Soil Investigations For Electric Towers

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Soil Investigation for Towers of Electricity

Transmission Lines Project in Port Sudan
Technical Report · July 2011

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3127.3768
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Magdi Zumrawi
University of Khartoum
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‫بسم ه الرحمن الرحيم‬
University of Khartoum ‫جامعة الخرطوم‬
Faculty of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Civil Engineering Department ‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬
P. O. Box 321, P. Code 11111, 321 ‫ص ب‬
Khartoum, Sudan
‫خرطوم – سودان‬
771577Tel. 0249-11-
E-mail: ceuk@sudanet.net 771577 :‫تلفون‬
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
FOR
TOWERS OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

LINE POJECT IN PORT SUDAN
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‫بسم اه الرمن الرحيم‬
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Introduction……....….…....…...….....……….…………………….2
2. Project Description….........……..….........………………………...3
3. Field Investigation...….………..........……….……………..……...4
4. Laboratory Testing….............................................…………….…..5
5. Soil Profile.......……......…………………...………………………7
6. Soil Bearing Capacity...…………………...….……………………8
7. Conclusions & Recommendations ………………………….…..10
8. Appendix ....………..………..…......……….....…..……….……..12
Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 1 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

of Transmission Line Towers in Port-Sudan University of Khartoum
G
GEEO
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ECCH
HNNIIC
CAAL
L IIN
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TIIG
GAAT
TIIO
ONN
1. Introduction
This is a detailed geotechnical report that presents the results of

the field and laboratory investigation that carried out by the Soil and
Road Section, Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Eng., University of
Khartoum for the proposed towers of electricity transmission line at
Port Sudan in Red Sea State as requested by the contractor CPP.
The field work was comprised of drilling boreholes and

performing Standard Penetration Test (SPT) to satisfactory depths.
The field program was performed by the technical team of Tehila for
Services and Design Company involved in drilling the boreholes and
performing the SPT. The laboratory testing was carried out by the
technical staff of the soil mechanics laboratory, Khartoum University.
The field and laboratory tests were carried out to provide the subsoil
profile and the soil physical and chemical properties required for
calculations of the foundation soil bearing capacity and help in
foundation design.
The field work was carried out in June 2011 and the laboratory
testing followed. This report presents the results of the field and
laboratory investigation together with the recommendations.

2. Project Description
The project is the proposed towers of electricity transmission

lines at Port Sudan in Red Sea State. In this project seventeen
boreholes were required to be drilled at different locations. The site
area of Bashair substation at Port Sudan is 90m length by 70m width.
In this site nine boreholes (SK1 to SK5 and SJ1 to SJ4) were drilled
to 15m and 8m depths. There are eight towers of electricity
transmission line were proposed to be located beside the asphalt road
alignment. For each tower one borehole was drilled to 5m depth, thus
eight boreholes (XK1 to XK8) were drilled. The drilled boreholes in
the substation site are graphically shown in Figure 1.
90 m
N
SK1 SJ1 SK2
70 m SJ2 SK3 SJ3
SK4 SJ4 SK5
Fig (1): The site layout of Bashair substation and the boreholes
Location for the electricity transmission line at Port Sudan

3. Field Investigation
The investigation was comprised of drilling seventeen boreholes

and performing the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). In the site of
Bashair substation nine boreholes were drilled and beside the asphalt
road alignment at the towers locations eight boreholes were drilled.
Thus it seems drilling seventeen boreholes and performing SPT for
this project will be satisfied. The location of the boreholes is shown in
Fig. (1).
3.1 Drilling Boreholes
The field work was started with drilling boreholes in the area of
the proposed substation at Bashair and the towers location along the
asphalt road to have an idea about the subsoil profile and uniformity
or not of the soil. In Bashair substation five boreholes (SK1 to SK5)
were drilled to 15m and four boreholes (SJ1 to SJ4) were drilled to
8m depth at different locations to cover the site area as shown in
Figure (1). Eight boreholes (XK1 to XK8) were drilled at the towers
locations scattered along the asphalt road alignment.
The borings were drilled by an auger drilling machine.

Disturbed soil samples were obtained at one meter intervals and were
taken up to the end of the borehole. These soil samples were kept in
plastic bags, labeled and transported to the soil mechanics Laboratory

in Khartoum University for visual inspection and testing.
3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was performed for each

borehole at a depth interval of 1.5 m. and soil samples were taken. A
split spoon sampler, 50 mm in diameter was driven by the blows of a
standard hammer weighing 64kg and falling freely from a height of
760 mm. The number of blows required to give a tube penetration of
300 mm was taken as SPT–N value of the soil tested at a specified
borehole depth. The SPT were done according to International
Standards. The results are displayed in the summary tables of
Appendix (A).
4. Laboratory Testing
The Laboratory program was comprised of performing

tests on the disturbed soil samples obtained from the drilling. The
testing procedures followed were in general conformance with those
recommended in BS 1377 and the soils were classified according to
the Unified System for Classifying Soils (USCS). The laboratory tests
performed included the following:-
– Atterberg Limits tests (Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit)
– Grain size analysis (Wet sieve analysis)

– Shear strength (Direct Shear test)
– Chemical tests
4.1 Atterberg Limits
The tests performed were liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL)
tests. These tests were carried out on representative soil samples.
Disturbed soil samples were taken at one meter intervals depths of the
boreholes. The samples tested were about ninety three samples and
the results obtained are listed in the summary tables of Appendix (A).
4.2 Sieve Analysis Test
These tests were carried out on representative soil samples taken

at one meter intervals depths of the boreholes. The wet sieve analysis
tests were performed on ninety three samples and the results of these
tests are shown in Appendices (A) & (B).
4.3 Shear Box Test
This test was performed using soil samples taken at certain

depths of the boreholes. The test was carried out to determine the soil
shear strength parameters (cohesion "C" and angle of internal friction
"Ø") of the soil in this locality. The shear box tests were carried out
on seventy five soil samples and the results of these tests are given in
Appendix (A) & (C).

4.4 Chemical Test
Chemical tests were carried out on soil sample taken from

shallow depths (1m to 3m) of the boreholes. The tests measure the
amount of sulphate and chloride in the soil. The tests results are given
in tables in Appendix (D).
5. Soil Profile
5.1 Bashair Substation
The nine boreholes drilled at the locations in the substation at

Bashair (SK1 to SK5 & SJ1 to SJ4) as shown in Figure (1) indicated a
general subsoil profile that consists of four main zones.
The First top ground layer of 2m thick is sandy Clay of low

plasticity was encountered. This is underlain by a layer of silty clayey
Sand was encountered up to 5m depth.
A layer of sandy Silt was encountered between 5m and 8m

depth. This is followed by a thick layer of sandy Clay of low
plasticity was encountered at 8m and extended down to the end of the
borehole at 15m depth.
Ground water table was not encountered in this investigation.

5.2 Towers Locations
The eight boreholes drilled at the locations of the towers (XK1

to XK8) indicated a general subsoil profile that consists of two main
layers.
The First top layer of 2m thick is silty Sand soil was

encountered. This is underlain by a layer of clayey Sand was
encountered at 2m and extended down to the end of the borehole at
5m depth.
Ground water table was not encountered during this site

investigation.
6. Soil Bearing Capacity
The bearing capacity of the foundation soil can be determined

using Terzaghi bearing capacity equation:
qu = CNc Sc + q Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ S γ
6.1 The Substation Bearing Capacity
The foundation of the substation was recommended to be placed

at 3m on silty clayey Sand layer encountered between 2m to 5m
depth. The average foundation soil properties at 3m depth can be
obtained from the tests results as given in appendix (A):

Average bulk density (γ) = 16.4 KN/m3
Soil cohesion (C) = 3 KN/ m2
Angle of internal friction (ф) =34◦
Foundation depth = 3 m
Foundation width (assumed) = 10 m
The bearing capacity coeff. : Nc = 24, Nq = 11.7, N γ= 9.2
Vertical surcharge pressure q = 16.4 * 3 = 49.2 KN/ m2
Foundation rectangular shape coeff. Sc = 1.3, S γ = 0.80
By substituting the above properties in Terzaghi’s equation, the

ultimate bearing capacity qu = 1276 KN/m2. By using factor of safety
equal 5, the allowable bearing capacity qa = 255 KN/m2.
To support the structure of medium to high load, it is
recommended to use raft foundation at a depth not less than 3m below
ground surface.
6.1 The towers locations Bearing Capacity
The towers foundations was recommended to be placed at 4m

on a layer of clayey Sand encountered between 2m to 5m depth. The
average foundation soil properties at 4m depth can be obtained from
the tests results as given in appendix (A):
Average bulk density (γ) = 15 KN/m3

Soil cohesion (C) = 3 KN/ m2
Angle of internal friction (ф) =38◦
Foundation depth = 4 m
Foundation width (assumed) = 4 m
The bearing capacity coeff. : Nc = 31, Nq = 17.3, N γ= 15.3
Vertical surcharge pressure q = 15 * 4 = 60 KN/ m2
Foundation rectangular shape coeff. Sc = 1.3, S γ = 0.80
By substituting the above properties in Terzaghi’s equation, the

ultimate bearing capacity qu = 1529 KN/m2. By using factor of safety
equal 5, the allowable bearing capacity qa = 306 KN/m2.
To support the structure of medium to high load, it is
recommended to use raft foundation at a depth not less than 4m below
ground surface.
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
The report summarizes the results of the field and laboratory

investigation performed for the proposed substation at Bashair and the
towers of electricity transmission line beside the asphalt road
alignment in port Sudan. Seventeen boreholes with depths of 15m
(SK1 to SK5), 8m (SJ1 to SJ4) and (XK1 to XK8) were drilled and
the Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) at each borehole was performed
at the site to reveal the subsoil profile and physical properties.
The laboratory tests were performed on representative soil

samples taken from the drilled boreholes. From the tests results and
analysis of the soil profile, four main zones were identified in Bashair
substation: sandy Clay, silty Sand, sandy Silt and sandy Clay. On the
hand, there are two main layers were identified in the towers
locations: silty Sand and clayey Sand.
The foundation of the substation is recommended to be placed

on the silty Sand layer at 3m depth. The towers foundation was to be
placed on a layer of clayey Sand at a depth not less than 4m.
The allowable bearing capacity of the foundation soil in the

substation area was determined at 3m depth is qa = 255 KN/m2 and it
is recommended to use raft foundation. In the towers locations the
allowable bearing capacity for the soil at 4m depth was determined to
be 306 KN/m2 and it is recommended to use raft foundation.

Appendix (A)
Soil Profile and Summary

of Laboratory Tests Results

‫بسم اه الرحمن الرحيم‬
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Dept.- Road & Soil Section
Electricity Transmission line Towers Project at Port Sudan in Red Sea State
Table (1-5) : The Soil Profile and Summary of Laboratory and Field Tests for Bashair Substation
Borehole No: SK 1 19° 23' 20.52351" N

Coordinate
Total Boring Depth (m): 15 37° 17' 46.34587" E
Elevation 14.50
Depth Group GRAVEL SAND SILT / CLAY Atterberge Limits Water Density Shear Strength SPT
Description Remarks
(m) Symbol % % % L.L % P.L % P. I % Cont. % (KNlm3) Cohesion (kpa) Friction Angle (o) No. of Blows N - value
0.0
0.5
Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity

of Transmission Line Towers in Port-Sudan
1.0 Light brown, sandy Silt, non-plastic, low density 0 37 63 N.P.
ML
1.5 4,3,2,3,3 11
2.0
13
2.5
3.0 Light brown, silty Sand, non-plastic, low density 0 64 36 N.P. 1.0 15.3 2.6 37 6,4,4,3,2 13
3.5
SM
4.0
4.5 2,2,2,2,3 9
5.0 Light grey, sandy Silt, non-plastic, low density 0 33 67 N.P.
5.5
6.0 1.5 13.4 1.3 35 5,2,3,4,4 13
ML
6.5
7.0
7.5 0,1,0,1,1 3
8.0 dark grey, loose silty Sand, non plastic, low density 9 45 46 N.P.
8.5
9.0 SM 1.1 13.5 3.7 42 0,0,0,0,1 1
9.5
10.0
Continue ……..
By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

Borehole No: SK 1 19° 23' 20.52351" N
Coordinate
Elevation 14.50
Description Remarks
10.5 6,5,4,5,5 19

11.0 Whitish, silty sandy Clay of low plasticity, medium density. 0 19 81 38 22 16
11.5
12.0 2.2 12.8 0.2 36 4,4,4,4,4 16
14
12.5
CL
13.0 Same as the above but with some gravel …….. 14 36 50 45 18 27
13.5 5,4,4,5,5 18
14.0 Same as the above …….. 11 21 68 48 19 29
14.5
15.0 1.1 13.5 3.7 42 3,3,2,4,4 13
Bottom of borehole @ 15m

Borehole No: SK 2 19° 23' 20.78166" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.64
Description Remarks
3 o
(m) Symbol % % % L.L % P.L % P. I % Cont. % (KNlm ) Cohesion (kpa) Friction Angle ( ) No. of Blows N - value
0.0
0.5
ML

1.0 Light brown, sandy Silt, non-plastic, low density 0 18 82 N.P.
1.5 6,4,4,4,3 15
2.0 Dark grey, silty Sand, non-plastic, low density 0 55 45 N.P.
15
2.5
3.0 0.5 16.0 4.2 32 2,2,1,1,1 5
3.5
4.0
SM
4.5 3,3,3,3,2 11
5.0 Same as the above …….. 0 50 50 N.P.
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …….. 1.1 14.4 2.7 39 3,1,0,1,2 4
6.5
7.0 Whitish, loose silty Clay of low plasticity, low density 7 20 73 35 18 17
7.5 0,0,0,0,1 1
8.0
8.5 CL
9.0 Same as the above …….. 7 33 60 33 18 16 1.7 13.2 5.9 36 0,0,0,0,1 1
9.5
10.0
Continue ……..

Borehole No: SK 2 19° 23' 20.78166" N
Coordinate
Elevation 13.64
Description Remarks
10.5 0,1,1,1,1 4

11.0 Same as the above …….. 6 18 76 37 20 17
11.5
12.0 1.3 12.9 1.8 40 4,4,5,5,6 20
16
12.5
CL
13.0
13.5 9,5,5,6,8 24
14.0 Same as the above …….. 6 20 74 41 21 20
14.5
15.0 1.3 12.1 2.0 40 7,4,5,6,6 21

Borehole No: SK 3 19° 23' 19.78044" N

Coordinate
Elevation 14.05
Description Remarks
3 o
0.0
0.5

1.0 Light brown, silty Sand, non-plastic, medium density 0 52 48 N.P.
1.5 7,4,4,5,5 18
2.0
SM
17
2.5
3.0 0.4 17.2 1.7 35 5,3,3,3,4 13
3.5
4.0 Same as the above but with less silt …….. 0 83 17 N.P.
4.5 4,2,3,3,2 10
5.0 Light grey, sandy Silt, non-plastic, low density 0 39 61 N.P.
5.5
6.0 1.0 14.3 2.7 39 2,1,1,1,1 4
6.5
ML
7.0 Same as the above …….. 0 42 58 N.P.
7.5 0,0,0,0,1 1
8.0
8.5
9.0 dark grey, silty sandy Clay of low plasticity, medium density. 6 17 77 36 21 15 1.6 12.5 2.6 39 0,0,0,0,1 1
9.5 CL
10.0
Continue ……..

Borehole No: SK 3 19° 23' 19.78044" N
Coordinate
Elevation 14.05
Description Remarks
3 o
10.5 0,0,0,0,1 1

11.0
11.5 CL
12.0 Same as the above …….. 8 29 63 37 21 16 1.0 12.9 1.3 41 4,5,6,6,7 24
18
12.5
13.0 dark grey, stiff sandy Clay of high plasticity, medium density. 0 44 56 67 27 40
13.5 10,7,8,8,9 32
14.0 Same as the above …….. CH 8 18 74 50 22 28
14.5
15.0 1.0 12.5 2.0 37 6,3,4,3,5 15

Borehole No: SK 4 19° 23' 18.74713" N

Coordinate
Elevation 14.20
Description Remarks
3 o
0.0
0.5

1.0 Light brown, stiff silty Clay of low plasticity, medium density. 0 6 94 42 23 19
CL
1.5 5,4,4,5,5 18
2.0
19
2.5
3.0 Light brown, silty Sand, non-plastic, low density 0 59 41 N.P. 0.8 16.3 3.2 35 5,2,2,2,2 8
3.5
SM
4.0
4.5 Same as the above …….. 4,2,2,2,1 7
5.0 Light grey, loose sandy Silt, non-plastic, low density 0 30 70 N.P.
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …….. 1.0 13.7 2.1 35 1,0,1,1,2 4
ML
6.5
7.0
7.5 5,3,3,1,2 9
8.0 dark grey, loose silty Sand, non plastic, low density 0 16 84 37 21 16
8.5
9.0 Same as the above …….. CL 1.0 14.0 1.1 39 0,0,0,0,1 1
9.5
10.0
Continue ……..

Borehole No: SK 4 19° 23' 18.74713" N
Coordinate
Elevation 14.20
Description Remarks
3 o
10.5 0,0,0,0,1 1

11.0 dark grey, very soft silty Sand, non-plastic, low density 0 51 49 N.P.
11.5 SM
12.0 Same as the above becoming alittle pit hard …….. 0.4 14.1 0.4 41 2,2,2,2,4 10
20
12.5
13.0 dark grey, stiff gravelly sandy Clay of low plasticity, medium 24 25 51 31 19 12
13.5 density. 9,6,6,6,6 24
14.0 Same as the above …….. CL 20 27 53 35 18 17
14.5
15.0 Same as the above but becoming whitish and very stiff…….. 12 21 67 41 20 21 0.4 12.8 0.1 39 11,7,9,7,10 33

Borehole No: SK 5 19° 23' 19.00527" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.60
Description Remarks
0.0
0.5

1.0 Light brown, silty Sand, non-plastic, low dense 0 50 50 N.P.
1.5 5,4,3,3,4 14
2.0
SM
21
2.5
3.0 Same as the above but becoming very soft …….. 0 58 42 N.P. 1.6 17.4 3.1 34 3,2,1,1,1 5
3.5
4.0
4.5 1,2,1,2,2 7
5.0 Dark grey, soft sandy Clay of low plasticity, medium dense. 4 28 68 28 18 10
5.5
6.0 2.1 14.0 4.2 40 3,3,2,1,1 7
6.5
CL
7.0 Same as the above …….. 0 29 71 31 18 13
7.5 0,0,0,0,1 1
8.0
8.5
9.0 dark grey, very soft clayey Sand, low plasticity, low density 8 51 41 29 16 13 1.1 15.1 2.8 43 0,0,0,0,1 1
9.5 SC
10.0
Continue ……..

Borehole No: SK 5 19° 23' 19.00527" N
Coordinate
Elevation 13.60
Description Remarks
3 o
10.5 0,0,0,0,1 1

11.0 dark grey, very soft silty Clay of low plasticity, low density 2 10 88 42 21 21
11.5
12.0 CL 1.4 14.7 4.9 35 13,7,7,7,7 28
22
12.5
13.0 Same as the above but with some sand and gravel..... 10 25 65 37 18 19
13.5 14,7,7,5,8 27
14.0 Whitish, stiff clayey gravelly Sand, low plasticity, density 31 32 37 40 20 20
14.5 SC
15.0 Same as the above ........ 1.2 13.0 2.9 37 14,10,8,8,7 33

Borehole No: SJ 1 19° 23' 20.65628" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.85
Description Remarks
(m) Symbol % % % L.L % P.L % P. I % Cont. % (KNlm3) Cohesion (kpa) Friction Angle (o) No. of Blows N
0.0

0.5
CL
1.0 Brown, very stiff sandy Clay of high plasticity, dense. 0 19 81 36 22 13
1.5 5,3,3,3,4 13
23
2.0 Brown, very stiff clayey Sand with some gravel, low plasticity, 0 63 37 NP 0.4 15.7 5.4 33
2.5 very dense.
SC
3.0 5,3,3,1,1 8
3.5
4.0 Same as the above but becoming almost sand and nonplastic. 0 38 62 29 19 10 0.7 14.5 4.8 33
4.5 3,2,1,1,2 6
5.0 0 30 70 27 18 9
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …..……... CL 1.9 13.9 3.9 34 2,1,2,2,4 9
6.5
7.0 0 24 76 30 18 12
7.5 0,0,0,0,1 1
8.0 Same as the above but with more clay of low plasticity. 0.7 13.4 4.0 40
Bottom of the borehole @ 8m

Borehole No: SJ 2 19° 23' 19.64800" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.80
Description Remarks

0.0
0.5
CL
1.0 Brown, very stiff sandy Clay of high plasticity, dense. 0 43 57 32 20 12
24
1.5 4,2,3,3,2 10
2.5 very dense.
3.0 4,3,3,3,3 12
3.5
4.0 Same as the above but becoming almost sand and nonplastic. 0.3 14.5 2.2 41
4.5 3,1,1,2,3 7
5.0 SM 0 55 45 NP
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …..……... 1.3 14.6 0.9 37 1,1,2,3,3 9
6.5
7.0 0 66 34 NP
7.5 1,0,1,1,2 4

Borehole No: SJ 3 19° 23' 19.90583" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.51
Description Remarks

0.0
0.5
ML
1.0 Brown, very stiff sandy Clay of high plasticity, dense. 0 45 55 NP
25
1.5 7,3,3,3,2 11
2.5 very dense.
3.0 3,1,2,1,2 6
3.5
4.5 0 45 55 1,0,1,0,1 2
5.0 SM NP
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …..……... 1.2 14.1 2.9 38 1,0,1,1,2 4
6.5
7.0 0 39 61 27 18 9
7.5 0,0,0,01 1

Borehole No: SJ 4 19° 23' 18.88064" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.85
Description Remarks
o
(m) Symbol % % % L.L % P.L % P. I % Cont. % (KNlm3) Cohesion (kpa) Friction Angle ( ) No. of Blows N

0.0
0.5
1.0 Brown, very stiff sandy Clay of high plasticity, dense. 0 73 27 NP
26
1.5 5,2,3,4,4 13
2.5 very dense.
3.0 5,2,2,1,1 6
SM
3.5
4.5 4,3,3,3,3 12
5.0 0 58 42 NP
5.5
6.0 Same as the above …..……... 1.0 14.4 1.2 36 3,1,1,1,1 4
6.5
7.0 0 28 72 31 18 13
7.5 CL 2,2,1,1,1 5

Table (2-1) : The Soil Profile and Summary of Laboratory and Field Tests for The Towers Line
Borehole No: XK 1 19° 32' 14.15948" N

Coordinate
Elevation 22.74

Description Remarks
27
0.0
0.5
SM
1.0 Light brown, hard silty Sand, non-plastic, low dense 0 82 18 NP
1.5 34,17,15,12,7 51
2.0 Brown, very stiff clayey Sand, low plasticity, dense. 0 73 27 34 17 16 2.1 15.5 10.4 28
2.5
3.0 5,4,4,5,6 19
3.5 SC
4.0 Same as the above............. 0 77 23 24 18 7 1.4 18.8 4.4 44
4.5 8,10,12,12,14 48
5.0 Same as the above but becoming very hard............. 0 73 27 27 19 8

Borehole No: XK 2 19° 32' 10.68222" N

Coordinate
Elevation 24.40

Description Remarks
28
0.0
0.5
1.0 Light brown, stiff clayey Sand, low plasticity, medium dense. 26 53 21 32 16 16
1.5 12,7,7,5,5 24
2.0 Same as the above but with more clay............. 9 47 44 49 20 30 1.7 14.8 0.2 43
2.5 SC
3.0 Same as the above............. 12 45 43 38 18 20 8,7,7,7,9 30
3.5
4.0 1.1 15.1 0.5 40
4.5 5,15,18,18 51
5.0

Borehole No: XK 3 19° 30' 51.90027" N

Coordinate
Elevation 22.60

Description Remarks
29
0.0
0.5
1.0 Brown, stiff clayey Sand, low plasticity, medium dense. 31 52 17 23 16 7
1.5 4,7,11,9,9 36
2.0 Same as the above but becoming more plastic............. 9 61 30 42 19 24 1.3 16.4 6.3 44
2.5 SC
3.0 Same as the above ............. 7 57 36 57 22 35 12,11,12,11,13 47
3.5
4.0 Same as the above ............. 10 60 30 46 22 24 1.4 14.5 8.2 33
4.5 11,9,11,10,21 51
5.0 Same as the above ............. 6 55 39 45 21 24

Borehole No: XK 4 19° 28' 29.88570" N

Coordinate
Elevation 27.50

Description Remarks
30
0.0
0.5
SM
1.0 Light brown, hard silty Sand, non-plastic, low dense 16 73 11 NP
1.5 11,8,10,10,11 39
2.0 Brown, very stiff clayey Sand with some gravel, low plasticity, 13 56 31 27 15 12 1.0 15.5 4.9 35
2.5
SC
3.0 5 44 51 31 20 11 12,9,10,8,9 36
3.5
4.0 Light grey, very hard silty Sand, non-plastic, very dense 2 85 13 NP 0.6 17.6 2.0 40
4.5 SM 21,16,21,14 51
5.0 14 68 18 NP

Borehole No: XK 5 19° 28' 48.65460" N

Coordinate
Elevation 16.00

Description Remarks
o
(m) Symbol % % % L.L % P.L % P. I % Cont. % (KNlm3) Cohesion (kpa) Friction Angle ( ) No. of Blows N
31
0.0
0.5
1.0 Brown, stiff sandy Clay of low plasticity, low dense. 0 25 75 35 19 17
1.5 5,4,5,4,6 19
2.0 Same as the above ............. 0 23 77 37 23 14 2.3 13.3 3.3 41
CL
2.5
3.0 Same as the above ............. 0 45 55 26 19 7 4,3,4,3,4 14
3.5
4.0 1.2 15.0 3.8 44
4.5 26,51 51
5.0 Light grey, hard silty Sand, non-plastic, very dense SM 20 42 38 NP

Borehole No: XK 6 19° 27' 30.89950" N

Coordinate
Elevation 13.46

Description Remarks
32
0.0
0.5
GM
1.0 Grey, hard sandy silty Gravel, non-plastic, very dense 57 31 12 NP
1.5 13,10,11,13,17 51
2.0 Dark grey, stiff silty Sand, non-plastic, dense. 0 73 27 NP 0.6 16.2 0.2 43
2.5
3.0 10,8,11,9,11 39
3.5 SM
4.0 Same as the above but becoming very hard. 13 43 44 NP 0.6 14.8 1.0 37
4.5 10,13,14,19,5 51
5.0

Borehole No: XK 7 19° 26' 34.69780" N

Coordinate
Elevation 18.97

Description Remarks
33
0.0
0.5
1.0 Light brown, hard silty Sand, non-plastic, medium dense 0 83 17 NP
1.5 12,10,6,8,9 33
2.0 Same as the above ............. 0 74 26 NP 1.3 16.0 1.7 39
2.5 SM
3.0 13,10,9,9,9 37
3.5
4.5 6,5,5,5,5 20
5.0

Borehole No: XK 8 19° 23' 35.22897" N

Coordinate
Elevation 24.12

Description Remarks
34
0.0
0.5
1.0 Brown, silty Sand, non-plastic, low dense 0 74 26 NP
1.5 5,3,3,2,2 10
2.5 SM
3.0 Same as the above ............. 0 65 35 NP 6,4,5,6,7 22
3.5
4.0 Same as the above ............. 0 52 48 25 18 7 1.2 15.0 2.4 38
4.5 16,10,8,5,5 28
5.0

Appendix (B)
Grain Size Distribution

UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENG. DEPT. - ROAD & SOIL SECTION
Project: Electricity Transmission Line Project at Port Sudan in Red Sea State
Gradiation Curve {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 37%, Silt / Clay = 63%} BH (SK1)
100
90
80 Depth = 0.0 - 2.0 m

70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
CLAY FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE bles
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 4.0 - 7.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL

Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 7.0 - 10.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 10.0 - 12.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 11%, Sand = 21%, Silt / Clay = 50 %} BH (SK1)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 12.0 - 13.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 14%, Sand = 36%, Silt / Clay = 69%} BH (SK1)
100
90
80
70
Depth = 13.0 - 15.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80 Depth = 0.0 - 1.0 m

70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 4.0 - 6.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 6.0 - 8.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 6 - 7%, Sand = 18 - 33%, Silt / Clay = 60 - 76%} BH (SK2
100
90
80
Depth = 6.0 - 8.0 m
70
Depth = 8.0 - 10.0 m
%PASSING
60
Depth = 10.0 - 13.0 m
50
Depth = 13.0 - 15.0 m
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80 Depth = 0.0 - 3.0 m

70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 3.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 39 - 42%, Silt / Clay = 58 - 61%} BH (S
100
90
80
Depth = 4.0 - 6.0 m
70
Depth = 6.0 - 7.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 7.0 - 11.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 7.0 - 11.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0 - 8%, Sand = 18 - 44%, Silt / Clay = 56 - 74%} BH (SK3)
100
90
80
Depth = 11.0 - 12.0 m
70
Depth = 12.0 - 13.0 m
%PASSING
60
Depth = 13.0 - 15.0 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80 Depth = 0.0 - 2.0 m

70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 16 - 30%, Silt / Clay = 70 - 84%} BH (SK4)
100
90
80
Depth = 4.0 - 7.0 m
70
Depth = 7.0 - 10.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 10.0 - 12.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 12.0 - 13.0 m

%PASSING
60 Depth = 13.0 - 14.0 m

50 Depth = 14.0 - 15.0 m
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80 Depth = 0.0 - 2.0 m

70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0 - 4%, Sand = 28 - 29%, Silt / Clay = 68 - 71%} BH (S
100
90
80
Depth = 4.0 - 6.0 m
70
Depth = 6.0 - 8.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 8.0 - 10.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70
Depth = 10.0 - 12.0 m
%PASSING
60
50 Depth = 12.0 - 13.0 m
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70
%PASSING
60
Depth = 13.0 - 15.0 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curve {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 19%, Silt / Clay = 81%} BH (SJ1)
100
90
80 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 3.0 m
60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 24 - 38%, Silt / Clay = 62 - 76%} BH (SJ1)
100
90
80
Depth = 3.0 - 5.0 m
70
Depth = 5.0 - 7.0 m
%PASSING
60
Depth = 7.0 - 8.0 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 4.0 - 6.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 6.0 - 8.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 4.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
Depth = 4.0 - 7.0 m
70
Depth = 7.0 - 8.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
80
Depth = 1.0 - 4.0 m
70
%PASSING
Depth = 4.0 - 6.0 m

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 6.0 - 8.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Gradiation Curve {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 82%, Silt / Clay = 18%} BH (XK1)
100
90
80 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 3.0 m
60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 0%, Sand = 73 - 77%, Silt / Clay = 23 - 27%} BH (XK1)
100
90
80
Depth = 3.0 - 4.0 m
70
Depth = 4.0 - 5.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70
%PASSING
Depth = 0 - 2.0 m
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 5.0 m
60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70
%PASSING
Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 2.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 6 - 10%, Sand = 55 - 60%, Silt / Clay = 30 - 39%} B
100
90
80
Depth = 2.0 - 3.0 m
70 Depth = 3.0 - 4.0 m
%PASSING
60 Depth = 4.0 - 5.0 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL

Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70
%PASSING
Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 1.0 - 2.0 m

60
%PASSING
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 3.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
Gradiation Curves {Gravel = 2 - 14%, Sand = 68 - 85%, Silt / Clay = 13 - 17%} BH (XK
100
90
80
Depth = 3.0 - 4.0 m
70 Depth = 4.0 - 5.0 m
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
%PASSING
60 Depth = 1.0 - 2.0 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 2.0 - 4.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70 Depth = 4.0 - 5.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80 Depth = 1.0 - 3.0 m
70
%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
70 Depth = 3.0 - 5.0 m

%PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

100
90
80
70
%PASSING
60
50 Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
40 Depth = 1.0 - 3.0 m
30 Depth = 3.0 - 5.0 m
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)
100
90
80
Depth = 0 - 1.0 m
70
%PASSING
Depth = 1.0 - 2.0 m

60
Depth = 2.0 - 3.0 m
50
Depth = 3.0 - 5.0 m
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cob
PARTICLE SIZE(mm)

Appendix (D)
Chemical Tests Results


University of Khartoum ‫جامعة الخرطوم‬
Faculty of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Civil Engineering Department ‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬
P. O. Box 321, P. Code 11111, 321 ‫ص ب‬
Khartoum, Sudan
‫خرطوم – سودان‬
771577Tel. 0249-11-
E-mail: ceuk@sudanet.net 771577 :‫تلفون‬
Oct. 23, 2010
Project: Plot No. 44, Sq. 35

Location: at Khartoum Extension
Subject: Chemical Tests Results
You will find below the tests results for the two soil samples
taken from the two boreholes at 4m depth.
Borehole Sulphate Chloride PH

N0. (gm/lit) (%) (@25˚C)
BH 1 0.329 0.007 8.3
BH 2 0.343 0.006 8.1

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Soil Investigations For Electric Towers

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Soil Investigation for Towers of Electricity

Technical Report · July 2011

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TOWERS OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 1 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

This is a detailed geotechnical report that presents the results of

The field work was comprised of drilling boreholes and

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 2 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

The project is the proposed towers of electricity transmission

70 m SJ2 SK3 SJ3

SK4 SJ4 SK5

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 3 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

The investigation was comprised of drilling seventeen boreholes

3.1 Drilling Boreholes

The borings were drilled by an auger drilling machine.

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 4 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was performed for each

The Laboratory program was comprised of performing

– Atterberg Limits tests (Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit)

– Grain size analysis (Wet sieve analysis)

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 5 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

4.1 Atterberg Limits

4.2 Sieve Analysis Test

These tests were carried out on representative soil samples taken

4.3 Shear Box Test

This test was performed using soil samples taken at certain

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 6 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

Chemical tests were carried out on soil sample taken from

5.1 Bashair Substation

The nine boreholes drilled at the locations in the substation at

The First top ground layer of 2m thick is sandy Clay of low

A layer of sandy Silt was encountered between 5m and 8m

Ground water table was not encountered in this investigation.

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 7 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

The eight boreholes drilled at the locations of the towers (XK1

The First top layer of 2m thick is silty Sand soil was

Ground water table was not encountered during this site

6. Soil Bearing Capacity

The bearing capacity of the foundation soil can be determined

6.1 The Substation Bearing Capacity

The foundation of the substation was recommended to be placed

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 8 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

By substituting the above properties in Terzaghi’s equation, the

6.1 The towers locations Bearing Capacity

The towers foundations was recommended to be placed at 4m

Average bulk density (γ) = 15 KN/m3

By substituting the above properties in Terzaghi’s equation, the

7. Conclusions and Recommendations

The report summarizes the results of the field and laboratory

The laboratory tests were performed on representative soil

The foundation of the substation is recommended to be placed

The allowable bearing capacity of the foundation soil in the

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 11 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

Soil Profile and Summary

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity 12 By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

Borehole No: SK 1 19° 23' 20.52351" N

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity

By Dr. Magdi Zumrawi

Geotechnical Investigation for Electricity