IET Communications

Research Article

Phase-orthogonality CDSK: a reliable and ISSN 1751-8628

Received on 5th November 2017
Revised 28th January 2018
effective chaotic communication scheme Accepted on 13th February 2018
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2017.1239
www.ietdl.org

Jun-Yi Duan1,2 , Hua Yang3

1Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
2Nanjing Institute of Railway Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
3Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China

E-mail: duanjunyi922@126.com

Abstract: To overcome the drawback of bit-error rate (BER) performance decrement caused by intrasignal interference (ISI) in
correlation-delay-shift-keying (CDSK) and its enhanced schemes, in this brief, a reliable and effective chaotic communication
scheme: phase-orthogonality CDSK is proposed. In the proposed scheme, quadrature sinusoidal wavelets are alternately
selected to modulate the reference signal. This operation makes the reference signal strictly orthogonal to the information-
bearing signal and the ISI component is eliminated during the demodulation. The BER performance is analytically studied and
the simulations are performed in additive white Gaussian noise channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels. Theoretical
analysis and simulations show that, since there is no ISI component and better bandwidth efficiency, the proposed BER
performance is much better than differential-chaos-shift-keying (DCSK) and CDSK. With the length of multiframe increasing, the
proposed BER performance gradually becomes better, and can even outperform reference-adaptive CDSK and improved
DCSK.

1 Introduction
Due to the properties of non-periodic, good correlation, broadband
and noise-like, chaotic modulation scheme has recently been
widely researched in the field of wireless communication [1],
research shows that chaotic modulation could also be used in the
cognitive radio networks [2]. During the last decades, because the
coherent scheme has lower hardware complexity and better bit-
error rate (BER) performance, it dominates the state-of-the-art of
the chaotic communication domain [3]. However, in noisy
environment, synchronisation technique performs poorly in
coherent system. Therefore, non-coherent scheme which does not
require chaotic synchronisation at the receiver has become many
scholars research focus.
In 1996, Kolumbán [4] proposed differential-chaos-shift-keying
(DCSK). Due to its good BER performance, DCSK has attracted
much attention of scholars [5–14]. However, because the
transmitting signal must switch between reference signal and
information-bearing signal every bit period in DCSK, its
bandwidth efficiency is half of the coherent scheme and the
hardware stability is also lower.
To enhance the bandwidth efficiency of DCSK, in 2000,
another chaotic communication scheme named correlation-delay-
shift-keying (CDSK) is proposed by Sushchik [15]. In this scheme,
reference signal and information-bearing signal transmit at the
same time. Therefore, compared with DCSK, CDSK has better
security and its bandwidth efficiency is twice of DCSK.
Additionally, since the transmitter need not switch between
reference signal and information-bearing signal, the hardware of
CDSK is more stable than that of DCSK. However, during the
demodulation of CDSK, the cross-correlation between the adjacent
chaotic signal (intrasignal interference, ISI) will be produced when
the current receiving signal correlates with its delay signal. As a
result, the BER of CDSK and its enhanced version [16–20] are
worse than that of DCSK and coherent chaotic communication
scheme.
Generalised CDSK (GCDSK) is another typical non-coherent
chaotic communication scheme which is proposed by Tam in 2006
[17]. By adding delay blocks at the transmitter, GCDSK could
transmit more than one reference signal and one information-
bearing signal simultaneously. Consequently, compared with
CDSK, more useful signal could be gain at the receiver and the
BER performance will be better during the demodulation.
However, because the ISI component also increases with the
number of delay blocks, the BER performance gain is not
significant. Moreover, the hardware complexity of GCDSK is
higher than that of CDSK.
Reference-adaptive CDSK (RA-CDSK) is proposed as the
enhanced version of CDSK in [18]. By employing the information-
bearing signal as the reference signal, RA-CDSK can reduce the
influence of ISI component and obtain the BER performance gain.
However, during the demodulation, since the receiving signal is not
strictly orthogonal to the reference signal, ISI still exist and it will
affect the BER performance when Eb/N0 level is relatively high.
CDSK with no ISI (CDSK-NII) [19] and multiple-access CDSK-
NII [20] can eliminate the ISI component, but the hardware
complexity also increases with the extra multiplier.
For reliable and effective chaotic communication, in this brief,
phase-orthogonality CDSK (PO-CDSK) is introduced as an
enhanced version of RA-CDSK and its BER formula is derived
under the assumption of our scheme over additive white Gaussian
noise (AWGN) channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels.
By alternately selecting quadrature sinusoidal wavelets to modulate
the reference signal in PO-CDSK, there is no ISI in our scheme and
our BER performance is better than CDSK, GCDSK, RA-CDSK
and I-DCSK. Furthermore, by better bandwidth efficiency, our
BER performance is much better than DCSK.
2 System model
To increase the transmission reliability and decrease the hardware
complexity, PO-CDSK is proposed in this section.
The construction of multiframe is depicted in Fig. 1. Here, each
multiframe includes θ equal frames; each frame includes 2β equal
time slots, 2β is the spreading factor. δ, l, k are the serial number of
multiframe, frame, time slot, respectively.
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of PO-CDSK transmitter. As
shown in the figure, in the kth time slot, chaotic signal is given as
x t = xkhT t , kT C ≤ t < k + 1 T C (1)

IET Commun. 1
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
 st =

dls t − 2βT C + x t cos 2π f 0t , l% θ = 0, l/θ = even (3)

dls t − 2βT C + x t sin 2π f 0t , l% θ = 0, l/θ = odd

dl x t cos 2π f 0t , l% θ = 1, l/θ = even
Fig. 1  Construction of multiframe dl x t sin 2π f 0t , l% θ = 1, l/θ = odd
dls t − 2βT C , else

where f0 is the frequency of the sine wave and cosine wave, which
is assumed not only to be a multiple of 1/TC, but also satisfy f0 ≫ 
(1/TC).
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of PO-CDSK receiver.
Considering the transmitted signal will suffer from the
interference of AWGN channel, the received signal is given by

Fig. 2  Block diagram of the PO-CDSK transmitter r t =s t +ξ t (4)

where ξ(t) is the independent and identically distributed zero-mean

Fig. 3  Block diagram of the PO-CDSK receiver
Gaussian noise.
To extract the corresponding information symbol, at the
receiver, one frame delayed signal r(t − 2βTC) will be used as the
reference component and multiplied by the received signal r(t).
During the lth frame, the correlator output is given by the sum
2 βlT C

∫
where xk is the output of chaos generator, TC is the duration of time
slot, hT (t) is defined as the impulse response of the square-root- yl = r t r t − 2βT C dt (5)
2β l − 1 TC
raised-cosine filter which has been normalised to have unit energy
Finally, depending on the rules shown in (5), the estimated
k + 1 TC
∫ kT C
2
hT t − kT C dt = 1 (2)
information symbol is decided as ‘ + 1’ or ‘−1’

~ +1, yl ≥ 0
dl = . (6)
To activate the transmitter, during the initial frame, the chaotic −1, yl < 0
sequence xk(t) is multiplied by the cosine wave and delivered to the
delay block and the transmitter antenna, respectively. In the 3 Performance analysis
following, during the lth frame, if l indicates the first frame in the
odd multiframe, the switches (T1 and T2) are synchronously 3.1 AWGN channel
connected to the bottom branch. The chaotic signal which
To facilitate the analysis in Fig. 2, we denote α as the frame index
transmitted in the (l − 1)th frame will multiply information symbol
in one multiframe
dl. Then, the product is summed with the product of xk(t) and sine
wave, the transmitted signal is the above sum. If l indicates the first α = l%θ (7)
frame in the even multiframe, T1 will connect to the middle branch
and T2 will connect to the bottom branch. The chaotic signal which where % means modulo operation, 0 ≤ α≤(θ − 1).
is transmitted in the (l − 1)th frame will multiply dl. Then, the We denote δ as the multiframe index
product is summed with the product of xk(t) and cosine wave, the
transmitted signal is the above sum. Otherwise, T1 will connect to δ = l/θ (8)
the top branch, T2 will disconnect. If l indicates the second frame
in one multiframe, the sequence which is from T1 in the (l − 1)th where / means division and ⌊ ⌋ means rounding down operation.
frame will be employed as the reference to bear current Based on (6), the correlator output sample yl in the lth frame
information symbol dl, or the reference is the information-bearing can be simplified as the following three conditions:
signal which is transmitted in the last frame. Comparing with
CDSK, to overcome the drawback of BER performance decrement 1. If the lth frame is the first frame in one multiframe (α = 0)
caused by ISI component, reference signal in PO-CDSK can be
repeated as the information-bearing signal in the next frame and it (1) if δ is even (see (9)) where
will sacrifice the security advantage of CDSK. As new reference is
introduced during the first frame of one multiframe in PO-CDSK θ−2
and the length of multiframe θ is dynamically adjustable, we can s t − 2βT C = ∏d δ −1 θ+i x t − 2βθT C sin
improve the security of PO-CDSK by adjusting θ in real time. i=0
(10)
As depicted in Fig. 2, during the lth frame, the transmitted
2π f 0 t − 2βθT C
signal s(t) is given by
(2) if δ is odd (see (11)) where

2 IET Commun.
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
 2 βlT C

yl = ∫2β l − 1 TC
r t r t − 2βT C dt
2 βlT C

= ∫2β l − 1 TC
dls t − 2βT C + x t cos 2π f 0t + ξ t

× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt (9)

2 βlT C

= ∫2β l − 1 TC
dls2 t − 2βT C + dls t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C

+x t cos 2π f 0t s t − 2βT C + x t cos 2π f 0t ξ t − 2βT C

+s t − 2βT C ξ t + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt

2 βlT C

yl = ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
r t r t − 2βT C dt
2 βlT C

= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dls t − 2βT C + x t sin 2π f 0t + ξ t

× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt (11)

2 βlT C

= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dls2 t − 2βT C + dls t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C

+x t sin 2π f 0t s t − 2βT C + x t sin 2π f 0t ξ t − 2βT C

+s t − 2βT C ξ t + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt

2 βlT C

yl = ∫2β l − 1 TC
r t r t − 2βT C dt
2 βlT C

= ∫2β l − 1 TC
dl x t − 2βT C cos 2π f 0 t − 2βT C + ξ t

× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt (13)

2 βlT C

= ∫2β l − 1 TC
dl x t − 2βT C cos 2π f 0 t − 2βT C s t − 2βT C

+dl x t − 2βT C cos 2π f 0 t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C

+s t − 2βT C ξ t + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt

θ−1
s t − 2βT C = ∏d δ −1 θ+i x t − 2β θ + 1 T C sin 2π f 0 t − 2β θ + 1 T C
i=0 (14)
+x t − 2βT C cos 2π f 0 t − 2βT C

2 βlT C

yl = ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
r t r t − 2βT C dt
2 βlT C

= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dl x t − 2βT C sin 2π f 0 t − 2βT C + ξ t

× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt (15)

2 βlT C

= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dl x t − 2βT C sin 2π f 0 t − 2βT C s t − 2βT C

+dl x t − 2βT C sin 2π f 0 t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C

+s t − 2βT C ξ t + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt

θ−2 (2) if δ is odd (see (15))

s t − 2βT C = ∏d δ −1 θ+i x t − 2βθT C cos where (see (16)) .
i=0
(12) 3. If the kth frame is the other frame in one multiframe (2 ≤ α≤(θ 
2π f 0 t − 2βθT C − 1))

2. If the lth frame is the second frame in one multiframe (α = 1) (1) if δ is even

(1) if δ is even (see (13))

where (see (14))

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 θ−1
s t − 2βT C = ∏d δ −1 θ+i x t − 2β θ + 1 T C cos 2π f 0 t − 2β θ + 1 T C
i=0 (16)
+x t − 2βT C sin 2π f 0 t − 2βT C

2 βlT C

∫
As illustrated in [21], based on (22), in (23)
yl = r t r t − 2βT C dt
2β l − 1 TC
2 βlT C

= ∫
2 βlT C

dls t − 2βT C + ξ t
μ= ∫2β l − 1 TC
x2 t dt (24)
2β l − 1 TC
(17) 1
× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt Ps = E μ = 0.25 (25)
2 βlT C
2
= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dls2 t − 2βT C + s t − 2βT C ξ t
and the conditional variance of yl can be gained as follows:
+s t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt
(1) If the correlator output of PO-CDSK satisfies the conditions as
where shown in (9), (11), (13) and (15)

α−1 Var yl = 2β Var 0.5μ + 3Ps N0 /2 + N02 /4 (26)

s t − 2βT C = ∏dδ −1 θ+α x t − 2βαT C cos (2) If the correlator output of CDSK-NII satisfies the condition as
i=0 shown in (17) and (19)
(18)
2π f 0 t − 2βαT C
Var yl = 2β Var 0.5μ + 2Ps N0 /2 + N02 /4 (27)
(2) if δ is odd
where
2 βlT C

yl = ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
r t r t − 2βT C dt
N0 /2 = E ∫
2 βlT C

ξ2 t dt (28)
2β l − 1 TC
2 βlT C

= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dls t − 2βT C + ξ t
From (26) and (27), we can find that the noise interference is
(19)
× s t − 2βT C + ξ t − 2βT C dt larger when α is 0 or 1.
2 βlT C
With large 2β, the distribution of correlator outputs in (24)–(27)
= ∫ 2β l − 1 TC
dls2 t − 2βT C + s t − 2βT C ξ t can be approximated as Gaussian, which has been widely accepted
as Gaussian approximation. Therefore, the Gaussian approximation
+s t − 2βT C ξ t − 2βT C + ξ t ξ t − 2βT C dt method [22, 23] is utilised here. As each frame is equal, the
probability P(α) = 1/θ and α ranges from 0 to (θ − 1). In PO-CDSK
system, based on AWGN channel, the BER formula of correlator
where
output is easily derived as
α−1
BERPO − CDSKAWGN yl
s t − 2βT C = ∏dδ −1 θ+α x t − 2βαT C sin
i=0 Pα E yl | α
(20) =
2 ∑ erfc 2Var yl | α
2π f 0 t − 2βαT C
1
−1 −2 − 2
θ−2 ψ 2 θ + 1 Eb θ+1 2
Eb (29)
= erfc + +β
Since because f0 is a multiple of 1/TC and f0>>(1/TC), in (9)– 2θ β θ N0 θ N0
(20)
1
−1 −2 − 2
1 ψ 3 θ + 1 Eb θ+1 2
Eb
2 βlT C + erfc + +β
∫ 2β l − 1 TC
sin 2π f 0 t − 2βmT C cos
(21)
θ β θ N0 θ N0

2π f 0 t − 2βnT C dt = 0 where erfc(·) is the complementary error function, and

Var 0.5μ
where m and n are integers whose value is from 0 to (θ + 1). ψ= (30)
Ps2
Considering the aforementioned correlator outputs in (9)–(20),
the ISI component can wholly be eliminated during the
demodulation. Eb is the average bit energy and is represented by

It is assumed that ξ(t) is a zero-mean stationary Gaussian noise Eb = 2βPs (31)

with power spectral density of N0/2. For Chebyshev map,
according to 3.2 Rayleigh multipath fading channels

1 1 In Rayleigh multipath fading channels, the received signal can be

cos2 t = 1 + cos 2t and sin2 t = 1 − cos 2t (22) denoted as
2 2
N
the conditional expectations are easily obtained: rt = ∑ λi t s t − τi +ξ t (32)
i=1
E yl | α = 0, 1orelse = 2βdlE μ = 2βdlPs (23)

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 (2) Time delay τi is much smaller than one-bit period and the ISI
component between multipath is ignored.

Based on (29) and above conclusions, in Rayleigh channel, the

conditional BER formula can be written as

BERPO − CDSKRayleigh yl | γb
Pα E yl | γb, α
=
2 ∑ erfc 2Var(yl | γb, α)
1
2 −
θ−2 ψ 2 θ+1 −1 θ+1 −2
2
(34)
= erfc + γb +β γb
2θ β θ θ
1
2 −
1 ψ 3 θ+1 −1 θ+1 −2
2
+ erfc + γb +β γb
θ β θ θ

Fig. 4  Relationships between BER performance and Eb/N0 for PO-CDSK

where erfc(·) is the complementary error function, Ψ is represented
over AWGN channel where θ = 3 and 2β = 100, 200, 300, respectively by (38), and
N
γb = Eb /N0 ∑ λi 2
(35)
i=1

As λi is the Rayleigh distributed random variable, the probability

density function (pdf) of γb can be obtained as

f γb = f γ1 ⊗ f γ2 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ f γN (36)

⊗ denotes the convolution operator, and

γi = Eb /N0 λi2 (37)

f γi = γ̄ i−1exp −γi /γ̄ i (38)

γ̄ i = Eb /N0 E λi2 (39)

Fig. 5  Relationships between BER performance and Eb/N0 for PO-CDSK
(θ = 3) over Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model I Here, we consider two multipath channels scenario, the pdf of γb
can be calculated as

γb −(γb / γ̄0)
e , E λ02 = E λ12
γ̄ 20
f γb = (40)
−(γb / γ̄ 1)
e−(γb / γ̄0) − e 2 2
, E λ ≠E λ
γ̄ 0 − γ̄ 1 0 1

Finally, in Rayleigh channel, the BER of PO-CDSK system can be

obtained by averaging the conditional BER

BERPO − CDSKRayleigh yl

∫
+∞ (41)
= f γb BERPO − CDSKRayleigh yl γb dγb
0

4 Simulation results
To confirm those analytical results in Section 3, BER comparisons
Fig. 6  Relationships between BER performance and Eb/N0 for PO-CDSK
between PO-CDSK and various systems (such as DCSK, CDSK,
(θ = 3) over Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model II GCDSK, CDSK-NII, RA-CDSK and I-DCSK) are presented in this
section. Here, Chebyshev map is adopted here and the distinct
λi(t) is the Rayleigh channel coefficient, τi is the multipath delay, N chaotic sequences are generated by xk+1 = 4xk3 − 3xk, x0 = 0.1. In
is the number of propagation paths. To simplify the analysis, we Figs. 4–11, (S) means the simulation result and (T) means theory
assume result which are calculated by (29) and (41).
Fig. 4 shows the relationship between BER performance and
(1) The parallel Rayleigh channels are slow fading, the channel Eb/N0 lever over AWGN channel, where the Eb/N0 level changes
coefficients λi(t) stay constant during the bit period, and (32) can be
from 0 to 16 dB, the multiframe length (θ) is set to 3, and the
rewritten as spreading factor (2β) is set to100, 200 and 300. It is visible that,
N
since there is no ISI component in the correlator output, the
simulation results of PO-CDSK are greatly influenced by Gaussian
rt = ∑ λis t − τi +ξ t (33)
noise when Eb/N0 lever is low, and the simulation results agree
i=1

IET Commun. 5
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Fig. 7  Relationships between BER performance and the length of
multiframe for PO-CDSK over AWGN channel where Eb/N0 = 8 and 12 dB,
respectively
Fig. 8  BER comparison between PO-CDSK (θ = 3), DCSK and CDSK
over AWGN channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model I
Fig. 9  BER comparison between PO-CDSK (θ = 3), DCSK and CDSK
over AWGN channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model I
well with the theory results which are derived by Gaussian-
approximation method in Section 3.
Given Rayleigh multipath fading channels, two models (model I
and model II) are used to describe the propagation condition. The
average power gains for model I and model II are
E λ02 = E λ12 = 0.5 and E λ02 = 0.8, E λ12 = 0.2, respectively. The
multipath delays for the two paths in both models are τ0 = 0 and τ1  BER comparison between PO-CDSK and RA-CDSK is shown
= 2. Figs. 5 and 6 plot the relationships between BER performance
and Eb/N0 for PO-CDSK on model I and model II. Theory and
simulation results show that, because multipath delay is much
smaller than the length of correlator output, the ISI component
6 IET Commun.
Fig. 10  BER comparison between PO-CDSK and RA-CDSK over AWGN
channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model I
Fig. 11  BER comparison between PO-CDSK and I-DCSK over AWGN
channel and Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model I
between multipath can be ignored and the analytical estimates
which are calculated by (41) agree well with the simulation results.
Since the BER gap between model I and model II is not
siginificant, we will compare the BER between various schemes
over the AWGN and Rayleigh multipath fading channels on model
I in Figs. 8–11.
Fig. 7 displays the relationship between BER performance and
the length of multiframe θ over AWGN channel. Since there is no
ISI component in the correlator output, the theoretical predictions
which are derived from (29) match well with simulated results for
the different θ. It is also seen that, because noise interference is
relatively larger when α = 0 or 1 in (26), the BER value of PO-
CDSK gradually becomes lower with the increase of θ.
Fig. 8 plots the BER comparison between PO-CDSK (θ = 3),
CDSK and DCSK. As illustrated in Section 3, because ISI
component is eliminated in our scheme, during the demodulation,
our BER performance seems always better than CDSK. Moreover,
since our bandwidth efficiency is twice of DCSK, our simulated
BER performance can outperform that of DCSK with the same
information-bearing signal length.
Fig. 9 plots the BER comparison between PO-CDSK (θ = 3),
GDSK and CDSK-NII. As the ISI component also increases with
the number of delay blocks in GCDSK, its BER performance is
inferior than that of PO-CDSK and CDSK-NII. Although CDSK-
NII can also eliminate the ISI component and its BER performance
is equal to our scheme, the repeated-chaotic-generator module
makes its hardware complexity higher than PO-CDSK.
in Fig. 10. As RA-CDSK correlator output has less noise
interference when θ = 3, the BER performance of PO-CDSK is
inferior. It is also interesting to find that, because the noise
interference in our scheme gradually becomes lower with θ
increases. Therefore, in Fig. 10, the BER performance of PO-
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
CDSK is better than RA-CDSK when θ = 30 and the gap will
enlarge by θ increasing.
BER comparison between PO-CDSK and I-DCSK is shown in
Fig. 11. Although more interference is introduced into the I-DCSK
correlator output, since the power of useful signals in I-DCSK is
twice as large as the power in PO-CDSK, the BER performance of
PO-CDSK is inferior when θ = 3. However, we have known that θ
increasing will lead to noise interference decreasing in PO-CDSK.
The BER performance of PO-CDSK can outperform I-DCSK when
θ = 30.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, we have proposed a non-coherent communication
scheme named PO-CDSK and its BER formula is also derived
under the assumption of our scheme over AWGN channel and
Rayleigh multipath fading channels.
By alternately selecting quadrature sinusoidal wavelets to
modulate the reference signal, its reference signal is strictly
orthogonal to the information-bearing signal in PO-CDSK.
Theoretical analysis and simulations show that, since there is no
ISI and better bandwidth efficiency, our BER performance is much
better than DCSK, CDSK and GCDSK. With the length of
multiframe increasing, our BER performance gradually becomes
better, and can even outperform RA-CDSK and I-DCSK.
6 Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (no. 61401226, no. 61373136 and no.
61304169), by the University Science Research Project of Jiangsu
Province (no. 16KJB510045) and by Qing Lan Project.
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