30'' 2.080 2.010 1.935 0.145 15 2.442 99.018
119
VERTICAL STADIA HAIR READING
STAFF
SIGHT HORIZONTAL ANGLE S.I H.D V.D H.I R.L
STATION READING REMARKS
TO ANGLE TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
0° 0' 0''
O D1 90° 0° 00' 00' 1.630 1.620 1.605 0.025 3 1.620 99.840
D2 90° 0° 20' 30'' 2.160 2.130 2.100 0.060 6 2.165 99.295
D3 90° 0° 48' 00'' 2.585 2.540 2.495 0.090 9 2.665 98.795
D4 90° 1° 36' 30'' 3.175 3.115 3.055 0.120 12 3.452 98.008
D5 90° 1° 04' 30'' 3.735 3.660 3.585 0.150 15 4.203 97.257
O E1 120° 0° 00' 00'' 1.785 1.770 1.755 0.030 3 1.770 99.690
E2 120° 0° 29' 40'' 2.535 2.505 2.475 0.060 6 2.557 98.903
E3 120° 0° 58' 20'' 3.210 3.165 3.120 0.090 9 3.318 98.142
E4 120° 1° 30' 00'' 3.680 3.620 3.560 0.120 12 3.934 97.526
E5 120° 1° 42' 00'' 3.945 3.860 3.795 0.150 15 4.305 97.155
O F1 150° 0° 00' 00'' 1.950 1.935 1.920 0.030 3 1.935 99.525
F2 150° 0° 22' 00' 2.315 2.270 2.225 0.090 6 2.383 99.077
F3 150° 0° 43' 20'' 2.600 2.570 2.540 0.060 9 2.610 98.850
F4 150° 1° 04' 30'' 3.615 3.595 3.495 0.120 12 3.820 97.640
F5 150° 1° 48' 30'' 3.735 3.665 3.590 0.145 15 4.122 97.338
O G1 180° 0° 00' 00' 1.760 1.730 1.690 0.070 3 1.730 99.730
G2 180° 0° 14' 20'' 2.400 2.350 2.250 0.150 6 2.413 99.047
G3 180° 0° 52' 30'' 3.000 2.850 2.700 0.300 9 3.310 98.150
G4 180° 1° 22' 00'' 3.440 3.290 3.100 0.340 12 4.100 97.360
G5 180° 1° 40 40'' 3.700 3.490 3.260 0.440 15 4.769 96.691
120
STADIA HAIR READING
STAFF VERTICAL
SIGHT HORIZONTAL ANGLE S.I H.D V.D H.I R.L
STATION READING REMARKS
TO ANGLE TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
0° 0' 0''
O H1 210° 0° 00' 00'' 1.500 1.460 1.420 0.080 3 1.460 100.000
H2 210° 0° 10' 30'' 1.730 1.650 1.570 0.160 6 1.700 99.760
H3 210° 0° 29' 00'' 1.990 1.870 1.730 0.260 9 2.090 99.370
H4 210° 1° 51' 30'' 2.300 2.140 1.970 0.330 12 2.634 98.826
H5 210° 1° 14' 00'' 2.590 2.350 2.130 0.460 15 3.340 98.120
O I1 240° 0° 00' 00'' 1.440 1.400 1.360 0.080 3 1.400 100.060
I2 240° 0° 19' 20'' 1.600 1.520 1.450 0.150 6 1.604 99.856
I3 240° 0° 48' 40'' 1.760 1.640 1.510 0.250 9 1.935 99.525
I4 240° 1° 12' 20'' 2.110 1.990 1.750 0.360 12 2.747 98.713
I5 240° 1° 36' 36'' 2.470 2.250 2.010 0.460 15 3.534 97.926
Note:
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 M.
Reduced Level = R.L Of Bench Mark + Height Of Instrument - Vertical Distance - Middle Hair Reading
Where,
S.I –STAFF INTERCEPT R.L - REDUCED LEVEL

H.D – HORIZONTAL DISTANCE L - LEFT
V.D –VERTICAL DISTANCE C - CENTRE
121
7.6 RESULT:
Thus the staff readings and the R.L. of the intermediate points calculated are tabulated.
The radial lines were connected with an angular spacing of 30°, starting from 0º to 360°. Smooth
curves of various contour lines were drawn connecting points of equal elevation and the contour map
is prepared.
7.7 CONCLUSION:
The contour lines joining the point of equal elevation represented in the contour map
can be used for selecting the appropriate route for the highway alignment and to determine the
quantity of earthwork to be involved in the respective projects etc.
122
8. DETERMINATION OF THE
AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY
123
EX NO :
DATE:
8. DETERMINATION OF THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY

8.1 AIM:
To determine the azimuth of the given survey line.
8.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Azimuth is the horizontal angle, a celestial body makes with the pole.
8.3 PROCEDURE:
1. Set the instruments over the station mark and level it accurately.
2. Clamp both the plates to zero and sight to reference mark (R.M).
3. Turn to the sun observe altitude and horizontal angle with sun in quadrant of cross wire
system. The motion in the azimuth is slow and vertical hair is kept in contact by the upper
screw (slow motion),the sun being allowed to make contact with the horizontal hair. The
time of observation is also noted.
4. Using the two tangent screws as quickly as possible being the sun into quadrant III of the
cross wire and again read the horizontal and vertical angle. Observe also the chronometer
time.
5. Turn to RM, reverse the face and take another sight on RM.
6. Take two more observation of the sun precisely in the same way as in steps 3&4, but this
time sun is in quadrant II&IV. Note the time of each observation.
7. Finally bisect the RM to see the reading is zero.
124
TABLE 8 - THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY OBSERVATION ON THE SUN
HORIZONTAL ANGLE VERTICAL ANGLE

INST Vernier Vernier
FACE SIGHT TO Vernier A Mean Vernier C Mean
.STN B D
° ' '' ' '' ° ' '' ° ' '' ' '' ° ' ''
RM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Quadrant I 95 05 20 06 0 95 05 40 20 06 40 07 00 20 06 50
Left A Quadrant IV 97 55 20 55 0 97 55 10 14 45 20 45 20 14 45 20
Quadrant II 97 13 40 12 40 97 13 10 15 20 00 20 00 15 20 00
96
Quadrant III 43 40 43 40 96 43 40 17 20 20 20 20 17 20 20
RM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
95
Quadrant I 52 20 54 20 95 53 10 17 45 00 44 20 17 44 40
B
Quadrant IV 97 45 20 45 40 97 45 20 14 57 00 57 00 14 57 00
Right B
98
Quadrant II 35 40 35 20 98 35 10 17 40 00 40 00 17 40 00
Quadrant III 96 30 40 30 40 96 30 40 18 20 40 20 00 18 20 20
8.4.1 TIME OF OBSERVATION:
FACE LEFT: FACE RIGHT:
QUADRANT – I - 4:30 PM QUADRANT – I - 4:37 PM
QUADRANT – IV – 4:48 PM QUADRANT – IV – 4:51 PM
QUADRANT – II – 4:55 PM QUADRANT – II – 4:59 PM
QUADRANT – III – 5:02 PM QUADRANT – III – 5:04 PM
WHERE,
δ - DECLINATION IN 39̊ 26'

𝜃- LATTITUTE FOR THE OBSERVER'S PLACE 11̊ 01'
α - ANGLE OF ALTITUTE
A - ANGLE OF AZIMUTH
125
8.5 CALCULATIONS:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
cos 𝐴 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 𝑄𝐼 +2 𝑄 𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝛼=
2
Face Left:
2 X 20°06′ 50"+2 X 17°20′20"
α= = 37°27′10"
2
sin39°26′ − sin37°27′10"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos37°27′10" cos11°1′
A = 48°𝟏𝟒′ 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟕"
2 X 14°14′ 45"+2 X 15°20′00"

α= = 30°05′20"
2
sin39°26′ − sin30°05′20"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos30°05′20" cos11°1′
A = 50°𝟑𝟒′ 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟖"
Face Right:
2 X 17°44′ 40"+2 X 18°20′20"
α= = 36°05′00"
2
sin39°26′ − sin36°05′10"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos35°25′00" cos11°1′
A = 49°𝟏𝟐′ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐"

126
2 X 14°57′ 00"+2 X 17°40′00"
α= =32°37′00"
2
sin39°26′ − sin32°37′55"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos32°37′00" cos11°1′
A = 49°𝟓𝟓′ 𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟗"
48°32′ 50.7"+50°34'26.6"+49°01′ 57.65"+49°55′ 44.36"

Mean Azimuth =
4
A = 49°𝟐𝟗′ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟗"
SUN
49°29'18.09"
W E
8.6 RESULT:
Azimuth of the line, A = 49°29'18.09''
127

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4/20/2015

CIVIL - SURVEY CAMP - 2015

BATCH NO: 11 | ACADEMIC YEAR : 2014 -2015

In partial fulfilment for the award of the camp of

SRIGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025

“BATCH NO:11”.Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof. R.Kannappan M.E, M.I.S.T.E,( Ph.D ) Mr.D.Loganathan M.E,M.I.S.T.E,( M.B.A )

Department of Civil Engineering, Assistant professor

SriGuru Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering,

Varathaiyangar palayam, SriGuru Institute of Technology,

Kondayampalayam (po), Varathaiyangar palayam,

Coimbatore – 641 110. Kondayampalayam (po),

Coimbatore – 641 110.

Submitted for the university practical examination

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR INTERNAL EXAMINAR

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF CAMP WORKS:

 The objectives of the camp works are,

 The scope of the camp works may be briefly outlined as follows:

PRACTICE: Precautions To Be Observed In The Field Work (Do’s and Don’ts):

1. Students must follow the instructions given by the camp director/staff

INTERNAL ASSESMENT MARKS:

Internal assessment will be performed as per the rules of the university.

2. DETERMINATION OF THE LATITUDE OF THE PLACE OF

3. DETERMINATION OF THE LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF

8. DETERMINATION OF THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY

TABLE 1.1 - FROM C BLOCK TO A BLOCK 18

TABLE 1.2 - FROM A BLOCK TO C BLOCK 18

TABLE 1.3 - TRILATERATION AT STATION A&B 18

TABLE 1.4 - TRILATERATION RESULT 23

TABLE 2.1 - LAITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS 30

TABLE 2.2 - LAITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT 46

TABLE 3.1 - LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION READINGS 52

TABLE 3.2 - LONGITUDE OF THE PLACE OF OBSERVATION RESULT 68

TABLE 4.0 - BLOCK CONTOURING 72

TABLE 5.1 - CROSS-SECTION 77

TABLE 5.2 - LONGITUDINAL SECTION 94

TABLE 6.1 - TRIANGULATION READINGS 106

TABLE 6.2 - TRIANGULATION RESULT 114

TABLE 7.0 - RADIAL CONTOURING 119

1.2 BASE LINE:

1.2.1 Selection of Site for Base Line:

 The stations should be easily accessible.

 They should be in commanding situation.

1.5 ROUTINE OF TRILATERATION SURVEY:

 Erection of signals and towers

 Measurement of length of the sides

 Checking of length of the sides

 Astronomical observations at laplace stations, and

1.7 ERECTION OF SIGNALS AND TOWERS:

1.9 CHECKING THE LENGTH OF THE SIDES:

5) Thus with these length measurements the chainage length can be

2. Set venire A to read O tight upper clamp

TABLE – 1.2 FROM A BLOCK TO C BLOCK

1.11 (B) - OBSERVATION USING THEOOLITE:

Figure 1.1 – Trilteration field measurements

1.13.1 Base line of AB station:

To calculate the Distance of AP:

To calculate the Distance of AQ:

To calculate the Distance of PQ:

A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

Area of APB = 22970.88 m2

𝐢𝐢) < 𝐏𝐐𝐁