Pokhara University

Level: Master Semester – Spring Year : 2010

Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1 Why was the use of Computer Graphics not so much popular back in those 10

days? What made it gain popularity?

2 What is the significance of area filling in Computer Graphics? How can four 10

connected approach be used in case of Boundary fill Algorithm? What are the
factors that resolution depends on?
3 Compare various Line drawing algorithms that are used to produce graphical 10

output Primitives in Computer Graphics. Use Bresenham’s line drawing

algorithm to digitize line with end points P1(15,6) and P2(25,15).
4 What role does the number of bit planes play in manipulating the intensity 10
level that are seen in a pixel? If pixels are accessed from the frame buffer with
an average access time of 220 nanoseconds will the output produce a
flickering effect if the total resolution of the screen is 640 by 480?
5 What is Homogenous Coordinate? Derive the scaling transformation matrix of 10

a point P = (x, y, z) with respect to a pivot point (xp, yp, zp).

6 How does Back face Detection detect visible surfaces? Explain the rationale. 10

How does it differ from depth sorting algorithm for detecting visible surfaces.
7 How can you bring about virtual realism in display devices? Explain various 10
types of hardware and software components used for bringing about visual
realism in a computer display
8 Explain the equations used for drawing a Cubic Spline? Can splines be use to 10
form quadratic surfaces?
9 How can shading effect bring about visual realism? What are the defects of 10

flat shading? When is this technique appropriate?

10 Write short notes on any two: 2×5
a) Resistive Tablet
b) Affine Transformation
c) Video Controller
 Pokhara University
Level: Master Semester- Fall Year : 2012
Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1 a) How do you substantiate the claim that computer graphics plays a fundamental role in 7
engineering design and communication?

b) Explain the refresh logic of a video controller in case of a Raster Display System for bringing 8
about color display?

2 a) What role does a decision parameter play in case of Bresenham's Line drawing algorithm? 5

b) How long would it take to load a 24 bit per pixel frame buffer with a resolution of 1280 by 5
1024, if 105 bits can be transferred per second?

3 a) Explain CSG and Regularized Boolean set operations as different approaches used for solid 5
modelling.

b) Explain different types of immersive and non-immersive VR applications. 5

4 a) How can graphical objects be filled? Write any algorithm used for filling an object with desired 5
intensity.

b) Derive a composite transformation matrix for reflecting an object about a line y = 3x + 4 in 2D? 5

5 a) What role does a vanishing point play in case of perspective projection? Explain with the 8
necessary equations, how would you use perspective projection equations to project an object
onto the projection plane at z = 0 and with the centre of projection (projection reference point)
located at -5.

b) A triangle is defined by coordinates A(0,1,0), B(0,0,-1), C(1,0,0). If an observer is at point 7

P(5,0.5,5), will the face ABC be visible to a person at point P?

6 a) What is the behind forming a Bezier curve and its extended form, Bezier surface? 8

b) What are different steps involved in transforming an object from the conceptual coordinate 7
space to the device specific coordinate space?

7 a) Explain ambient light, diffuse reflection and specular reflection with examples and equations 8
for intensity calculation.

b) How can clipping be done in 2D and 3D? 7

 Pokhara University
Level: Master Semester – Fall Year : 2013
Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1. a. How is the scanline approach different from boundary fill algorithm? 7

Explain from the algorithmic approach.
b. Explain the refresh logic used in case of Raster Graphics system for 8
bringing about color display.
2. a. Digitize a circle with a radius of 5 pixels. 5
b. If pixels are accessed from the frame buffer with an average speed 50 5
nanosecond and the total resolution of the screen is 1024 x 1024. Will
there be a flickering effect produced on the screen?
3. a. How can lines with positive and negative slopes be drawn using Digital 8
differential analyzer and Bresenham’s Line drawing algorithm?
b. What are the issues related to Virtual Reality? Differentiate between Tele 7
Presence and Projected VR.
4. a. What are various properties that phosphor exhibit? 5
b. How would you reflect an object about a line y = 4x? Explain the steps 5
with the matrices.
5. a. Differentiate between parallel and perspective projection. 5
b. How can objects be combined to form solid objects using Regularized 5
Boolean Set Operations?
6. a. What is a cubic curve? How can a cubic curve be drawn using Hermite 8
Interpolation? 7
b. How can an object be mapped from the window to a viewport?
7. a. How does the intensity interpolation scheme as proposed by Goroud 7
eliminate the intensity discontinuation at the edges joining two polygons.
b. Consider a surface defined by vertices A(1,0,0), B(0,0,-1), C(-1,0,0) and
D(0,0,1). If the observer is at (2,2,2), is the face ABCD visible or is it a back 8
face?
8. Write short notes on any two: 2×5
a. View plane
b. Projection Reference Point
c. Polygon table
 Pokhara University
Level: Master Semester - Spring Year : 2012
Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1. a. What might be the reason as to why interactive graphics is finding its 7

usage in other diversified fields? Give reasons.
b. How does a video controller and a frame buffer jointly collaborate to 8
produce graphical display on the screen, in case of a Raster Display.
2. a. What is the logic involved in scan converting a line using Bresenham’s 5
line drawing algorithm. Can this approach be used to draw lines with
negative solpe?
b. On an average it takes 20 nano seconds for a Raster Graphics system to 5
access the pixel value from the frame buffer and glow the phosphor dot
on the screen. If the total resolution of the screen is 640 x 480 will this
access rate produce a flickering effect?
3. a. How can a circle be scan converted using the mid point approach? How 8
can the same goal be achieved if the starting point is (r,0) and moving in
the anti clockwise direction. 7
b. What are the key issues prevalent in producing a Virtual reality scene?
Explain different hardware and software used for this purpose?
4. a. How can a polygon surface be filled using the Flood fill approach? 5
b. How would you reflect an object about an arbitrary line in 2D? 5
5. a. Find the alignment transformation matrix for reflecting a point P(4,5) 7
about an arbitrary plane characterized by normal vector N= i + j +k
passing thru origin.
b. Explain the use of Hermite interpolation scheme used in drawing a 8
parametric cubic curve.
6. a. How can CSG be used for representing 3D objects? 5
b. What are the algorithms available for determining the visibility of an 5
object in 3D?
c. How can polygons be clipped? 5
7. a. Why is Phong shading also called Normal Vector Interpolation scheme? 5
b. Explain various transformations in 3D viewing pipeline? 5
8. Write short notes on any two: 2×5
a. Affine transformation
b. Window and viewport
c. Bezier Surface
 Pokhara University
Level: Master Semester: Spring Year : 2013
Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1. a. What is the logic behind using recursion for filling an object in the 7
Boundary fill Approach? How can objects be filled without using
recursion 8
b. What is the use of a video controller and a frame buffer for bringing
about a color display on the screen in case of Raster Graphics System.
2. a. How would you digitize a line with end points A(6,12) and B(10,5) 5
using Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm.
b. How long would it take to load a 640 by 480 frame buffer with 12 bits 5
5
per pixel, if l0 bits can be transferred per second.
3. a. Explain with equations how would you derive equations for a circle 8
starting at (0,r), moving in anti clockwise direction about origin.
b. Explain the techniques that are used for producing Virtual Reality. 7
4. a. What is the difference between a window and a view port? Why is it 5
required to map an object from a window to a viewport? Explain.
b. How would you transfer an object from a conceptual coordinate space 5
to a device specific coordinate system
5. a. What role does Projection Reference Point play in Perspective 7
Projection? Explain with equations.
b. A surface has vertices A(2,0,0), B(0,0,-2), C(-2,0,0) and D(0,0,2) and 8
an observer is positioned at (2,-2,2), will this face ABCD be visible to
the user?
6. a. What is Hermite Interpolation? How can it be used for producing a 8
cubic Curve?
b. How would you reflect an object about an arbitrary plane characterized 7
by normal vector N? Explain with steps.
7. a. Why do you think that the shading technique proposed by Goroud is 5
also called Intensity Interpolation Scheme? Explain.
b. What is the significance of Solid modeling in 3D Graphics? How does 5
Regularized Boolean Set Operation yield solid objects?
8 Write short notes on any two: 2×5
a. 2D transformations
b. Composite Transformation
c. Bezier Surface
 Pokhara University
Level: Master Semester – Fall Year : 20
2014
Programme: CS/CE Full Marks : 100
Course: Computer Graphics Pass Marks : 60
Time : 4hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.

1. a) What is interactive graphics? Trace the history of the field of Computer Graphics to show how it evolved 7
overtime, highlighting its applications as well.
b) What is a raster? How does increasing the number of bit planes affect the level of intensities that can be 8
produced out of a single pixel on the screen in case of a Raster System?
2. a) How does recursion work while filling an object using the Flood fill approach? 5
b) 5
How long would it take to load a 1024 by 1024 frame buffer with 12 bits per pixel, if l0 bits can be transferred 5
per second.
3. a) What role does the decision parameter play in case of Brensenham’s Line drawing algorithm? What will be the 8
decision parameters for drawing a line using Bresenham’s algorithm for a line with slope greater than one and
for a line with slope less than one
b) How can animation sequences be generated? Explain different animation functions used to produce animations. 7
4. a) Explain different steps involved in casting an object from the conceptual Modeling coordinate system to a 5
Device specific coordinate system.
a) What will be the final position of a point P(2,3) after it gets translated in ‘y’ direction by 2 units, rotated in 5
anticlockwise direction by 90 degrees and then scaled in ‘x’ direction by twice its original size?
5. a) What is the significance of vanishing points in Perspective Projection? Derive necessary expression to cast the 7
description of an object onto the view plane taking the vanishing point into consideration using Perspective
projection.
b) How does the OSM approach work to detect visible surfaces? The four corners of a wall are specified with 8
vertices A(-4,6,-2), B(4,6,-2), C(-4,0,2) and D(4,0,2) in a 3 Dimensional space. Compute the outward normal
for this face and if we place an observer at position P(2-2,1) will he be able to see the face from this position or
will it be a back face to him?
6. a) What is the difference between the approximation and interpolation techniques used to form a spline? Derive 8
the necessary expression to form a Parametric Cubic curve using Hermite Interpolation.
b) How can an object be reflected about an arbitrary axis? Explain with steps. 7
7. a) What is the significance of Shading operation for bringing visual realism while rendering 3D objects? What are 5
the approaches used for this purpose?
b) How do Primitive Instancing and Regularized Boolean Set Operations ensure proper boundary representation of 5
solid objects in 3D?
8. Write short notes on any two : 2×5
a) Principal Vanishing Point
b) Homogenous Coordinate System
c) Bezier Surfaces