Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Environmental Biology)
Major in Biology
Genobaten, Liejen P.
Carpentero, Florefe E.
Bagundol, Jamie G.
Flores, Jean M.
May 2016
I. INTRODUCTION
whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a
lesser extent in modern times. Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds
and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in
quality fish and shellfish are more readily available in retail markets and
type of wet market, often sell street food as well (Bestor, 2004).
In the Philippines, fish are called “isda”. There are many varieties of
fish. The country's tropical climate and coral reefs make its waters located
near the center of the Coral Triangle among the richest in marine life
Philippine waters and the marine fish in the area represent 20% of the total
marine fish in the world ( Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.,
2011).
category of similar foods means that very few species have just one nationally
identify a species in the marketplace. When used as the market name, the
group name may properly encompass and adequately identify for consumers
any member of the group, but it does not provide enough information for a
specificity. The "common name" generally provides that level of specificity and
by Oceana found that one third of seafood sampled from the United States
mislabeling, and seafood substitution was the most common type of fraud.
FDA recognizes that these descriptors and those used in some common
names can be truthful and meaningful parts of a food's statement of identity.
fanciful name where the descriptor does not accurately describe the
geographical extent of the source of the species, may be misleading and are
Guidance, 2011).
place of origin labeling, because a species with natural origins in one region of
FDA generally does not recommend the use of the common name of
one parent as a market name for a hybrid species (e.g. Morone saxatilis
by a scientific group for a specific hybrid then the family group name (e.g.,
III. MATERIALS
Ballpen
Camera
IV. PROCEDURES
The students had followed certain procedures in the conduct of this study.
sheet and a ballpen for taking notes (i.e. names of the seafoods). A
camera was also prepared for taking pictures of the fish market
vendors. They also took some pictures for the documentation of their
report.
3. Analyses. The students research through search engines in the
V. TERMS
Fish refers to aquatic vertebrates that have fins for swimming and
yet most mollusks have hard outer shells. Examples include clams,
Bangus Tulingan
Scientific Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Order: Perciformes
Order: Gonorynchiformes
Family: Scombridae
Family: Chanidae
Subfamily: Scombrinae
Genus: Chanos
Tribe: Thunnini
Species: C. chanos
Genus: Thunnus
Binomial name
Species: T. orientalis
Chanos chanos
Binomial name
Thunnus orientalis
Barilis Bluespotted
Stingray
Thunnus albacares
Tamban Tanigue
Acanthocybium solandri
Galunggong Matambaka
Binomial name
Trachurus symmetricus
Squid Crab
Binomial name
Mytilus edulis
Gozu Lato
with a sizable forked caudal fin. They can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are
most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They have no teeth and
They occur in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, tending
to school around coasts and islands with reefs. The young fry live at sea for
two to three weeks and then migrate to mangrove swamps, estuaries, and
The Pacific bluefin tuna is primarily found in the North Pacific, ranging
from the East Asian coast to the western coast of North America. It is mainly a
pelagic species found in temperate oceans, but it also ranges into the tropics
and more coastal regions. It typically occurs from the surface to 200 m (660
ft), but has been recorded as deep as 550 m (1,800 ft) (Collette, et.al., 2014)
and Taiwan) and in the Sea of Japan. A proportion of these migrate to the
East Pacific and return to the spawning grounds after a few years.It has been
The yellowfin tuna is among the larger tuna species, reaching weights
over 180 kg (400 lb), but is significantly smaller than the Atlantic and Pacific
bluefin tunas, which can reach over 450 kg (990 lb), and slightly smaller than
the bigeye tuna and the southern bluefin tuna (Collette, et.al, 2011).
The second dorsal fin and the anal fin, as well as the finlets between
those fins and the tail, are bright yellow, giving this fish its common name. The
second dorsal and anal fins can be very long in mature specimens, reaching
almost as far back as the tail and giving the appearance of sickles or
scimitars. The pectoral fins are also longer than the related bluefin tuna, but
not as long as those of the albacore. The main body is a very dark metallic
blue, changing to silver on the belly, which has about 20 vertical lines
Yellowfin tuna are epipelagic fish that inhabit the mixed surface layer of
the ocean above the thermocline. Sonic tracking has found that although
yellowfin tuna, unlike the related bigeye tuna, mostly range in the top 100 m
(330 ft) of the water column and penetrate the thermocline relatively
tagged in the Indian Ocean with an archival tag spent 85% of its time in
depths shallower than 75 m (246 ft), but was recorded as having made three
dives to 578, 982, and 1,160 m (3,810 ft) (Collette, et.al, 2011).
centimeters (19 in) in diameter and 70 centimeters (28 in) in total length. Their
coloring is a dark green with blue spots with a light white underbelly also
known as countershading. Its snout is very short and broadly angular along
with its angular disc. The rays' bright coloration serves as a warning for its
venomous spines. The ray has a very long tail accommodating two venomous
spines on the base of the tail. The tail is about twice as long as the body of
the ray, and the barbs or spines are two different sizes, one being very large
and the other a medium-sized barb. The bluespotted stingray has bright
yellow eyes that are positioned to allow them a wide angle of view. Since the
gills are located ventrally, the spiracles allow water to reach the gills while
resting or feeding on the benthos. The spiracles are located directly behind
the eyes. The mouth is located on the ventral side of the body, which
solitary individuals but can occur in groups. One unique characteristic of the
bluespotted stingray is that they rarely bury themselves in the sand, only to
hide from predators, unlike the majority of stingrays who bury themselves
0–90 meters (0–295 feet), being commonly found in sand and mudflats, but
have also been encountered near rocky coral reefs, and sea grass beds. This
high tide the bluespotted stingray moves into the shallow lagoons and reef
Mauritius, Somalia, the east coast of South Africa, India. The bluespotted
stingray is in almost the entire continental waters of Asia, including the Sea of
Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Java Sea,
Banda Sea, Celebes Sea, Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian
Philippines,and towards north Taiwan and Japan to the far east of Australia
and Fiji. It is a widely captured commercial fish in Sri Lanka, where the fish is
The fish has 13 to 21 dorsal soft rays and 12 to 23 anal soft rays. It
along the flank. The color of spots may change in to black after preservation.
Belly is less rounded and scutes are not prominent. The fish feeds on minute
organisms like copepods, larval bivalves and aquatic gastropods, and
dinoflagellates like Peridinium and Ceratium. The fish is used in tuna fishery
tails&id=217439).
speed and high-quality flesh make it a prize game fish (Froese, 2005).
Its body is elongated and covered with small, scarcely visible scales;
the back is an iridescent blue, while the sides are silvery, with a pattern of
irregular vertical blue bars and have razor sharp teeth. These colors fade
rapidly at death. The mouth is large, and both the upper and lower jaws have
(Froese, 2005).
specimen tagged at 5 kg (11 lb) grew to 15 kg (33 lb) in one year. Wahoo can
swim up to 60 mph (97 km/h). They are some of the fastest fish in the sea
of skin, which covers the mandible when its mouth is closed. In contrast, the
mandible of the king mackerel is always visible as is also the case for the
smaller Spanish mackerel and Cero mackerel. The teeth of the wahoo are
similar to those of king mackerel, but shorter and more closely set together
easy to distinguish from the latter two species. Barracuda have prominent
scales, larger, dagger-like teeth, and lack the caudal keels and blade-like
(forked) tail characteristic of the scombrid (mackerel) (Collete B., et.al., 2011).
age at first maturation is two years and spawning in the East China Sea
waters (Ohshimo et al. 2014). It is known in the Indo-Pacific from along East
Kyushu (Kishida 1974), and the Hawaiian Islands. In the western Atlantic it is
known from North Carolina south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, in
the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys north to Louisiana, in the Caribbean
Sea from Hispaniola, St. Croix, and along Central and South America from
Atlantic it is known from Ascension and St. Helena Islands (Smith-Vaniz 2002,
Wirtz et al. 2014, R. Robertson pers. comm. 2014). Its depth range is 0-220 m
Ocean from Alaska in the north, south to the western North American
seaboard to the Baja California peninsula in the Gulf of California It has been
reported as far south as the Galápagos Islands, but at these latitudes it would
of 400 m. In more coastal environments, they are known to inhabit bays and
slightly compressed body with both the dorsal and ventral profiles of the body
at below 55 cm. The two separate dorsal fins are composed of eight spines
and one spine followed by 31 to 35 soft rays, respectively. The anal fin is
posterior of the soft dorsal and anal fins are almost entirely separate from the
rest of the fin, forming finlets. The caudal fin is strongly forked, typical
amongst the Carangidae, while the ventral fin consists of one spine and five
soft rays. The pectoral fin terminates before the front of the anal fin, having 22
to 24 rays in total. The lateral line dips strongly after the pectoral fin, having
The species' teeth are minute, with a patch of teeth on the tongue in a narrow
more silvery ventrally, before transitioning to a white belly. The top of the head
and area near eye is quite dark with a dark spot on the upper rear of the gill
cover. The fins are mostly hyaline to dusky, although caudal fin may be yellow
190 mm) in the family Loliginidae. It is a myopsid squid, which is the near
shore group and that means that they have corneas over their eyes. The
species lives in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Mexico's Baja California
with a range of 200 miles (320 km) off the shore (Vecchione, et.al. 2005).
Adult Doryteuthis opalescens can reach a total size of 28 cm. Males
are typically larger with a mantle length of 13-19 cm, while females are 12-18
cm in mantle length. The mantle of D. opalescens is not fused to the head and
its body is 4 to 5 times longer than it is wide, with fins equal in both length and
width. This squid has 8 arms with 2 longer tentacles ending in tentacular clubs
equipped with suckers at their ends. The tentacular clubs are narrow with 4
rows of suckers and 2 large rows in the center of the tentacular club bordered
by outer rows of smaller suckers. The 8 arms have only 2 rows of alternating
suckers running down their length. In male D. opalescens, the left ventral arm
opalescens can range from white to brown, with the animals able to change
camouflage. They are normally a bluish-white to mottled brown and gold, and
overall purple hue on the legs (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).
The Maltese freshwater crab is found where fresh water / running water
is present throughout the year although it does live near pools and springs
too. It is found in Imtaħleb, Baħrija, Għajn Żejtuna in Mellieħa and San Martin
in Malta and in Lunzjata Valley in Gozo (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).
stones in the water and among vegetation, or by entering the burrows it digs.
These burrows are dug in mud or clay and can be more than 50 cm deep.
Part of the burrow is normally flooded (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).
Mene maculata, the Moonfish, is the only extant member of the genus
Mene and of the family Menidae. The body is highly compressed laterally and
very deep vertically. The ventral profile is steep, with a sharp ventral edge.
The caudal (tail) fin is deeply forked. The mouth is small and protrusible. The
body is silvery below and blue-green on the back, with three to four rows of
dark gray spots on the upper side. The first two rays of the pelvic fin are
The Moonfish is native to the Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and
Persian Gulf, and in the western Pacific where they can be found near the
bottom in brackish and marine waters in the vicinity of reefs. They occur at
depths of from 50 to 200 metres (160 to 660 ft). This species can reach a
length of 30 centimetres (12 in) TL. It is a commercially important species,
Parrot Fish
coastal waters in tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their
largest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs,
rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and play a significant role in bioerosion
extant species, it is by far the largest genus in this group. The vast majority
are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, but a small number of species are found
in the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific, and the western and eastern
Atlantic. Most are very colourful, and have strikingly different initial (males and
females) and terminal (males only) phases. Most species have a maximum
length between 30 and 50 cm (12 and 20 in), but the rainbow parrotfish
mostly spots and curved lines; it has 13 venomous dorsal spines, seven anal
when it is scared, and its fins will become rigid and erect. It has fine scales on
the cheeks and gills; the midline of its thorax is without scales
(http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Siganus-argenteus.html).
The flat needlefish (Ablennes hians) the only known member of the
genus Ablennes, is a marine fish of the family Belonidae. Flat needlefish are
considered gamefish, frequently caught with the help of artificial lights,[1] but
are not often eaten because of their green-colored flesh (Froese, 2009).
Although they have no spine, they do have several soft rays. There are
23-26 rays on the dorsal fin and 24-28 on the anal. They have 86-93
vertebrae. Dorsally, flat needlefish are blueish, white ventrally, with dark
blotches and 12-14 vertical bars in the middle of the body. Flat needlefish
have an elongated body, with scythe-shaped pectoral, and anal fins. They
also have a dark lobe on the posterior part of their dorsal fins. The longest
needlifish body length do not include caudal fin and head because the fish's
long jaws are often broken off. The largest recorded weight for a flat
the Eastern Atlantic, they are known from Cape Verde and Dakar to
Chesapeake Bay south to Brazil.They are found throughout the Indian Ocean,
and in the western Pacific from the southern islands of Japan to Australia[8]
Flat needlefish usually live in neritic ocean waters near islands, estuaries,
and near coastal rivers where they feed on smaller fish and occasionally
bream, is a marine fish native to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The species
marine bivalve mollusk in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams. The shell of
(Morris, 1980). It grows to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) across and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) in width.
or buff with distinct dark or light colored, with triangular mottled markings that
begin at the umbo and disperse outwards. The true color can be distorted by
dark gray staining, caused by anoxic mud. The foot of live specimens is an
orange color.
to the West Coast of North America with oyster spat from Japan and now
occurs from the British Columbia Coast to the Central Coast of California and
Marina del Rey. It lives from the mid to low intertidal zone in bays and
estuaries, in mud, sandy mud and cobble, buried 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) below
the surface. Common in the Philippines, hence its species name (Carlton,
J.T., 2007).
The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), also known as the common mussel,
areas attached to rocks and other hard substrates by strong (and somewhat
The shape of the shell is triangular and elongate with rounded edges.
The shell is smooth with a sculpturing of fine concentric growth lines but no
radiating ribs. The shells of this species are purple, blue or sometimes brown
in color, occasionally with radial stripes. The outer surface of the shell is
calcitic layer. Blue Mussels are semi-sessile, having the ability to detach and
Collectively they occupy both coasts of the North Atlantic (including the
2012).
(3.9 in). Both the exterior and interior are white. It is very similar in
can be distinguished by the fact that the interior of the valves are white rather
than yellow and that the scars formed by the anterior adductor muscles slope
The chalky buttercup is found in both the Caribbean area and in the
fingers, felty fingers, forked felt-alga, stag seaweed, sponge seaweed, green
sponge, green fleece, and oyster thief, is a species of seaweed in the family
Codiaceae. It originates in the Pacific Ocean near Japan and has become an
2013).
patch of tubular fingers. These formations hang down from rocks during low
tide, hence the nickname "dead man's fingers". The "fingers" are branches up
2013).
Lato (Caulerpa lentillifera)
due to its soft and succulent texture. They are also known as sea grapes or
called ar-arosep, lato, arosep or ar-arosip (as variant names), latok in the
Malaysian state of Sabah, and in Okinawa where the plant is eaten fresh
(Dawes, 1998).
Mactan Island, Cebu, in the central Philippines, with markets in Cebu and
Manila. About 400 ha of ponds are under cultivation, producing 12–15 tonnes
of fresh seaweed per hectare per year. C. lentillifera is also eaten in Okinawa,
1998).
In the Philippines, after being washed in clean water, it is usually eaten raw as
a salad, mixed with chopped raw onions and fresh tomatoes, and dressed
with a blend of fish sauce or fish paste (locally called bagoong) and vinegar. It
vernacular names of its fishes. This difficulty has become almost insuperable
current usage. In general, names of fishes in the Philippines are more or less
IX. REFERENCES
Bestor TC (2004) Tsukiji: the fish market at the center of the world In PE
Lilienthal, California studies, Volume 11, University of California
Press, ISBN 978-0-520-22024-9.
Carlton, J. T. (2007). The light and smith manual intertidal invertebrates from
Central California to Oregon. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University
of California Press
Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A. F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C.,
Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K. E., Chang, S.-K., de Oliveira Leite, Jr., N.,
Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F. L., Graves, J., Guzman-
Mora, A., Viera Hazin, F. H., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera,
C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Masuti, E., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H.,
Restrepo, V., Salas, E., Schaefer, K., Schratwieser, J., Serra, R., Sun,
C., Teixeira Lessa, R. P., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P. E., Uozumi, Y. &
Yanez, E. (2011). "Thunnus albacares". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of
Nature. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Collette, B., Fox, W., Juan Jorda, M., Nelson, R., Pollard, D., Suzuki, N. &
Teo, S. (2014). "Thunnus orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of
Nature. Retrieved8 March 2015.
Dawes, Clinton J. (1998). Marine botany. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-
19208-2.
Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance, Fourth Edition,
Chapter 3. 2011, Food and Drug Administration. (accessed
02/10/2015)
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2009). "Ablennes hians" inFishBase.
02 2009 version.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mene maculata" in FishBase.
December 2013 version.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Chanos chanos" in FishBase.
October 2015 version.
Glover, Emily A.; Taylor, John D.; Williams, Suzanne T. (2008). "Mangrove-
associated lucinid bivalves of the central Indo-west Pacific: Review of
the "Austriella" group with a new genus and species (Mollusca:
Bivalvia: Lucinidae)" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 18: 25–40.
Guiry, M. D. Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889. In: Guiry, M.D. & G. M.
Guiry. (2013). AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed
through: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS).
Inman, Mason (October 17, 2007). "African Cave Yields Earliest Proof of
Beach Living". National Geographic News.
Ohshimo, S., Shiraishi, T., Tanaka, H., Yasuda, T., Yoda, M., Ishida, H. and
Tomiyasu, S. 2014. Growth and Reproductive Characteristics of the
Roughear Scad Decapterus tabl in the East China Sea. JARQ 48(2):
245-252.
Wirtz, P., Bingeman, J., Bingeman, J., Fricke, R., Hook, T.J. and Young, J.
2014. The fishes of Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean–new
records and an annotated checklist. Journal of the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom: 1-16.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217439
DOCUMENTARY
PICTURES
OF THE
OFF-CAMPUS
ACTIVITY
PART I
PART II
PART III