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The urgency of a theme of research follows that translation of art texts is one of the most complicated
problems of translation. Prominent feature of fiction is display in each case of an individual art
manner of the writer. Thus the manner of the writer is caused by its outlook, influence of an
aesthetics of an epoch and literary school, lexical and grammatical (in particular, syntactic) means of
language and their parities with each other.
Individual style of the writer includes use of the certain speech styles of public language. Its unity
gives in to a partition on elements already by way of the stylistic analysis (both the original, and
translation in its parity with the original). The specific area within the limits of fiction is made with
the poetry having the genres.
Specificity of each of literary genres with characteristic for them speech styles is reflected in
requirements to translation. The big role is played with conditions of speech style of that language on
which translation is done. If while translating the structure of a phrase and a dictionary - material
word meaning in dialogue of the novel or a drama too precisely corresponds to the original, very
easily there is an impression of much more book painting of speech, than it actually takes place in the
original.
In the given work we shall put some lexical questions of art translation, i.e. questions which arise
only in relation to translation of fiction, and we shall show on their example language specificity of
this kind of creative work.
While translating fiction there is a task to reproduce an individual originality of the original. This
feature makes related, the literature art and political.
Studying of translations of fiction assumes the deep stylistic analysis of a material which would
allow showing in what its individual originality consists.
By this analysis the originality of a manner of the author, shown in its product becomes clear that, is
connected to specificity of the literature as arts.
For the literature as for art as which material language serves, directly close communication between
an artistic image and a language category on the basis of which it is under construction is
characteristic special, frequently. Searches in translation of direct figurative conformity to the
original frequently are, are impracticable or result in formalistic decisions.
The purposes of course work to consider lexical problems of literary translation from English on the
Russian language.
- To consider features of translation from English on the Russian language using translational
receptions.
One more characteristic feature of fiction is a strongly pronounced national painting of the
maintenance and the form. It is important as well close communication between historical conditions
and images of product reflecting it. On all these features, characteristic for fiction, also the
individual manner of the writer comes to light.
In fiction the choice of the word being on the material sense a full synonym to corresponding word of
modern national language and distinguished from last only by the lexical painting can play the big
semantic and expressive role. It grows out accessories to the certain layer of dictionary structure (to
number of archaisms, dialecticisms, loans). However in stylistic painting much is made very much -
for example, author's irony, irony of the character in relation to itself or to other character, historical
color, the instruction on local features in an image of a character, etc.
Use of archaisms concerns to number of difficult problems and in general speaking another language
(in relation to the text of the original) words by which in language of translation direct formal
conformity with the same stylistic function or conformity can be not always found on the basis of
other formal category.
Special translational difficulty do not cause separate retorts meeting in some literary works on
foreign (in relation to the original) language, the whole speaking another language offers, word-
combinations or syntactic the detached words. They - just by virtue of their isolability - can be easily
transferred in the text of translation without any changes and can be explained in the interlinear note.
Complication can arise only while translating on that language from which the given words or
phrases are taken.
Equivalents are words which values always coincide in both languages, irrespective of a context. But
with equivalent value it is not enough such words. Here concern: terms, own names and place
names.
All other lexical conformity will be alternative, i.e. to one word of the English language there will
correspond some values of Russian word, for example:
- supply
1) запас, общее количество товара на рынке;
2) предложение;
3) постановка, снабжение;
In such cases a choice of value are defined by a context. The context can serve narrow - within the
limits of a word-combination or the offer
S.T. - demand and supply
T.T. - спрос и предложение;
S.T. - direct supplies
T.T. - прямые поставки.
S.T. - The supply of raw materials is exhausted.
T.T. - Запасы сырья исчерпаны
The context happens wide when the word meaning can be understood, only having read the whole
paragraph, page, or even clause or the book.
Sometimes in language there are no conformity; in such cases resort to loan of words with the help
of a transliteration or a transcription, and also tracing (tracing is a translation of a word or a word-
combination in parts):
S.T. - Авианосец
T.T. - aircraft carrier;
S.T. - Летающие тарелки
T.T. - flying saucers.
With the help of a tracing-paper realities and neologisms are transferred.
When it is impossible to transfer a word meaning to any of the above mentioned ways, resort to
descriptive translation or give the note or a footnote.
So, a combination
политика цен и доходов переводится как incomes policy.
In the English combination there is only a word
Incomes - доходы.
However, as the essence of this policy consists in approach to rights of workers, freezing of wages
and a rise in prices, the word «цены» is included in Russian translation.
While translating also there are difficulties of the lexical and grammatical and grammatical order. For
overcoming these difficulties it is necessary to use various translational receptions: rearrangements,
replacements, additions, omissions.
1) Grammatical when parts of speech or sentence parts are replaced. Such replacements are caused
by stylistic norms of Russian:
Therefore on offered by the translator variants should affect feeling of language, knowledge of
features of language of translation and, the most important, a context, the semantic maintenance of
the original.
2. Syntactic problems
Distinctions in a word order in English and Russian languages frequently demand reorganization of
the offer while translating. In the huge majority of cases discrepancy of a grammatical system of
Russian and English of languages is shown in construction of the offer. The usual order of members
in the English offer the following: a subject, a predicate, addition, circumstances.
In Russian, in comparison with English, a word order more free. However, it is necessary to mean,
that freedom of an arrangement of sentence parts in Russian is relative. The word order always
submits to the certain norms and always carries out those or other grammatical, semantic and stylistic
functions.
In Russian the subject expressed by a noun or anyone substantial by a part of speech, is usually
before a predicate.
Circumstances of a place and time can stand both before a predicate, and after it. If circumstances of
a place and time cost{stand} in the beginning of the offer the predicate usually is located directly
behind them, and the subject follows a predicate.
In the Russian offer of circumstance are often taken out on the first place if on them, the semantic
accent does not become then, and the predicate follows it - a subject and addition. While translating
therefore often it is necessary to reconstruct the offer according to syntactic norms of Russian. For
example:
S.T. - United States and Chinese negotiators held the fifth session of their talks on the problem
of civilian repatriation at U.N. headquarters in Geneva today. (D.W.)
Transfer of this offer has demanded radical reorganization: 1) all three adverbial modifiers of time
and places are put in the offer beginning; 2) the subject of the English offer with its definitions
(United States and Chinese negotiators) is transferred by definition in the genitive case, concerning a
subject: «заседание представителей США и Китая»; 3) the direct object - the fifth session of their
talks - became subjects: «пятое заседание»; 4) the predicate, as well as in the previous example,
faces to a subject: «cостоялось»; 5) to a word «talks» - on the problem of civilian repatriation -
repatriation of civilians was necessary to translate definitions as «репатриация гражданских лиц»,
for to an English adjective «civilian» in Russian there corresponds a combination of a noun to an
adjective - «гражданское лицо».
Compound sentence reorganization is sometimes caused by that in Russian logic communication of
elements of the offer demands other word order, than in English. For example:
S.T. - He started back and fell against the railings, trembling as he looked
up. (W.M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair).
T.T. - Взглянув наверх, он отпрянул и, весь дрожа, прислонился к ограде.
Excitement of Rodin is caused by that he has looked upwards and has seen, that drawing room
windows in its house are brightly shined. It causes an arrangement of elements in the Russian offer.
In an English variant the subordinate clause costs after the main thing that is undesirable in Russian
as it would break norms of syntactic construction in the Russian offer where it is frequent as in this
case, logic communication and a subordinate clause dominates the consequence faces to the main
thing as it expresses the reason, instead of.
It is necessary to notice also, that in English language in a subordinate clause previous the main
thing, the subject often happens is expressed by a pronoun, and in the main thing - a noun. In
Russian, it is logically impossible.
S.T. - When she entered the room, the teacher saw the students writing.
T.T. - Когда учительница вошла в комнату, она увидела, что студенты пишут.
If while translating to keep a pronoun for subject expression in the first offer, and a noun in the
second the impression would be made, that it is a question of two persons: «когда она вошла в
комнату, учительница увидела…».
Such order speaks that in English language the syntactic principle dominates: the pronoun is a
subordinate clause subject, and a noun - the main thing.
Offer reorganization is required also while translating when the big group with many definitions,
which tear off it from a predicate, expresses the subject:
S.T. - An important landmark in the creation of fraternal unity between the youth of Britain
and of the colonies in Asia, Africa and America has been reached.
T.T. - Был достигнут важный этап в создании братского единства между молодежью Англии и
молодежью английских колоний в Азии, Африке и Америке.
Necessity of reorganization of this offer is while translating caused by one more reason: the short
predicate rhythmical does not maintain such heavy subject phrase.
For English language construction of the offer round any element which is as though its semantic
centre is characteristic. Such difficult construction of the offer usually for style of short messages and
correspondence of English newspapers. Authors of such messages aspire to include as much as
possible sensational details in one offer. For example:
S.T. - Thousands of Algerians tonight fled from the «dead city» of Orleansville after a twelve-
second earthquake had ripped through Central Algeria, killing an estimated one thousand one
hundred people.
The semantic centre of the given offer is the subordinate clause subject (earthquake), instead of a
main clause subject (thousands of Algerians). Round this semantic centre all other elements of the
offer are grouped - where there was an earthquake as long it proceeded, how many the person was
lost. While translating this offer is better for breaking into two or even three separate independent
offers:
T.T. - Сегодня ночью тысячи алжирцев бежали от землетрясения из «мертвого города»
Орлеанвиля. Землетрясению, которое продолжалось двенадцать секунд, подверглись
центральные районы Алжира. Как полагают, погибло тысяча сто человек.
Sometimes, on the contrary, it is necessary to unite offers in one or to rearrange offers, in particular
when it is demanded by a logic system of the offer:
S.T. - We were overjoyed - there was about a week to go - until we saw the «premises».
Our faces fell, our hearts sank.
T.T. - Мы ликовали, ведь оставалось всего около недели, но когда мы увидели помещение,
лица у всех вытянулись, настроение упало.
Parenthetic clause transfer to transfer by a parenthetic clause is undesirable, since it would break
semantic communication. Therefore the subordinate clause «но когда мы увидели помещение…»
to unite with the second.
In English language cases when the new offer or even the paragraph closely connected with previous,
begins with the union «for» «for» «as» are very extended. For Russian not so usually to begin the
offer or the paragraph with these unions.
In Russian the offers entered by the unions «так как», «ибо», as a rule, separate from previous not a
point, and a comma (that testifies to more close connection between them). For example:
S.T. - She wanted the three Indian jugglers arrested immediately; for they knew who was
coming from London and meant some harm to Mr. Franklin Blake.
T.T. - Она хотела, чтобы немедленно арестовали трех индийских фокусников, так как они
знали, кто должен был приехать из Лондона и замышляли что-то недоброе против мистера
Франклина Блейка.
In this example, the close causal relationship between offers is very clearly felt, and in a Russian
translation, they can be separated only by means of a comma.
In the following «for» the new paragraph begins the union:
S.T. - Sheik Abdullah al Salim al Sabah and his family who rule Kuwait by a feudal
dictatorship, would not be the only ones to fear a change.
For they draw income amounting to some Ј150 million a year from royalties out of the oil
produced by two companies, one British, the other American, who jointly own the Kuwait Oil
Company.
T.T. - Шейх Абдулла аль Салим аль Сабах и его семья, правящие Кувейтом при помощи
феодальной диктатуры, не единственные лица, которые боятся перемен, так как они получают
доход в размере почти 150 миллионов фунтов в год, выплачиваемых им двумя
нефтедобывающими компаниями - одной английской, другой американской, которые
совместно владеют «Кувейт Ойл Компани».
Very close logic communication between these two offers does necessary merge of two paragraphs
while translating.
Association of offers and even two paragraphs while translating not only quite probably, but even is
natural, when the same thought develops in them. Such offers usually are a part of the difficult
syntactic whole. Under the difficult syntactic whole the piece of the statement consisting of several
offers and representing structurally-semantic unity means.
The simple sentence sometimes demands reorganization also in connection with discrepancy of types
of a predicate in English and Russian languages. For example:
The attributive group is the definition consisting of several elements, for example, from nouns in the
general case and adjectives, sometimes from the whole phraseological unity or even the whole offer.
The attributive groups, which are phraseological unities, meet both in fiction, and in oral literary
speech:
S.T. - A happy-go-lucky fellow
T.T. - Бесшaбашный парень
S.T. - He greeted him in his usual hail-fellow-well-met manner.
T.T. - Он приветствовал его, как обычно, по-приятельски, со свойственной ему
общительностью.
S.T. - «I … never cared for your set-the-Thames-afire gentlemen, who are so much more clever
than their neighbours.» (W.M. Thackeray, The Virginians)
T.T. - «Мне… никогда не нравились все эти наши господа, которые хотят удивить мир и
считают себя умнее своих ближних».
S.T. - A handful of dates and a cup of coffee habit. (John Galsworthy, Flowering Wilderness)
T.T. - Привычка питаться горсточкой фиников и чашкой кофе.
In spite of the fact that phraseological epithets often consist of many words, they are compressed and
compact and while translating introduction of additional words, as in last example often demand:
«привычка питаться».
Conclusion
Due to replacements, additions adequate translation also is possible. The statement about
impossibility of translation in general which was done{made} by many large philologists - idealists
therefore is incorrect. Perfectly asserting{approving}, that the work of art always has strongly
pronounced national character and that each language possesses original means of expressiveness
inherent only in it{him}, they drew from this a wrong conclusion on impossibility of translation in
general. Such point of view large German philosophers - linguists - adhered to G.V. Lejbnits, V.
Humboldt, A. Shlegel, being founders of the so-called theory of untranslations.
It is necessary to agree with position of these scientists about an originality of each language and
national character of fiction. About it spoke Жуковский and Pushkin, Belinsky and Fet both many
other writers and translators. Belinsky wrote in this occasion, that «if Pushkin has undertaken to
translate Гёте, we and from him{it} have demanded, that it{he} has shown us Гёте, instead of».
Pushkin, quite dividing{sharing} this point of view, wrote:» from translators began to demand more
fidelity… Have wished to see Данте, Shakespeare and Сервантеса in their own kind, in their
national clothes…».
Our writers realized a national originality of each language. But as against supporters of the theory of
untranslation, they drew from this a correct conclusion, considering, that original features of any
language cannot serve as an obstacle for translation.
The life has denied the theory of untranslation. It is enough to recollect fine translations - both in
Russian, and in the foreign literature, - becoming property of these literatures; for example, V.
Zhukovsky, V.S. Kurochkin, N. Bunin, M. Lozinsky, S. Marshak, L. Tika and A. Shlegelja, E.
Fittsdzherald, Prospera Merimee's translations and others.
Aspiring to adequacy, the translator should not forget about that, language of translation should be
faultlessly correct. Any desire to keep grammatical designs, phraseological combinations or stylistic
receptions of the original cannot excuse infringements of norms of language on which translation is
done{made}, in this case Russian. However even skilled translators at times suppose infringement of
norms of Russian, running in literalism.
Summing up above-stated, it is possible to tell, that in the practical work the translator can lean on
the theory of translation in which principles of translation are developed and the most important
natural conformity in the lexical, grammatical and stylistic plan are established. The skilled translator
widely uses the conformity saved up during the practical work and is able to resort to the established
laws. However, work of the translator is not reduced only to skill to use by ready formulas. While
translating fiction from the translator skill to use adequate the deputy is required. It should not miss
from a kind that translates not separate words, and words and word-combinations in system of the
complex whole. The translator should aspire not to transfer of the separate element, a separate word,
and to transfer of that semantic and stylistic function which is carried out by the given element. It
necessity of misses and additions, replacements of one word with another, replacements of parts of
speech, etc. speaks.
Bibliography
1. Апполова М.А. Грамматические трудности перевода
2. Комиссаров В.Н. Вопросы теории перевода в зарубежной лингвистике
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