1.

Sediment yield is the amount of sediment reaching or passing a point of interest in a

given period of time
2. Types of sediments
1. Dissolved Load: Chemical weathering of rocks produces ions in solution
(i.e. Ca2+, Mg+, and HCO3+). High concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg+ - hard
water.
2. Suspended Load: Fine sediment, mostly clay and silt, makes water look
cloudy or opaque. The greater the amount of sediment, the muddier the
water.
3. Bed load: Coarse sediment (silt- to boulder-sized, but mostly sand and
gravel) settles on the bottom of the channel. Bed load sediment moves by
bouncing or rolling along the bottom. The distance that bed load travels
depends on the velocity
3. Runoff = a function of precipitation, geology, porosity, slope,, saturation, soil type,
vegetation, and time:

4. Meteorological factors affecting runoff:

◦ Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.)
◦ Rainfall intensity
◦ Rainfall amount
◦ Rainfall duration
◦ Distribution of rainfall over the watersheds
◦ Direction of storm movement
◦ Antecedent precipitation and resulting soil moisture
◦ Other meteorological and climatic conditions that
affect evapotranspiration, such as
temperature, wind, relative humidity, and season
5. Physical characteristics affecting runoff:
◦ Geology - Topography
◦ Land use
◦ Vegetation
 ◦ Soil type
◦ Drainage area
◦ Basin shape
◦ Elevation
◦ Slope
◦ Direction of orientation
◦ Drainage network patterns
6. Factors affecting RATE of infiltration:
1. Topography
2. Soil &Rock type
3. Amount & intensity of P
4. Vegetation
5. Land use
7. An aquifer is a formation that allows water
to be accessible at a usable
rate
8. • Confined aquifers have non-permeable
layers, above and below the
aquifer zone, referred to as aquitards or
aquicludes. These layers restrict
water movement. Clay soils, shales, and non-
fractured, weakly porous
igneous and metamorphic rocks are examples
 of aquitards.
• An unconfined aquifer has no confining
layers that retard vertical water
movement.
• Artesian aquifers are confined under
hydraulic pressure, resulting in freeflowing
water, either from a spring or from a well.
9. • Groundwater recharge is any water added to
the aquifer zone.
• Processes that contribute to groundwater
recharge include precipitation,
streamflow, leakage (reservoirs, lakes,
aqueducts), and artificial means
(injection wells).
• Groundwater discharge is any process that
removes water from an aquifer
system. Natural springs and artificial wells are
examples of discharge processes.
• Groundwater supplies our streams. Effluent
streams act as discharge zones for
groundwater during dry seasons. This
phenomenon is known as base flow.
• Groundwater overdraft ( the process of
extracting groundwater beyond
 the safe yield or equilibrium yield of the aquifer)
reduces the base flow, which
results in the reduction of water supp
10. General Concepts
• Hydraulic gradient for an unconfined aquifer =
approximately the slope of the water table.
• Porosity = fraction (or %) of void space in rock or soil.
• Permeability = Similar to hydraulic conductivity; a
measure of an earth material to transmit fluid, but
only in terms of material properties, not fluid
properties.
• Hydraulic conductivity = ability of material to allow
water to move through it, expressed in terms of
m/day (distance/time). It is a function of the size and
shape of particles, and the size, shape, and
connectivity of pore spaces.
11. • Porosity = volume of pore space relative to
the total volume (rock and/or
sediment + pore space). Porosity = Φ or n
(units - fraction or %)
• Primary porosity (% pore space) is the initial
void space present
(intergranular) when the rock formed.
• Secondary porosity (% added by openings)
develops later. It is the result
 of fracturing, faulting, or dissolution. Grain
shape and cementation also
affect porosity
12. • Permeability : capability of a rock to allow
the passage of fluids. Permeability is
dependent on the size of pore spaces and to
what degree the pore spaces are
connected. Grain shape, grain packing, and
cementation affect permeability.
• Specific Yield (Sy) : ratio of the volume of
water drained from a rock (due to
gravity) to the total rock volume. Grain size
has a definite effect on specific
yield. Smaller grains have larger surface
area/volume ratio, which means more
surface tension. Fine-grained sediment will
have a lower Sy than coarse-grained
sediment.
• Specific Retention (Sr) is the ratio of the
volume of water a rock can retain (in
spite of gravity) to the total volume of rock.
• Specific yield plus specific retention equals
porosity (often designated with the
Greek letter Φ):
13. Movement of groundwater depends on
rock and sediment properties and the
groundwater’s flow potential. Porosity,
permeability, specific yield and specific
retention are important components of
hydraulic conductivity.
Hydraulic Conductivity = K units =
length/time (m/day)
• Ability of a particular material to allow
water to pass through it
• The hydraulic conductivity (denoted "K"
or "P" in hydrology formulas) is the
rate at which water moves through
material. Internal friction and the various
paths water takes are factors affecting
hydraulic conductivity.
• Hydraulic conductivity is generally
expressed in meters per day
14. artesian aquifer
aquifer
cone of depression
confined aquifer
Darcy's Law (all terms)
discharge
effluent stream
flow lines
flow net
groundwater
hydraulic conductivity
hydraulic gradient
hydraulic head
infiltration
influent stream
overdraft
overland flow
perched aquifer
permeability
pores
porosity
recharge
residence time
soil water
specific retention
specific yield
spring
 unconfined aquifer
vadose zone
water table
water table contour lines
15. WATER SOURCES

• Surface (Fresh) water

• Groundwater sources
• Desalinated Seawater
• Reclaimed Wastewater
16. Subsurface ground water (springs,
wells)
• Relatively free of Suspended Solids
• Brackish in KSA (TDS=10000 ppm)
• Wide Quality variations
• Limited in dry season
• In some cases, made potable by
desalination.
17. Sea water
• High TDS (30,000 ppm)
• Often used in offshore or arid
 regions like Saudi Arabia
• Made potable by desalination
18. Reclaimed Wastewater
• Low TDS (2,000 ppm)
• Quality depends on degree of
treatment
• Should be disinfected before use
• Used in Saudi Arabia
19. USES OF WATER

1. Municipal Use
• Drinking
• Washing
• Cleaning
2. Industrial Use
• Cooling water
• Manufacturing
• Firefighting
3. Agriculture Use
4. Power Generation
5. Recreation
 6. Wildlife habitat
7. Transportation
20. DESALINATION is producing fresh potable water from a saline supply

21. Desalination process :

Thermal Processes
 Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
 Multiple-Effect Evaporator (MED|ME)
 Vapor-Compression Evaporation (VC)
 Evaporation/Condensation
73

 Membrane Processes
 Reverse osmosis (RO)
 Nanofiltration (NF)
 Forward osmosis (FO)
 Membrane distillation (MD)
 Electrodialysis (EDR)