6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Considerable amount of research have been carried out on the

effect of Low heat rejection engines on engine performance and emission
characteristics. The present study is focussing on the combined effect of
extended expansion cycle and internal exhaust gas recirculation on
Turbocharged Low heat rejection engines. Based on this work a detailed
literature review has been carried out.

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO EXTENDED

EXPANSION CYCLE AND EXHAUST GAS
RECIRCULATION

Edwards et al (1998) have performed simulation for heavy-duty

diesel engine using combined Miller cycle and internal EGR to reduce NOx
emissions and specific fuel consumption. The disadvantages of external EGR
and various configurations of valve timings to achieve internal EGR were
discussed. It was concluded that secondary opening of the exhaust valve
during intake stroke is the most efficient method of achieving iEGR.

Nagesh Mavinahally et al (1996) have investigated theoretically the

benefits of the Miller cycle diesel engine with and without low heat rejection
on thermodynamic efficiency, brake power and fuel consumption. It further
illustrates the effectiveness of thin thermal barrier coatings to improve the
performance of military and commercial IC engines. Miller cycle was
 7

accomplished by closing the intake valve late and the engine components
were coated with PSZ for low heat rejection. A significant improvement in
brake power and thermal efficiency were observed.

Roy Kamo et al (1998) have conducted experimental investigation

on turbocharged six-cylinder diesel engine converted to Miller cycle
operation. Effects of intake valve closing time, injection time, and insulation
of piston, head and liner on the emission characteristics of the Miller cycle
engine were experimentally verified. Effect of increasing the intake boost
pressure on emission was studied. It was concluded that the performance of
the insulated Miller cycle engine showed improvement in BSFC when
compared to the base engine.

Hakan Yilmaz and Anna Stefanopoulou (2005) have extended an

existing crank angle resolved dynamic nonlinear model of a six-cylinder
turbocharged diesel engine with exhaust valve closing (EVC) variability.
Early EVC had achieved a high level of internal exhaust gas recirculation
(iEGR) or charge dilution in diesel engines, and thus reduced generated
oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This model was validated in steady-state
conventional (fixed EVC) engine operating points. They showed using
simulations that the EVC can be used for management of iEGR in
turbocharged diesel engines.

Hansruedi Stebler et al (1996) have measured and compared the

emissions and performance parameters of a medium size, medium speed DI
diesel engine with increased charge air pressure and reduced but fixed inlet
valve opening period to the standard engine. The application of the Miller
system with fixed inlet valve timing showed a significant reduction of nitric
oxide emissions at improved efficiency over a broad range of operating
conditions. NOx emissions in the high load range were reduced by 15 - 20%
in comparison to the conventional engine. At the same time, fuel
 8

consumption decreased by 0.5 – 2%. Results of simulations for both

performance parameters and NOx emissions were in good agreement with the
experimental findings.

Benajes et al (2009) have performed experimental investigation on

the potential of the Atkinson cycle and reducing intake oxygen concentration
for pollutant control in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The analysis was mainly
focused on in-cylinder gas thermodynamic conditions, combustion process,
exhaust emissions and engine efficiency. In compression ignition engines, the
Atkinson cycle basically promoted the premixed combustion, but in the range
of these test conducted a complete premixed combustion was not attained.
Regarding exhaust emissions, the Atkinson cycle reduced notably the nitrous
oxides but increased the soot emissions. Finally, better global results have
been found by reducing the intake oxygen concentration by the recirculation
of exhaust gas than by the operation of an Atkinson cycle.

Kentfield (1989) have conducted experiments in DI diesel engines

by using extended expansion concept. The exhaust blowdown losses
associated with the difference in pressure between the engine cylinder and
turbine inlet duct at the beginning of the exhaust stroke was reduced. From
the experiments a 10% decrease in maximum brake mean effective pressure
and 8% less specific fuel consumption were obtained. A description is given
in this work to make the necessary linkage to achieve an extended expansion
stroke in a four-stroke engine. Also, the applications of the extended
expansion concept to engines of the two-stroke type were described.

Abd-Alla (2002) have reviewed the potential of exhaust gas

recirculation (EGR) to reduce the exhaust emissions, particularly NOx
emissions, and to delimit the application range of this technique. In this work
a detailed analysis of previous and current results of the EGR effects on the
emissions and performance of diesel engines were introduced. The authors
 9

have concluded that adding EGR to the air flow rate to the Diesel engine,
rather than displacing some of the inlet air, appears to be a more beneficial
way of utilizing EGR in diesel engines.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO LOW HEAT

REJECTION ENGINES

Tamilporai et al (2003) have performed simulation and

experimental investigation in a naturally aspirated multicylinder automotive
diesel engine and as well as on the same engine with partially stabilized
zirconia coating of thickness 0.5 mm and 1mm. The combustion was
predicted using a two-zone combustion model. For gas phase heat transfer,
different models were used among which only Annand’s model is used to
calculate both convective and radiation heat transfer. Wall heat transfer was
calculated for both conventional and LHR engine. The overall effects of heat
transfer on combustion and performance for conventional and LHR engines
for different coating thickness of insulation at different operating conditions
such as speed and load were evaluated. The authors have concluded that Low
Heat Rejection (LHR) engine with 0.5 mm thickness insulation coating on
cylinder components gives better performance than with 1 mm thickness
insulation coating.

Miyairi (1988) have dealt about the computer simulation of low

heat rejection direct injection diesel engine. It includes a gas flow model, a
heat transfer model and a two zone combustion model. The combustion and
heat transfer characteristics were studied in this literature by taking into
account of the high temperature swing in the low heat rejection engines.
Simulations were performed of various combustion chamber surface materials
and various LHR levels. The factors which affect thermal efficiency and
exhaust emissions were deduced and their influences discussed. It was
concluded that when the injection timing is near optimal thermal efficiency,
 10

insulation results in a large benefit to the thermal efficiency/NO trade-off and

insulation of the lower part of the cylinder liner is disadvantageous with
regard to the thermal efficiency/NO trade-off.

Churchill et al (1988) have reviewed the concept of low heat

rejection engines. Providing insulation had increased the gas temperature, so
engine required special materials for insulation. Among metals and
composites considered partially stabilized zirconia was considered to have the
desired material characteristics. Tribological aspects, which lead to
emissions, were examined. Various factors leading to the HC, CO and soot
emissions were described.

Thomas Morel et al (1988) have dealt about the heat flux through
the combustion chamber components at various speeds and loading conditions
of low heat rejection diesel engines. They have conducted heat transfer
experiments in insulated diesel engine mainly to calculate the heat flux at two
points inside the cylinder, a region near piston crown and in bowl region. The
measured heat flux was high in bowl region than piston crown. The data
obtained showed that the peak heat flux was consistently decreased as the
wall temperature increased. Based on the results, the conclusion was drawn
that insulation and increasing wall temperatures lead to a decrease in heat
transfer and thus contribute positively to thermal efficiency.

Shigeharu Kobori et al (1992) have provided an overview of the

combustion and emission characteristics of the low heat rejection diesel
engine. They have discussed the results obtained from heavy duty and light
duty insulated engines and found out that combustion has deteriorated
because of slow diffusion burning and reduced volumetric efficiency. The
emissions from different configurations of low heat rejection engines are
studied and the results obtained are found to be contradictory. In general it
was found that NOx emissions increases, soot, HC, particulate emissions
 11

decreases and lubricating oil consumption increases. Finally it was concluded

that further utilization of the increased exhaust gas enthalpy and its
conversion into additional work, which is one of the major objectives in the
LHR engine concept, could be made possible by a turbocompound system,
thus improving the fuel economy of the LHR engine system.

2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO SIMULATION

Whitehouse and Way (1969) suggests that, the thermodynamic

cycle calculations as a design tool, using the digital computer is now familiar
and widespread. The value of these calculations are undoubted, but their
accuracy is dependent upon a number of assumptions of which two of the
most significant are the heat transfer and heat transfer relationships. To a
practical engineer two obvious weaknesses were particularly apparent. First,
the heat release pattern then used was not correlated in any obvious way with
fuel injection characteristics; and second the effect of air supply on
combustion was not allowed for. To alleviate the above mentioned problems,
and to make the combustion calculations a more versatile one for different
types of engines, the authors postulated the preparation and reaction equations
with respect to mass of fuel injection, time, oxygen concentration, etc. These
combustion calculation equations are as such introduced in this work for LHR
turbocharged extended expansion engine with iEGR.

Annand (1963) gives a clear understanding and the methodology to

calculate the gas phase heat transfer in reciprocating internal combustion
engines. This literature dealt in detail about the convective and radiative heat
transfer from the gas phase through the engine operating conditions and
charge motion inside cylinder. The concepts from this literature is used for
this work for the calculations of convective and radiative heat transfer from
LHR turbocharged extended expansion engine with iEGR.
 12

Amann (1988) suggests the promises and challenges of a low heat

rejection diesel engine. This literature gives the formulation of a thermal
network comprising the combustion chamber components such as piston,
cylinder head, cylinder liner, etc., of a low heat rejection diesel engine for the
calculation of heat flux and temperature of the above components for the fuel
economy opportunities studies. The above methodology is as such adopted
for the heat transfer and temperature calculations in this work.

Marcus Klein and Lars Eriksson (2004) have investigated models

of the specific heat ratio for the single-zone heat release model. Based on
assumptions of frozen mixture for the unburned mixture and chemical
equilibrium for the unburned mixture, the specific heat ratio was calculated
using a full equilibrium program for an unburned and burned air-fuel mixture.
A two-zone mean temperature model, Matekumas pressure management and
the Vibe function are used to parameterize the mass fraction burned. The
mass fraction burned was used to interpolate the specific heats for the
unburned and burned mixture and then form the specific heat ratio. The
concept from this literature was used to calculate the burned zone temperature
and unburned zone temperature in this work.

Benson and Whitehouse (1979) this text book has dealt in detail
about the internal combustion engine processes. The combustion modeling
and the associated gas mixture properties under dynamic conditions have been
taken from this text book for the present modeling and analysis.

Ganesan (2002) have presented a comprehensive simulation

procedure for both SI and CI engine processes. In this literature, the
simulation for compression, combustion, expansion and gas exchange process
are explained. The application of various heat transfer model in IC engines
are also explained.
 13

2.4 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK

The LHR engines are energy efficient engines with respect to

energy conversion. Due to dynamic conditions of the internal combustion
engine, the high energy release in an LHR engine cannot be fully realized as
work done and higher amount of energy is going in the exhaust as a waste
heat. To realize the energy available in the exhaust, the LHR concept is
introduced to the turbocharged engine, so that the heat can be utilized in the
turbocharger for the effective compression of intake air. In addition to this,
the extended expansion concept has also been introduced to realize in-
cylinder work done to a higher level. Any engine which is going for higher
percentage of combustion will result in higher amount of NOx emission. In
order to reduce the value of NOx emission inside the engine cylinder during
combustion the iEGR was introduced for the analysis.