27

8ms

e
72-17

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S-72-17

GEOLOGY OF BORING 93 UES, TEST

SECTION III, ATCHAFALAYA LEVEE SYSTEM
LOUISIANA
by

E. L. Krinitzsky, J. T. Lewis

UNIVERSITY OFILLINOIS
LIBRARY
ATURBANA-CHAMPAIGN.
ENGINEERING
-

May 1972

Sponsored by U. S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley

Conducted by U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

r
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi

||||||||
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

39015 08652 0221
 Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return
it to the originator.

The findings in this report are notto be construed as an official

Department of the Army position unless so designated
by other authorized documents.
 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S-72-I7

GEOLOGY OF BORING 93 UES, TEST

SECTION III, ATCHAFALAYA LEVEE SYSTEM
LOUISIANA
by

E. L. Krinitzsky, J. T. Lewis

May 1972

Sponsored by U.S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley

Conducted by U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT ARE NOT TO BE

USED FOR ADVERTISING, PUBLICATION, OR

PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES. CITATION OF TRADE

NAMES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFICIAL EN

DORSEMENT OR APPROVAL OF THE USE OF SUCH

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.

iii
 FOREWORD

This study was authorized by letter dated 11 July 1969 to the

Director, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) from

the Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi

Valley (LMWD), subject, "Radiographic Evaluation of Atchafalaya Borings

for Creep Test."

The report was prepared by Dr. E. L. Krinitzsky and Mr. J. T. Lewis

under the direction of Dr. C. R. Kolb, Chief of the Geology Branch, Soils

Division, WES. General direction was under Mr. J. P. Sale, Chief of the

Soils Division.

Director of WES was COL Ernest D. Peixotto, CE. Technical Director

was Mr. F. R. Brown.

 CONTENTS

FOREWO RD

CONVER SION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

SUMMAR Y xi
PART I: INTRODUCTION l
Purp OS e - - - - - - - - - -
Scop e

PART II: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS . . . .

Lake Environment
Lake Environment - Deltaic Facies
Swamp Environment Poorly Drained lO
ll
– .
Swamp Environment – Well-Drained .

PART I II: STRUCTURAL FEATURES l2

PART IV: CLASSIFICATION OF BORING 93 U. E S l3

PART V: C ONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

APPENDIX A: PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADIOGRAPHS OF REPRESENTATIVE SAM PLE

FROM BORING 93 UES

APPEND
H IX B : TERPRETATIONS OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS,
BORING 93 UES

Vii
 CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

British units of measurement used in this report can be converted to

metric units as follows:

Multiply By To Obtain

inches 2.54 centimeters

feet 0.3048 meters

ix
 SUMMARY

Depositional environments in boring 93 UES taken at Test Section III,

Atchafalaya Levee System, La., were identified as alternate intervals of
poorly drained swamp and lake. The swamp deposits are distorted and

fractured adjacent to rotted organic matter. Lake deposits were of shallow

deposition and included thin deltaic facies. The deposits are mostly clay.

There are delicate evidences of layering, some nodular and plate-like

carbonate concentrations, and some churning by invertebrates. Pronounced

shear planes are present as the result of differential compaction.

xi
 GEOLOGY OF BORING 93 UES, TEST SECTION III, ATCHAFALAYA

LEVEE SYSTEM, LOUISLANA

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1. Test Section III is located along the East Atchafalaya Basin Pro

tection Levee at sta 1395+50, 300 to 310 ft” on the land side of the base

of the levee. Its situation with relation to the levee system and to the
surrounding geologic and physiographic setting is shown in fig. l. The

location is in the southeast portion of the Atchafalaya basin. The basin

is composed of an extensive blanket of unconsolidated fine-grained deposits

that collectively are called backswamp. These are bounded on the west and

south by an ancient Teche-Mississippi meander belt and on the east by

meander belts of the modern Mississippi River and an earlier Lafourche–

Mississippi course. The setting has been discussed in considerable detail

in earlier reports. **
2. Backswamp deposits in the Atchafalaya basin have caused serious

problems of levee subsidence and instability. Settlements averaging 5 to

10 ft have occurred over most of the levee system and some segments of
levee in the area have recorded settlements of 15 to 20 ft and greater.

* A table of factors for converting British units of measurement to

metric units is presented on page ix.
* H. N. Fisk, C. R. Kolb, and L. J. Wilbert, "Geoldgical Investigation
of the Atchafalaya Basin and the Problem of Mississippi River Diversion"
(in 2 vols), April 1952, prepared for Mississippi River Commission,
Wicksburg, Miss., by U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
CE, Vicksburg, Miss.; and E. L. Krinitzsky and F. L. Smith, "Geology of
Backswamp Deposits in the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana," Sep 1969,
Technical Report S-69-8, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta–
tion, CE, Wicksburg, Miss.
 M I SS LSS LP Pl
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Fig. l. Physiography of the Atchafalaya Basin

 Purpose

3. The purpose of this study was to delineate, in as fine a detail

as practicable, the sedimentary sequence in the backswamp deposits that

underlie Test Section III.

Scope

Four borings, 93 UES, UES, 95 UES, and 96 UES were drilled

at
ll.

91
the Test Section. These borings were spaced to 10 ft apart in the vicinity

7
of levee sta 1395+50, at distance of 300 to 310 ft on the land side of the
a

base of the levee. Their locations are shown in fig. 2. Boring 93 UES was

selected for geological evaluation.

Geological evaluation involved opening the continuous, undisturbed,

5.

5-in. core samples taken in 93 UES and examining them macroscopically for
grain size, color, sedimentation characteristics, breakage patterns, or—

ganic content, fossils, and concretionary matter. Slices, 3/8-in. thick,

were cut vertically through the cores. These were examined radiographically
using X-rays.

Radiography involved placing X-ray film contact with slice of

in
6.

the soil and subjecting the soil to beam of X-rays. X-rays are absorbed
a

differentially depending on variations in the density and composition of

the sample. The differential absorption produces an image on the film. In

this way, internal structures are revealed that often are not recognizable
on the face of the sample. Radiography was done with Philips Industrial
a

X-ray Unit using 100-kV beryllium-window head. Records were made on

a

Kodak Type Industrial X-ray film. Exposure was for l;5 sec
at

18MA and
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2.
Fig. Locations of borings, Test Section III, East Atchafalaya Basin Protection Levee
25KV with a focal distance of 18 in. The resulting radiographs were used

with the macroscopic features to subdivide and delineate the backswamp

sequence on the basis of changes in the depositional environments that

occurred during sedimentation.

7. Due to the close proximity of all borings, the radiographic data

obtained from boring 93 UES were considered to be representative of corre

sponding depths in the remaining three borings. Plans for laboratory test
ing on samples from borings 94 UES, 95 UES, and 96 UES utilized projections
of the layering and soil types that were interpreted in this study for
boring 93 UES.
 PART II: DEPOSTTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

8. Earlier studies* showed that the Atchafalaya basin was a fresh

water basin bounded by ancient and modern Mississippi River courses through

its history of deposition. That period extended for over 15,000 years

without noticeable interruption. During that time, deposition in the

basin occurred under alternating conditions of lakes and swamps. Lakes

were always shallow, never deeper than about 18 ft and mostly much less.
Changing current patterns introduced deltaic facies of coarser materials

in many changing positions within the predominately fine-grained deposits.

Erosion of the swampy shore materials by wind action on the lakes caused

layers of bedded organics to form within the lake sequences. These are

now noted mostly as transition zones between lake and swamp deposits.

9. The currents in the lakes that resulted in facies changes in the

sediments were responsible also for both cyclic and irregular changes in
the amount, and distribution of dissolved Salts in the lake Water. These

alterations, plus seasonal changes in the activity of organic matter in

the water, caused variations in the rates and manner of precipitation of

clay minerals and of dissolved mineral salts. These behavior sequences

are observable in the sedimentary section as varve-like sequences, con

centrations of nodular cementing materials, layers of carbonate enrich

ments, and massive clay layers.

1O. The swamp deposits vary in the amounts of organic matter which

are preserved and in the traces of oxidation versus reducing conditions

which prevailed when deposition was taking place. Oxidizing conditions

* Krinitzsky and Smith, op. cit.

were accompanied by the destruction of organic matter, leaving root voids

and aavities, and by the formation of iron oxides. Reducing conditions

generally allowed the preservation of organic matter, and iron salts took

the form of pyrites, sometimes as fine druses or clusters of crystals

around roots.

ll. Characteristics of the depositional environments encountered in

boring 93 UES were summarized as follows. The illustrative examples that

are referenced are contained in Appendix A. photographs and radiographs

are included for representative samples.

Lake Environment

12. The predominating characteristics of the lake environment in

boring 93 UES are as follows:

a. Stratification. Stratification is generally well-developed

in the radiographic imagery even though the accompanying photography often

shows largely featureless clays. A representative example is sample 19–B.

Note that in the Photograph, there are hardly any distinctive features.

The radiograph shows a fine varve-like bedding in the clay. These are

thought to be caused by alternating changes in the manner of sedimentation

of the clays and alternations in the types and amounts of minerals pre
cipitated from solution. All of the lake clays are calcareous to various
degrees. White layers in the radiographs (as T shown in sample 19–C) are

prominent concentrations of calcium and iron carbonates. Another pronounced

layer of this sort occurs in sample 13–B. To a lesser extent, this type of
layering is present in nearly all of the lake deposits in which sedimentation

has taken place under relatively still conditions.

 13. Turbulence during sedimentation of the clays was noted, for example,

in the lower half of sample 8–C and in samples l?-D and 20-A.

ll. Invertebrate burrows have further modified the layered clays to

varying degrees. Sample 13-B shows relatively moderate effects of burrows.

Samples lll-A and 20-A are more extensively burrowed, in addition to the

initial turbulence, and remains of the gastropods responsible for the

burrowing are seen in the samples. An individual burrow of large size that
May have contributed to shearing in the overlying soil is seen in 19–B. A

large burrow that moved sandy clay into a clay layer is seen in sample 22-C.

b. Concretions. Nodular concretionary material, such as the white

areas on the radiograph of sample 8-C, are mixtures of calcite, CaCO3

, and

siderite, FeCO3 ,
respectively, calcium and iron carbonates. The layered

mineral enrichments previously referred to for samples l?-B and 19–C are

of the same sort. In the examples encountered throughout this boring, the
concretionary matter was mostly incipient. Though it registered strongly

on the radiographs, it was not hard enough to resist being cut by piano
Wire.

Pyrites, FeS2 , occur as very fine crystalline covers over roots

and as fine nodules. Sample 22-C shows the appearance of these delicate

encrustments. They occur under conditions of chemical reduction. Where

oxidation has occurred, even partially as in very shallow waters where lake
deposits were forming, limonite nodules and encrustments were formed. A

condition of this sort is illustrated in sample 16-C.

c. Color. Lake deposits appear as shades of gray to dark gray

where they are composed largely of clays. Layers containing silts or fine

sands are buff in color due to better drainage and the characteristics of

the coarser grained mineral particles.

 Organic matter. Organic matter in the lake deposits occur

cl.
as root remains that have penetrated into buried lake deposits from overlying

swamps or have been washed in from nearby growth areas in swamps. Sample 8-C

shows delicate roots coated with pyrites. Those that are horizontal to the
bedding were washed into position. Those that are steeply inclined May have

grown into position. The original organic matter of these root remains May

now be completely decomposed. Root voids that are now devoid of organic

matter typically appear as those shown in sample 22–B.

Lake Environment Deltaic Facies

-
15. The deltaic facies of the lake environment have the following

CharacteriSt. iCS
:

Stratification. deltaic facies include great

a.

Since the

a
heterogeneity of materials through silts and fine- to medium-grained sands

and their deposition was accompanied by relatively strong current effects,

they characteristically show pronounced stratification patterns. Deltaic

facies can usually be identified on the photographs to form layerings de

termined by grain size and color and tonal alterations. However, their
features are always enhanced in the radiographic imagery. Characteristic
layering patterns are seen in samples 10-D, ll-A, ll-b, 12–C, and 17-B.

An example of ripple marks with internal cross laminations within the ripple

zone is contained in sample 12–B. The coarse-textured layers within the

deltaic facies are likely to provide drainage horizons within the clay mass.

Concretions. Concretionary matter not well-developed in

is
b.

these layers; an exception is the pronounced carbonate layer in sample ll-A.

Good drainage through the adjoining silty clays allowed this carbonate layer

sufficiently brittle with piano wire.

it

harden so that was when trimmed

+
3
 c. Color. Colors vary from shades of gray to buff and tan.

d. Organic matter. Organic matter May be washed into the deltaic

facies either as root remains (see sample ll-B) or as bedded layers of fine

organic detritus (see also sample ll-B). Roots also May have grown into these

layers from overlying swamps (see sample 10-D). In the latter example, the

roots have rotted and only their voids remain.

Swamp Environment – Poorly Drained

l6. Swamp environments are characterized largely by the effects of organic

matter. Conditions of poor drainage are conducive to the preservation of organic

matter and the maintenance of a chemically reducing environment.

a. Stratification. Stratification is either absent or it is made

indistinct by the churning action of multitudes of roots.

b. Organic matter. Root remains are of all sizes from the large

woody masses in sample li-c to the abundant fine roots in sample 9–C. Where

lake shores and swamp environments interact, organic matter May become bedded.

Sample 9-B illustrates such a condition. Often, bedded organic matter marks

transitions between swamp and lake deposits. In this instance the bedded organic

matter occurs within a swamp interval and is hardly more than a foot thick.

Occasionally an interval May be formed entirely of peat. Sample 9-A shows this

condition. In this case the material is more directly recognizable in the

Photograph than in the radiograph.

C. Concretions. Concretions normally are those of pyrites that form

crusts and fine nodules often in association with roots (see sample 5–B).

Vivianite, a hydrous ferrous phosphate, •

8H2O
, is occasionally
Fe3(PO)2
found as tiny whitish nodules that turn Bright blue upon exposure to air for

lO
a few hours. A multitude of well-developed vivianite nodules are shown in

sample 21-B.

d. Color. Color is usually black to dark brown in the organic

matter and shades of gray to dark blackish gray in the associated clay
matrix.

Swamp Environment – Well-Drained

l7. Well-drained conditions in a swamp environment imply that organic

matter and some associated mineralogical matter have an opportunity to become

Oxidized.

a. Stratification. Stratification is either absent or is very

poorly developed, again because of the churning action of abundant organic

material.

b. Organic matter. Oxidation of organic matter commonly has pro

ceeded to a condition where the organic matter is gone except for evidences of

its former presenbe. Sample 3-D shows abundant root–voids that typically

are left by medium to fine root penetrations.

c. Concretions. Concretions are in the form of iron oxides in

sizes from specks to irregular amorphous masses and crusts. Examples are

shown in samples 3-B and 3-D.

d. Color. Color usually includes some shades of buff or brown.

There May be irregular mottles of browns contained in grayish material.

ll
 PART TTT: STRUCTURAL FEATURES

18. photographs and radiographs shown in Appendix A illustrate

many of the structural features present in the boring. A disturbed zone

that possibly May be fill material is shown by samples l-B and l-D. The

basis for this designation is in the irregular jumbled ball-like masses of

soil in 1-D and to a lesser degree in 1–B.

19. In addition to the characteristics already noted as sedimentation

patterns, burrows, and root effects, there are some evidences of the effects
Of Shear and desiccation under natural conditions. Desiccation near the surface

seems to be the cause of the cracks indicated in sample l-b. Near-surface dry
ing of the disturbed material is sufficient to explain these features. Sample

3-B also shows fine cracks that probably were caused by drying through the

transpiration of roots.

20. Sample 5-A shows prominent shear planes that are associated with

large irregular masses of organic matter. Differential displacements that

accompanied the decay of this organic matter May have induced these shear

planes. Fractures in samples 10–D, 13-D, 16-C, and 19-D are of the sort

that have resulted from shearing that took place as adjustments to differential

compaction that occurred in the clays.

21. Sample 12-A shows an irregular arcuate fracture pattern that is very
closely spaced in the upper half of the sample. These features resulted from

disturbance caused by extrusion of the core during the sampling.

l2
 PART IV: CLASSIFICATION OF BORING 93 UES

22. Appendix B summarizes the observations that were made on core

samples and contains interpretations of depositional environments.

Depositional layers are as follows:

Depth, ft.*
From TO Depositional Layer
O – 3.l Disturbed zone, possibly fill
material
– 3.l -10.6 Swamp, well-drained
-10.6 –26.4 Swamp, poorly drained
–26.4 –30.2 Lake
–30.2 –35.0 Swamp, poorly drained
–35.0 —l, 5.6 Lake, containing thin layers of deltaic facies
—l, 5.6 –5l.9 Lake
–5l.9 –57.7 Swamp, poorly drained
–57.7 –6l. 1, Lake
–64. l. –66.0 Lake, with deltaic facies
–66.0 –76.2 Lake
–76.2 –83.8 Swamp, poorly drained
–83.8 -86. lº Lake

-3-
All depths are expressed in feet below ground surface.
+% Bottom of hole.

23. From the surface to about -3 ft, the boring encountered disturbed

soil or fill that was in the form of irregular balls and masses. The

interval contained crushed organic matter, was partially desiccated, and

showed oxidation of iron compounds.

21. There was an interval of swamp deposits from -3.1 to -26 ft. The

swamp deposit was well-drained from -3.1 to -10 ft and was poorly drained

in the rest of the interval. The well-drained portion was oxidized, con
tained relatively less organic matter, and had desiccation fractures and

some slicken-sided fractures. The poorly drained material had relatively

abundant organic matter and there were pronounced fractures present that

resulted from differential settlement around the organic matter.

l3
 25. A shallow lake environment occurred between -27 and -30 ft. Its
upper portion contained bits of Washed-in organic matter. The lower portion

contained nodular carbonates.

26. Beneath the lake deposit was a poorly drained swamp deposit that

occurred between the depths of -30.2 and -35.0 ft. It contained O.6 ft of

horizontally bedded, soft peat at -31.0 ft. This peat layer was under

lain by approximately l.2 ft of alternating thin layers of peat and

Organic clay. The lowermost l. 5 ft of the section consisted of gray to

dark-gray silty clay containing numerous root fragments.

27. Intermittent zones of lake and lake-deltaic deposits characterized

the boring between -35. O and -5l.9 ft. The deltaic facies individually were

generally less than 3 ft thick and consisted of alternating layers of clay,

silt, and sand. These deltaic facies were sandwiched between usually

thicker lake zones composed of thin-bedded clays that were only slightly

silty. In the deltaic zones, bedding was highly irregular as a result of

rapid changes in currents and load. Fractures were frequent in the lake
clays as a result of differential settlements. Many fractures showed

secondary ferruginous mineralizations along the fracture planes.

28. A poorly drained swamp environment existed in the zone between

–5l. 9 and -57. 7 ft. The interval was a soft to firm, gray, slightly silty
clay. There were many fine fragments of roots and root voids. The clay

contained numerous fracture planes. Nodular material was in the form of

large, ball-like carbonate masses and many fine disseminated specks of

ferruginous matter.

29. A lake environment with two intervening deltaic facies occurred

from -57.7 to -76.2 ft. This zone consisted principally of fractured, firm,

l!
gray, horizontally bedded clay. There were many fractures, and a ferruginous

stain coats most of the fractures. The core generally broke easily along

these fractures. Some beds showed evidences of displacement in the -68

and -72 ft areas. Complex bedding patterns were apparent within the silty
and sandy deltaic facies. The clays contained ball-like masses of carbonates

and some concentrations of carbonates in plate-like bedding layers. Some

intervals of the clays were burrowed extensively by invertebrates, and in

vertebrate remains, gastropod shells, were found in some of the samples.

30. A poorly drained swamp environment began at -76.2 ft and extended

to -83.8 ft. This zone was characterized by fractured, gray to dark gray,

silty, firm clay and contained many small roots. Vivianite was present

in samples in the vicinities of -77 and –80 ft. Fractures were common

and fracture planes had coatings of ferruginous stain.

31. A lake environment comprised the lowest portion of the boring from

–83.8 to -86.1 ft. This zone consisted primarily of dark gray, firm,

fractured clay. Some bedding displacements occurred about 3 in. above the

bottom of the core. The lower portion of the zone contains many small roots

encrusted with minute Pyrite crystals. Some pronounced burrowing by in

vertebrates had occurred and had brought silty clays into the clay intervals.

32. Water content determinations were made on the core samples at

every tenth of a foot. These values are shown in Appendix B. Large con

trasts in water contents are evident where poorly drained swamp intervals are
contrasted with lake environments in the upper portion of the boring, above

–35 ft. In lower portions of the boring, the swamp deposits have been

largely consolidated and drained so that moisture contrasts have been greatly

diminished. Throughout the boring there was a significant variability in

the water contents over short distances within any given depositional layer.

lj
These variations are attributable to the irregular occurrence of organic

matter throughout the boring and to root voids and shear zones. In the

deltaic facies, there is an important range in the pore space that is

dependent on the complex mineralogical variations in those intervals.

l6
 PART W: CONCLUSIONS

33. The sediments in boring 93 UES were interpreted as alternating

layers of swamp and lake deposits.

34. The swamp environments were mostly poorly drained. In their

upper layers, they contain rotted organic matter. Peat and bedded organics

are present. Some pronounced distortion and fracturing has occurred in the
clays around organic matter both from desiccation and from differential
Settlement .

35. The lake environments were deposits from shallow bodies of fresh

Water that included numerous thin deltaic facies where coarse sediments were

brought into the lakes. The lake deposits are mostly clays that have

delicate evidences of bedding. In places they are churned, sometimes con

siderably, by burrowing invertebrates. There are also irregular nodular

and plate-like enrichments of the clays with carbonates. Pronounced shear

planes are present as a result of differential compaction.

36. The depositional environments appear to correlate generally with

Variations that were measured in the Water contents. Variations Within the

environments are attributable to changes in the characteristics of the

deposits, such as the presence or absence of organic matter, animal burrows,

secondary mineral enrichment, open void spaces, shear planes, etc.

17
APPENDIX A: PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADIOGRAPHS OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES
FROM BORING 93 UES
 SYMBOLS FOR INTERPRETATIONS
FROMX-RADIOGRAPHY

Peat

Shell

R00ts, Organic matter preserved

Stratified Organic matter

Former roots, Organic matter destroyed by Oxidation

Burrows, invertebrate

Open void spaces

Limonitic concretions

Pyrite

Carbonate concretion

Desiccation fracture

Shear fracture

Horizontal bedding

Tilted bedding

Warve-like layering

Distorted bedding

Turbulent deposition

Cross-laminated bedding

Sample tested by radiography

Carbonate enriched Zone

Breakage in handling

Groove resulting from Sample preparation

ZOne of ferruginous concretions

Sand lens

Fracture

Vivianite crystals

Al
 -*
PHOTOGRAPH
* - --
RADIOGRAPH

BALLSANDMASSESOF DISTURBED
SOiLOFVARYINGDENSITY,OPEN
FISSURESHAVERESULTEDFROM
DRYinG.

BALLS ANDMASSESOFDISTURBED
sDIuOFVARYINGDENs.TY, CONTAINS
IRREGULARFRAGMENTSOF ROOTS,

CLAYCONTAINS ABUNDANTNODULES
OF IRONDxiDEsALONGWITHSMALL,
WELL-DEVELOPED CARBONATECON
CRETIONs.FRACTURESSHOWN HAVE
REsuuTED FROMHANDLING,THESAM
PLE CONTAINSSOMESLICKENSIDED
SHEARPLANES.

*
SAMPLE 3-A (7 O' TO 7.5')
O.1 O
Li Lill-l
scALE OFPHOTOGRAPH
O.1
l
FEET
O.2
l
O.3
l
O.4

---

A2
PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

SECONDARY FERRUGINOUS
MINERALIZA
TIONOCCURSINGREATABUNDANCE
CONtains.NUMEROUS
DESICCATION
FRACTURES.

HOMOGENEOUS MATERIALWITH
COnCeNTRATIDnsOFFERRUGINOus
CONCRETION5.

CLAYWITHIRREGULAR
DISSEMINA
TiONsOF ORGANIC
MATTER

SAMPLE 4-A (11.1. To 11.8')

–
o
scALE OF PHOTOGRAPH
o ol
l
FEET
o2
-
O3
–
O|

A3
 RAD |OGRAPH

FATCLAYOF VARYINGDENSITYWITH
LARGE|RREGULAR MASSESOF
ORGANICMATTER.

2×
*a ©
S AMP LE 4-C (12.8 TO 13.6°)

FAT CLAYWITHLARGEDISCRETEROOTS,
PRONOUNCED SLICKENSIDED
FRACTURES
HAVERESULTEDFROMIRREGULAR CON
SOLIDATION.

CLAYWITHZONESOFVARYinG DENSiTY.
MUCHFINELYDISSEMINATEDORGANIC
MATTERWITH PYRITECRUSTS.

SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
ź Ż L-l
O-1 o O.1
l
FEET
O.2
l
O.3
l
04
l
SA MPL E 5-B (16 O' TO 16.75')

All
 CLAY.MUChiDISTurEEDBY PLASTIC
DEFORMATION LARGEROOTFRAGMENT

MAssIVeCLay WITHEXTREMELY FINE

RODtLETS. PARTLYBUrROWfD AND
PARTLYWARVEDSOMECARBONATES

FLAT, DARXBROWn,sor T.HOR1ZON

TALLYBEDDED

SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
O| O O| O-2 O3 O
FEET

A5
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

ALTERNATINGLAYERSOF PEATAND
CLAYEY PEAT, DARKBROWN,SOFT.

MASSIVESILTYCLAY,DARKGRAY,
FIRM,MoIST CONTAINSROOT
FRAGMENTSTHROUGHOUT.

-* SAMPLE 9-C (32.85

*
TO 33.3")

Cu-AYWITHOFGANICMATTER.
Pdssiel Y DISTURBEDDURING
SAMPLING.

-
SAMPLE IO-A (35.0 TO 35.6")

CLAYTHATIS MUCHDISTURBED
BY
BURROWINGANDSLUMPINGDURING
DEPOSITION.

SCALEof PHOTOGRAPH
O.1 O. O.2 O.3 O.4
- L-L-lO l l l l
FEET
SAMPLE IO-C (36.8' TO 374")

A6
PHOTOGRA PH RADIOGRAPH

ALTERNATING
LAYERSOFSILTY.SANDY
CLAY ANDFATCLay PARTLYDISTURBED

- -
SAM PLE IO-D (37.5 TO 38.1".)

ALTERNATING LAYERSOFSANDYAND
sil TY CLayANDFATCLAY CONTAINS
CALCAREDusENRICHEDZONEWITH
HARDNODULES

ALTERNATINGLAYERSOFSANDYAND
SILTYCLAYANDFATwaRVeD CLAY CON
TAINSwas–ED-INROOTFRAGMENTS

L–
SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
O1 O ©1 O-2 O3 04
l I
FEET

A7
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

::

MASSIVECLAYWITH SiLTY CLAY

LAYERS, IRREGULARTURBULENCE
FEATURESIN THECLAY.1RREGULAR
DISTRIBUTIONOF CARBONATES.

MAssIVeCuAY WITHTHINLAYEROF
R1PPLE-MARKEDBEDDING.

:|
SA MPLE | |– D

MASSIVESILTYCLAY DISTURBED
BY HANDLING.CONTAINSVARVED
CLAYSANDBURROWEFFECTS.

SA MPLE 12-A (43.0 TO 43.7")

*
ALTERNATINGLAYERSOF CLAYAND
SILTYCLAY.VARVEDANDRIPPLEMARKED.
CONTAINSHARDENED CARBONATENODULES.

SCALEOF PHOTOGRAPH
L-L-O
O.1 ot
-
O-2 O3 O.4
FEET
SA MPLE 12-B (43.9 TO 44.7")

A8
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

ALTERNATING LAYERSOF CLAY AND

SILTYCLAY CONTAINS OCCASIONAL
I/2 TO 1-1/2INCHTHICKSluTY SAND
LAYERS SOMEBURROWING

-
SAMPLE 12-C (44.7 TO 45.5°)

ALTERNATING
CLAYANDSILTYCLAY
LAYERSWITHLAYEREDCARBONATE
ENRICHMENTS

CLAY GRAY,SOFT,MDlsT CONtains

MANYBURROWSHIGHLYPRONOUNCED
ZONEOFCARBONATE ENRICHMENT

-- -- .
SAMPLE
-
. .
13-B (478.
--
To 48.5')
- O
SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
o O1 0-2
FEET
0.3
-04

A9
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

CLAY, DARKGRAY,sOFt TO FiRM.

SLIGHTLYCALCAREOUS.DISTORTED
BEDDINGWELL-DEVELOPED SHEAR
FRACTURES..
BURROWED.

&

: SAMPLE 13-D (49.4 TO 500")

CLAY,DARKGRAY,SOFT.MUCHBUR
ROWEDCONTAINSREMAINSOFGAS
TROPODS.

SAMPLE 14-A (51.1' TO 51.5")

MASSIVeCLAY,GRAY,FIRM.CONTAINS
MANYPARTIALLYDECOMPOSED ROOTS.

| SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
++O
O-1 O-1 O.2
FEET
0.3 O4

SAMPLE I4-B (52.1 O 52.7")

Al-O
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

CLAY,DARKGRAY,sOFt TOFIRM COn

TAINSSMALLROOTFRAGMENTS THROUGH
OUT SOMEMiNERALIZED ZONes

CLAY,SILTY.GRAYFIRM CONTAINS
NUM
EROUSSMALLROOTSTHROUGHOUT LARGE
MASSOFCARBONATE CONCRETIONARY
MATTER

SAMPLE 15-B (55.5 TO 560)

CLAY,GRAY,FIRM CONTAINS
NUMEROus
FINE ROOTS,LARGEIRREGULAR
CALCAR
EOUSENRICHMENTS.

CLAY,GRAY,FIRM.PRONOUNCEDSHEAR
PLANES weLL-DEVELOPEDCARBONATE
CONCRETIONARY MATTER

sAMPLE 16-A (59.3 TO 6oo5')

L-
ol
SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
O O|
l
O-2
FEET
l
O.3
+
O4
l

All
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

MASSIVESILTYCLAYWITHWELL-DEVEL
DpeD SHEARPLANESTHATHAVEHAD
APPRECIABLEDISPLACEMENTNOTICE
CONTACTS OF TWDDISTiNCTMATERALS
ALONGASHEAR PLANE.

MAssIVe CLAY,MUCHDISTURBED
BY
BURROWS ANDSHEARPLANES.CON
TAINSIRREGULARCARBONATEENRICH
MENTS.MANYROOTvDIds.

BEDDEDCLAYANDSILTYCLAY LEN
TICULARSILTY CLAY MASS, SOME
ROOTPENETRATIONS. SECONDARY
CARBONATEENRICHMENTS.

FATVARVEDCLAYWITHBEDDEDSILTY
CLAYANDTHINSANDLAYERS.SOME
ROOT:PENETRATIONS.

:
SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
O-1 O O-1 O.2 O.3 O4
L-L-L-L l
FEET
(65.5 TO 66.2 )

Al2
 PHOTOGRAPH
-
RADIOGRAPH

HORIZONTALLY BEDDEDCLAYAND
SILTY CLAYWITHBURROWING.
HOR1
2ONTALCARBONATE ENRICHEDCLAY
LAYER

- -
-F -

SAMPLE 18-A (67.1. To 67.8')

MASSIVECLAYWITHVERYPRONOUNCED
CARBONATEENRICHEDZONEIN LOWER
SAMPLE BURROWINGHASDISTURBED
EEDDINGNEARBASEOF SAMPLE

MASSIVECLAYCONSIDERBLYDISTURB
ED BYBURROWING CONTAINSWELL
DEVELOPEDINTERSECTING
SHEARFRAC
TURES

SILTY SANDYCLAY GRADESDOWNWARD

INTOMASSIVECLAY SHEARPLANE
OCCURRING NEARCENTEROFSAMPLE
SHOWsslightT BEDDISPLACEMENTS
LARGE BURROW HAS DISTURBEDBEDS
AT BASE

SAMPLE 19-A (71 o' To 71.8')

-l
O|
scALE OFPHOTOGRAPH
o O1 O-2
+
O3
+
O4
|

Al3
 | RADIOGRAPH

VARVEDCLAYWITHOCCASIONALSMALL
SILTYSANDLENSE.DISPLACEMENTOF
BEDSNOTABLEALONGHIGHANGLE
SHEARPLANE. BURROWING
NDUNcEDIN UPPERPART
VERYPRO

-
MPLE |9-B (71.8 TO 72.55)

ALTERNATING
CLAYANDSILTYCLAY
: WITHDISTURBED
BURROWED ZONE
NEARCENTEROFSAMPLE.PRONOUNCED
CARBONATEENRICHEDCLAY ZONEin
LOWERPART

*
- .
SAMPLE 19-C

MASSIVECLAYWiTHCONSIDERABLE
BURROWING.SHELL FRAGMENTSAND
GASTROPODOUTLINEPRESENTin
LOWERCORNER

MASSIVECLAYWITHMANYSMALL
ROOTS.VIViaNiTECLUSTERSDISPER
SEDTHROUGH SAMPLE

SCALEOFPHOTOGRAPH
O.1
L-L-L
O O-1
L cz
FEET
0.3
—I –O4.

All!
 PHOTOGRAPH RADIOGRAPH

UNIFORMSILTYCLAYWITHEVIDENCE
OF sGMEBURROW1NG Contains ORGANIC
MATTERIN THE FORMOF FINE ROOTS

ALTERNATING LAYERSOF CLAYAND

siLTY CLaY WITHsDMECROSSBEDDING
BURROW1NG HAs DistureED BEDDING
NUMERDusFINECRYSTALSOF VIVian
ITE PRESENT

FATCLAYWITHTHIN sil-TY SANDY

NEARLYHOZ12ONTALPARTINGS, LARGE
BURROW EXTENDS,
NEARLYVERTICALLY
THROUGHSAMPLE MANYFRACTURES IN
UPPERPARTRESULTSFROMPARTIAL
DESICCATION
ANDHANDLING

THINBEDDEDCLAYWITHAN OCCA
SIONALSILTY SAND LAYER,LARGE
BURROW IN LOWER1/2OF SAMPLEis
NEARLYFILLEDWITHSANDYCLAY

scALE OFPHOTOGRAPH
ol O O- O-2 O-3 O
FEET

Al5
-

*. -
**-
**
---I --

--
-

- --
-

-
-
APPENDIX B: INTERPRETATIONS OF DEPOSITTONAL
ENVIRONMENTS, BORING 93 UES
 SYMBOLS FOR INTERPRETATIONS
FROMX-RADIOGRAPHY

Peat

Shells

Roots, organic matter preserved

Stratified Organic matter

Former roots, organic matter destroyed by Oxidation

Burrows, invertebrate

Open void spaces

Limonitic concretions

Pyrite

Carbonate concretions

Desiccation fractures

Shear fractures

P
(V)
Horizontal bedding

Tilted bedding

Warve-like layering

Distorted bedding

:
Turbulent deposition

Cross-laminated bedding

Sample tested by radiography

Continuous carbonate enriched clay layer

Carbonate enriched Clay

Bl
 PROJECT EAE PL TEST SECTION III

:
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH O – 3OFT.

SAMPLEDEPTH WATER SAMPLEDEPTH WATER

| SYMBOL DESCRIPTION NO- | SYMBOL
|CONTENT DESCRIPTION
N0. *\, * PERCENT
- 22 Clay, darkgray, firm. Containsundecomposed
po
2 -- POSSIBLE
FILL MATERIAL
ORDISTURBED
ZONE
-
-- *% root fragments
throughout. l
actureplane
- Fract
# Silty clay, gray, soft to firm. Hacklyfrac- . A = % extendsupwardfrombaseat about15degrees.
-1 +++ ture. Smallroots throughout sample.Hori-
+ xx % Slickensidesnotedalongplane.
- ZZ zontalfracturenearmiddleof core. Contains %
B ,
/*- •* •-
3%
%
%
many secondaryferruginousconcretions.Sam-
ple showssignsof havingbeendisturbed.
/6
I.
–
=A d
3-
at Žiž
%3
Fat clay, darkgray. Manyfine rootsin sample
havebeenreplacedwith Pyrite. Fracturein
lowerportionof sample.
-
+/-,
#
Sameas sample
l-B, exceptmaterialis
4.
-
-] 'ad %3%
%

£
#
| - ** 47 mottledgrayandtannishgraysilty clay.
5 T %
-
C - Clay, darkbrown,soft, moist. Containscon
- # siderableamount of organicmatterandroots.
2 - 3%
47 # Pyrite replacesmany of theroots in the sam
ple. A possiblefractureplane,showing some
•• £% alongbedding,extends vertically
– # as sample
Same l-c. %
/* romthebaseof the sample.
D -]- *
2:3 %
...
•

- %
+/- 22
2* %
4

><
}~
SWAMP-WELLDRAINED
Silty clay, tanto darkgray, firm, hacklyfrac
ture. Manybrownferruginousspotsthroughout

-
|

•o replacingroots. Fewundecomposed rootsaccom

43. paniedby smalldesiccationfracturesscattered
#3
4

throughsample. Fat clay, darkbrown,verysoft. Rootsare

Q- %

%2%
•

": throughout sample.

3: # 3%
A

– 4% 2//
*

**
2%
34%
- **
©A.

| |

Clay, darkgray, Z27%

- roots throughout.

:
2d/
ug-
4.

_| 27 Ferruginousstainsnotedthroughout. /~~~
2

~~
--

Clay, darkbrown,soft. Containsconsiderable

6

3%
– 2%
47 %
%
amount
on many
of organicmatter. Pyrite formscrusts
of theroots.
H” #
B

H/. *zo * ": brown,verysoft, moist. Same as

%
- •-
#

* sample 6-B.
©

24-7
-

AS- non
*
C

%
- |
|

- ***
**
2%
- T

Silty clay, gray,moist. Fracturedwith many 22.

4×
7

~|**, A3 smallslickensides. Undecomposed rootswith

|

--
I

desiccationfracturespresent. Many
A

$% some
-I
•
*

ferruginousconcretions neartop of sample.

|

47
- 2%
-- -- −
2.3
- -
Fat clay, darkgray,moist, firm. Hacklyfrac-
-

- large
\

3-1. 23 —; Clay, darkbrown,ver soft. Contains

6||

*/ ture. Manypatches secondary ferruginous

of

to

y
</ 2a4-
*/

*
D

-
mineralization,probablyreplacingroots, of organicmatter,androots Many
−|+77:
* H/ amount
3

--> 2% throughout sample.Possiblysome # throughout sample.One

slickensides. fine roots interwoven
|

- add large 2-1/2inch diameter

A

Same as sample 3-B, exceptsample root present.

#:
</ contains
--HT: 5% largeundecomposed root andaccompanying small 2.65.
-
C

desiccationfractures. as sample7-A exceptsample

– --> EAS #37 Same is fractured
7# #3#

Clay, gray, firm. Containsseveralsecondary 24– DU 262 upper incheswith ferruginous material
in
x
|

filling crack. Pyrite replacingsome

?

---
ferruginousspots. Hacklyfracture. Many of the
4

a.A. 4% fine roots.

–

–-->
I

smallroots scatteredthroughout.Fractured #
-D

neartop of sample. 42
#&

D Silty clay, darkbrown,soft. Considerable

D

# of organicmatterthroughout.
T

- %3 amount
7

# - A.
0.
-

<26– 3/4"

- 2–
27/
28/
|

-
*
% Fat clay, darkbrown. Containsmanysmall
andlarge roots. Severalhorizontalfrac
+|

au

£w. -
turesare presentabout inchesfromtop
|

SWAMP-POORLY
DRAINED <-->
3
-

-
// - - °-e |# pocketof peatlike materialat top
K

/c22 - organic - #
r

Containsmuch of core. Pyrite replacingsome

of thefine
|
o #

As matter"
androotS. - du % of sample.
A.

rootsat
- bottom
/% --
| |l
>* -
&

-L/ an % LAKE
|A

-i 22
– tiss
--~~ -
|

/22
~

/2 %2 H- 27 Sl -
Za`ā. -- //? Fat clay, darkgray, soft to firm. Fewsmall
Clay, darkgray,verysoft, moist. Roots /22
#
|

- roots in upperportionof core. Onelarge

A.

U--> throughout.Fracturedin upper inchesof

–
#

4%
2

root (1-1/2 5") lowerpart.

in

sample. Twothin bandsof ferruginousclay

8

%
x

~~

*
%%

cross samplehorizontally. ///

– T
|

/c4? Fat clay, darkgray,soft, moist. Contains %

/3 -- H/\ % severalundecomposedroots. Horizontal. 28– As Ž2
4.

-- A-
ferruginousclay bandsare presentat 1", %
C

- as sample
-
Z2% Same 8-A.
% 6", and8" fromtop of sample.
%
I

Errrrr,
|

Z// **
2
-*–

2* - RS
As
8

AN %
*
+:
grrrra
Fat clay, darkgray. Containstwothin tan,
-I

|27–|*
%#

-j-
ferruginousclay bandscrossinghorizontally.
4%
4×
~1– % Fat clay, gray, soft. Alternatingtan, and
% tannishgrayclay bands uppersample.
in

C
+. horizontaltan, ferruginousclay band
%

- coéâ % crosses inchesfromtop.

-
5

30- _2%
-
|
 PROJECT EAEPL TEST SECTION III
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH 3O – 6OFT

7:T -
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL
|CONTENT DESCRIPTION
PERCENT
| * LueAlternatingsilty clay
Swamp-POORLY
DRAINED andclay. Secondary
mineralization occursin patchesin lower
part of sample.Fractured.

-
= | *** Peat, darkbrown,horizontallybedded.
***
*- *
#%
# Peatandclayeypeat, darkbrown. Alternating *--
ź*
Fat clay, gray,soft, moist. Containsalter
natinglayersof tan ferruginousclay andgray
clay. Burrows throughout.
32 –- =
-
M
layers. Thinbedded. arecommon

*
4%

-
|
--- %

-
% * Same as sample lis-A, exceptcontainsa 1-inch
#2 B |48– s %
layer of tan, ferruginousclay in upperhalf
/. #
3%
&- &
*
cf sample.

- -
Silty clay, darkgray,firm, moist. Hackly -
- /* #2 #
fracture. Rootfragments thrcughcut. £-
-– #
* |
I- %* silty clay, mottledgrayanddarkgray,soft #
* |

- r-
Á to firm. Rootsfragments
agm throughout.
Fat clay, darkgray, soft to firm. Slightly
Aft
34-14-A.
%* -
%
**
*
&
calcareous.Distortedbedding.Fractured.

*
#

2%
Ż
%
f: Fat clay, darkgray,verysoft, moist.
Barelyvisible horizontalbedding.Fractured. - z: Fat clay, darkgray, soft. Sample fractured
secondary ferruginous materiallines fracture. alongthin silty parting. Lowerportionof
%
/*
%
clay, gray, sort to firm. Pcssiblevertical
fractureplanein upper3 inchesof core.
–-- %
#
2%
sample containssome
bedding.
barelyvisible tilted
** ~
**
%
*/ -
As
- #
SWAMP-POORLY
DRAINED
CIA, Fay, firm. Hacklyfracture. Contains
Fat clay, darkgray,soft, moist. Some # severalpartially decomposed
roots. Secondary

-&
*
# |4 B * ferruginousspotsscatteredthroughout
sample.
horizontalbeddinginterruptedby a vertical
-|As
#3

-:--
ź* +–=
% zoneof distortedclay. %
*
Ż.
- 53– #

-−
% clay, darkgray, soft to firm. Containsroot
Alternatinglayersof silty, sandyclay and
Fat clay. Distorted,fracturedbeds. Pos-
–- /*
- **
#
fragmentsthroughout.Sample
threeplaces. Manysecondary
fractures
in
ferruginousspots
*
#
* sible fractureextends
to bottom.
vertically fromtop C
- #
#
•
--
in sample.

*
2:

Alternating,horizontallayersof silty, sandy

N
% clay andFat clay.
^:
# clay, darkgray, firm. Fractured. Rccts
areccmmon. Secondary ferruginous
material
# as sample
A
-- C
ź*z Same lil-A
-
scatteredthroughsample.

# H-se" silty clay, gray, firm. Fractured.Rdcts

28 44 ---
Bl 56– andsmallferruginousconcretionsthroughout
one2" diameter ferruginousclay spot occurs
#
3" fromtop.
LAKE As
Fat clay, darkgray, firm. l-inch-diameter Fat clay, gray, firm- Fractured.Rootsare
ferruginousclay zonein middleof sample. - common. Secondary ferruginousnodulespresent
onehorizontal1/2-inch-thicklayer offer- C
6.
ruginousclaypresent3 inchesfrombottom.

+: =
Slightly calcareous. -
same as sample
15-c. containssmallparticles
--> LAKE- DELTAIC

LAKE
FACIES
silt andsandlayers. --
LAKE
of organicmatterthroughout

Silty, fracturedclay. Clay, gray, firm. Horizontallybedded.

LAKE- DELTAIC FACIES
clay, darkgray, firm. Upper6" consistscf
distortedsilty, sandyclay. Lowerpart con
One2" diameter,tan, ferruginousclay
zoneoccursat baseof sample.
- Fat clay, gray,firm. Badlyfractured.
Patchesof tan ferruginousclay locatednea

==
LAKE centerof sample.Ferruginous concretions
Alternatingsilty clay andclay. Horizontally presentin upperandlowerportionsof
fractured. Varvedlike in lowerportion. sample.
== calcareous.Fracturedat base.
12 |
Alternatingthin layersof silty clay and
45 clay with 1/l, inchsandlensein middleof
|
l
sample.1-1/2-inchthick layerof silt and
sandat base.

B3
 PROJECT EAEPL TEST SECTION III
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH 6O - 86.4FT

s:
- WATER -
-WATER
SAMPLE CaM-D
No." |DEPTHSYMBOL
|co'ENT DESCRIPTION NV- DEPTH SYMBOL
ICONTENT DESCRIPTION
PERCENT * FERCENT
60% Ż 75 ~7

--- &•o
- LAKE | II go
T
- %
%
#
Fat clay, mottleddarkandlight gray, firm.
Fractured. Sign of distortion alongvertical
*
fracture. Isolatedferruginous |A
#
2.8 -
Fat clay, gray, firm. Fractured.Contains
B - mineraliza- # shells andshellfragments,lignite andde
/6
A/–
- =•
#
%
tion nearbottomof sample.
76– - 8)
T
- #
#
2.4%
composedroots. Vivianitenoteablypresent.

–=
I - # +
-%
%
Ż7.
Silty clay, gray, firm. Ferruginous
alongwhatappears
breakseasily alongthesejoints. Some
satin
to be joints. Sample
20
–- /** #%
Zo
SWAMP-POORLYDRAINED
Fat clay, gray, firm. Containsmany
- small
C - --- 24
~
4A-- X DD #
%
2% tilted bedsnotedin
*
upper part of sample. B
77 - /*
I
<
#
3%
roots andsmallferruginousconcretions.
Vivianitescatteredthroughsample.
- ø
# Silty clay, bluish gray, firm. Fractured.
Horizontallybedded.Smallroots throughout.
#
3.2
- [-] 57
$3
2%
– xxS." on %
A
-- * #
*
Aft
Fat clay, gray, soft to firm. Rootsand
other organicmatterthroughout sample.
44-- or | # *
25 Silty clay, gray, firm to crumbly.Fractured."

--- Ż
– %
Ż
#.
* r"
—l #2. Secondaryferruginousconctetions aligned
alongnearlyvertical fracture. Smallroots
throughout.

# %
...

% LAREDELTAICEAPIs silt, -
3%

/7 ~~~~ Alternatingclay, andsand. *o

-
B

turbulentdeposition.
65– × 3& Some
-#
44
-- # #.
-i-
~H2= ŻTTLAKE
22 SWAMP--POO
I-24
| ||

Fat clay, gray, firm. Horizontallybedded /* 4%

%
+2=&| with Silt y: drakgray, firm- -

T
# 3% #

y
-

•
silty layers. Fractured.Distortedin upperpart.

y
**
2/ #. Horizontally edded it intervenng thin
with

*:
-
+N -

i
—#—

i
&

verysilty lenses. Vivianite present.

C

E. I
s

andyGIaywith some crossbedding present.

–-
/*
C

Roots.

## # 2%#
at

46– 7 Jarrel-like horizontalbeds botton-of-seei=<! &/

|

- *
# LAKE
---- r's
clay, darkgray, fi
Fat clay,
I

Fat clay, gray, firm. Fractured. Horizontal dark firm.

Thin layer of ferruginousclay occursnear

:
up

bedding 1/16"thick silty clay *%

to

== - with centerof sample.Rootsarecommon.

partings.
~
C

Lowerhalf of samplebecomes verysilty.

-
* sandy
- clay. Calcareous.
-

*/
47 &=|A.
2

- =&
%
–

–Il-(v) #. Same as abovebut containsnumerous

Slightly calcareous.Warvedlike.
burrows.

--
–
#
A

# # *Z.5% % ## % #2%

- É(5 - -
|

7& 4× 8. clay,
Fat y. darkgra
gray, firm. Containstan Silty clay, gray, firm. Horizontalbedding.
i

66–- ferruginousclay &3 -

-

horizontaldiscontinuous
& •o 4%
-
- Breaksalongbedding. Smallroots are pres
zones. Fracturedwithbedsdisplacedin
-#. •- 3% ent. Ferruginous stain throughout.Slightly
/*
–- upper sample.Burrows 23.
A
6"
of

areccmmon. calcareous.Tanferruginousclay bandsoc

% %

7a. * cursnearbaseof core.

B

•
-

&
– ---
3:
-

47–HP+ 2% LAKE clay,

- 84 darkgray. Containsmany

-
*
|

% Fat alternat
-

4% ing silty, sandyclay andclay layers.

T zzz -
–
–

_1I=xx Fat clay, gray, firm. Fracturedwith ferru-

%%%

Z3
|8

22
ginousstain lining fracture. Containssilty,
C. Joo sandylenses. Horizontalbedding.Slightly
#
I–

472
70—
|xx c.7 calcareous.Burrows throughout
sample. - -
&4 – *
# #

&
&

A.

*
#3

#
- Fat clay, darkgray, firm. Horizontalbed
#3

-it-d
|

ding. Containsvery smallroots through

|

/Q
N

out. Possibledisplacement
3"
_icºn
Z bottom
of beds above
of sample.Pyrite replacingsomeof
C

2.7
-
- – -– -

# smallroots in lowerpart of core.

*#
7/ (2-Z-0 46 3I
-
*7
-

XX Sandyclay, darkgray. Fracturedwith some 2

*
% %# % %

A *&= distortion. Ferruginous

clay bandat top. A.PD |- 2:
- 22
- Fat clay, darkgray, firm. Horizontal
bedding. Fracturedandshowssome
72–+*Á
bed
-

2×3 displacement.Some distortionnotedin &7–-

upperpart of sample.
+= (v)
B

/7 - XX *42 –--
-

Alternatinglight anddarkgray,silty clay

%#

andFat clay. Varvedlike nearcenterof

T

73– (v) 22 core. Some distortionof bedsnoted. &8–-

-
C

Ferruginousclay bandis presentnearbase

-j->
4% #
-

<" of sample.
-

–
-
# %#

as sample
–-
Same 19-C.
~~

.*.
TiE
r-
«"Z
D

87–-
(v)

Z/
_i 27
«-2
-

–-
-

Bll
 PROJECT EABPL TEST SECTION m
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH 0 - 30FT.

WATER WATER
SJ\!.!PLE
SAl·U'LE 1DEPfii 1 SYJ.!BOL CŒi'ri'.::!iT DESCRIPTIOil DEPl'H 1 SYHBOL cœm~:r~T DESCRIPl'IO!I
rm. PERCE!;T
1:0.
FERCE!iT
'f'O Clay, dark gray, fim. Con tain::; undeconposcd
POSSIBLE FILL J.!ATER IAL OR DISTURBED zo;iE //7
/21 root frng;.:ent::; throuc;hout. Fracture plane
47 Silty cla.y, gray, ::;oft t a fim. Hackly f r a c - ~~_g extends um.-ard fro::i ba:::;e at about 45 degrees.
4,;
47 ture. S:l.!l.ll root s t hroughout ::;ar.iplc. Hor i - Jbf; Sliclœnsiâ.ec noted nJ.ong plruie.

~~
47 ~ontal fracture near rni ddJ.e of core. Con tain::;
$} rr:1Ily :::;econdary fe rruginous concret ion::;. Sa.'1- Fat clay, dark gray. Mruiy fine root::; in semple

~ ple shO".rn sign:::; o f having been di:iturbed. //!3 have been repla.ced with pyrite. Fracture in
/:?4
/30 lower portion of sa":lple.
30 ;;JI
52 Sn.'ile a::; ::;ample 1-B, except rnaterial i::; 15~
49 /8!!
51 rnottled c;ray and tanni::;h gray silty clay. 185°
ln.y, dark brown, soft, r::oi:::;t. Con tain::; con-
j 249
siderable arr.ount of organic ï.Jl.tter and roots.
Pyrite repla.ce::; oany of the root::; in the ::;a.'":l-
57 ~?· ple . A po:::;::;ible fracture plo...11e, :::;howing sorr:e
~
fN
So..':le ac ""'"'Ple 1 -C. /!i'Î-
11<:!
di::;tortion along bedding, extends vertically
fron the base of the ::;ample.
C'3 //;°S:

~
177
7'° r~i
SWP!·IP-HELL DRAil!ED
Silty clay, tan ta dnrlt gray, firn , hackly frac-
ture. !-!any brown ferruginou:::; ::;pot :::; throughout
replacing root:::;. Few Wldecorr;po:::;ed root:::; acco:1.-
~~ panied by :::;n;.all de:::;iccation fracture::; :::;cattered
8'1
7(, through ::;a'nple. 1sa Fat clay, dark brcwn, very ::;oft. Roots arc
77 /li'7

.,
f$ 177
197
Zll
throughout su..r:;ple.

~~i
Cl

""
~
57 Cla,y, darl: gray, root:::; throughout . 201
~
fJ'1
Ferrugincu:::; s tcin:::; noted throuchout. 1.-r:r
~/~ Clay, clark b r own, ::;oft . Contain.:; con::;iderablc
.:N ?~~ c.r;iount of organic natter. Pyrite forrn::: cru:::;b
51 NiJ
5? l?T on nany of' the roots.
52 .!'.!~ Clay, da.rk brown, very ::;oft, r.i.oist . Sa..':le ne
S6
,.,,,
§./
50
f;f
87
oaio;ple 6-B .

~#
~~
,!'15

Silty clay, c;ray , r.:.oi::;t. Fractured with nany

55
5; :::;r:i.all ::;licken::;ides. UndeCOi."!1.po::;cd root:::; wi th
!OO so~e de:::;iccation fracture:::; pre:::;ent. !fany
51
ferruginou:::; concrctions near top of ::;ru:-1ple.
5T

~51
Fat clay, dark gray, rnoü;t, firrn. Hackly frac-
ture. Many patches of ::;econdary ferruginou:::; Clay, da.rk brown, very .:::;oft. Con tain::; laru;e
51 28$'
.:N rninerali::ation, probably replacing root::;, ,S.:/•/ D.!:'.ount of organic r.iatter, a.nd root:::;. Many
55 2~-1
51 throughout :::a.mple. Po:::;sibly :::orne ::;licken:::;ide:::;. fine roots interwoven throughout ::;a.":'lple. O:i.e
171
So.:;,e a::; ::;ample 3-B, except :::;a.,.;ple containn
large undeco:npo:::;ed root n.nd acco::;.panying :::;r.:,all
'""
3oa large 2-1/2 inch dia:neter root pre:::;ent.
!% 26:5'
de::;iccation fractures. :!70 S.'.:!.!:.e a::; sn..":lple 7-A except sœnple i::; fractured
61 281
·~
~g Clay, gray, firn. Con tains :::;everal :::;econdary
in upper 3 inche::; wi th ferruginou:::; material
Cl ferruginou::; ::;pot::;. Hackly fracture. Many ff, filli 11 g crack. Pyrite r plac in,;r ::; one of the
fine r oot::;.
Ci! ::;rr.:ùl root:::; :::;cattered throughout. Fra.ctured /!5i1
288
""
"'
i:;q
near top of sa.mple. 242
2•1 Silty c lay, dark br wn, ::; ft. C n"iderable
~~ :?80
2G3 a.":loun l of orG<lili mat ter thr u h ut.
Bt!. 315
271
281
241. Fat clay, dark brown. Conta.ins ma.ny G:nall
lb"tl
58 n.nd large roots. Severa.l. horizontal frac-
ture::; are pre::;ent a.bout 3 inche:::; fr om top
SWA!·!P-POORLY DRAIJ!ED
with pyrite lining fracture:::;. A :;.i -inch
diameter pocket of pentlike r..aterinJ. at t op
/02 Fa.t clay, dark gray. Conta.in::; r::uch organic of core. Pyrite replacing :::o::e of the fine
~~ ma.tter ;:md rootc. root::; at botto::i. of sarnple.
/OO
'{.?
'fO LAKE
87
qq
/20
10'/
ltJ5 //'1
/09 //!/! Fat clay, dark gray, ::;oft t o fim. Few :::;rnall
Clay, dark gray, very soft, moi::;t. Root:;
'17 123 root:::; in upper portion of core. One large
OG throughout. Fractured in upper 2 inche::; of //!O
10• root (1-1/2 x 5") in lower part.
~:
&7
::;.:u;,ple. Two thin band::; of ferruginous clay
cros::; 3a':lple hori::ontnlly.
ICB
111
70 1H
104- Fat cley-, dark gray, ::rnft, r-oi::;t. Contain3 //!/
llq
101' ::;everal undecom.nosed rcot::;. Horizonta.l.. //!/!
105
ferru ginous claY bands are pre::;ent at 1 11 ,
/21
/35 6", and 8 11 fro:n top of ::;am.ple .
'%
75
Same a.s sa.T.ple 8-A.
/l'i'
///
'?il g
,,,
11::
Fat clay, dark gray. Con tains two thin tan,
76 ferruginou::; clay bands cro:::;:üng hori::.ontally.
~
"6'5 Fat clay, gray, sort. Alternating tan, and
~ tanni::;h gray clay bands in upper ::;ample.
c czzz:z:zl O"~ A horizontal tan, ferruginous clay band
0 0 ~ ~~ cro::;::;e::; 5 inche::; frc::i. top.
30

B2
 PROJECT EABPL TEST SECTION fil
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH 30 - 60FT.

WATE~
SA!·!PLE
DESCRil'rio:I NO • DEPTH SYJ.!BOL CONTE'IT DESCRHTIO:I
PERCENT
LAKE
S,îAJ·!P-POORLY DRAINED --;;;uernating oilty cloy and cloy. Secondnry
r.rinern.l.izaticn occurs in patche::; in lower
part of oœ:iple. Fractured.

Pco.t, do.rk brmm, horizonta.lly bedded.

Fat clay, gray, ::;oft, ?":.oi::;t. Ccntain::: o.J.ter-

l'o nt and clayey pco.t, dark brown. Alternating nating layers of tan ferruginous clay and gray
1".yero. Thin bedded. cla.y. Burrcws are cc:r..":lon throughout.

Sane a::: ::;emple 13-A, except contain::; a 1-inch

la,yer of tan , ferruginou::; clay in upper half
of sa.'nple.

Silty c lay, da.rk {SI'ay, f irn, moi :::;t. Hackly

fractur e. Root fra~ent:::; t hroughout.

Silty c lay, r.iottled flr ay nnd dark gray, soft

ta firrn. Roots fragment:::; throuchout. Fat clcy, do.rk [;ray, ooft to firo. Slightly
calcarecu::;. Di::;tcrted bedding. Frnctured.

Pat cla:,·, da.rk gray, i::oft. Sn.:::.ple fractured

along thin :;ilty pa.rtina. Lower portion of
ca.":iple conta.in::: no::e bnrely vi:::ible tilted
bedding.

SWAJ.!P-POORLY DRAiliED
Clay, gray, firr:i.. Hackly fracture. Con tain::;
Fat cl ~, dark gray, :::;oft, r.:oi:::;t . Sor.:.e scvero..l partia.lly dcccr.rpœ;ed root::;. Sccondary
14 B fcrrugincu::; :::pots ::;cattered thrcughout ::;o::;plc.
horizontal bedding interrupted by a. vertical
zone of distortcd clay.

LAKE - DELTAIC FACIES Cln.y, dark grcy, coft to fim. Contn..i :ia root
i'ragr;.cnt!:i throughout. Sa.:,plc fractw.·"'!ri iri
Alterna tinc layer::; of ::;ilty, r;a.ndy c lay .'.llld
thrce pla.cc::: . /.!a.ny ceccnd:!-- y 1'e 1:-ULin.::iur. ::;pot~
fat clay. Di:::; tort cd, fra.ctured bed:::; . Po:::; -
in ::;o..-:.plc.
::;ible f racture extend:::; vertictlly f r m tep
to bottc.n.

Altern atinr;, horizontal layer::; f :::;ilty , :::;andy

cfay and fat lay.
Clay, do.rk gro.y, firm . Fro.ctured. Rooto
arc co~.ncn . Second:iry fcrruginou::; r::i.ntcrial
S:>..'!le ao oo.r:iple 11-A oco.ttered thrcugh ollr.lple.

Silty clay, gray, firn . Fracture<l. Roots

and :::~<?.11 ferruginou::; concretion::: throuGhout • .
One " dill!:ï.etcr fcrrucinou::: clay :::pot occur::;
Il 3" frc::.i top.
~ % LAKE
Fat clay , f;Tt:!.J, firn. Fractured. Root::: arc
C 4/~ a:a ?9 ~:;r~l~~~u~~~a~r~~~/i~~id~!n~~-~~~~~r co:i....ion. Secondo.ry ferruginou::; nodule::: prc::;ent.
~~ ?~ Cnc h rizantal 1/2-inch-thick la.yer of :fer-

: j_,-----<~f.t_,_
. ~~-~~:E~;AI~C~~:.:I~S~~-~t-3-i-nc-h-eo-fr_o_:n _b_ot-to_:n_.--1 Sc=ic a::; :::a!!mlc 15-C.
of orcanic ~atter throughout.
Cont::?.in::: ::;raall partie le::;.

4Z--,...,_'"--"_-_-+-~~~~..-r--=Al-t_er_n_o.t~!~~~cl_a_y,~::;i_l_t_an_d_oan_d_la_y_er_o~:-~~
= ~ _LAKE_Silty , fractured clay.
LAKE
-Cloy, groy, firra. Horioonto.lly bedded.
~ One 2 11 di::?..J.Cter, tan, fcrruginou::: clay
zone occur::; at ba:::e of :::a.~ple.
~
~3->i-~~-+-~~,,.-+-LAKE~.~--D
-E-ill-AI_C_F-AC_IE_S~~~~~~~---l
A -==~A
= gg
~
~~
Clay , dark gray, firm. Upper 6 " conoioto of
diot c rted oilty, onndy clcy. Lower part con-
oioto of alternating oilty clcy nnd clay.
Fat clay, gray, firrn. Badly frncturcd.
Patche::; of tc.n fcrruginou::: clay locatcd nea. .•:
center of :::a.'!lple. Ferruginou::: concretion.'.>
pre:::ent in upper and lower portion::; of
/6 A :::a.o:tple.

Alternating thin l.'.li{er::; of sil t y clay anà

clay with 1/4 inch :;and lcn::;c in niddle of
oa.':1ple. 1-1/2-inch thick lcyer of oilt nnd
::;and at ba::;e.

B3
 PROJECT EABPL TEST SECTION fil
HOLE NO. 93 UES
DEPTH 60 - 86.4 FT

SAHF'..E WATER WATER

SAMPLE
NO.
SYl·BOL 1cm;TEiiT DESCRIPTION SYMBOL 1CONTENT DESCRIPTIO?I
NO.
PERCENT
,..,
4;!
LAKE ,,,,,
GO
~
q~
---Po.t clo.y, l:lottled d ark ond light gray, firc. 58
Fractured. Sign of di:::;tcrtic n a.long v er t i cal :58
~ fracture. I:::;olated ferrugin ou:: ; crl.ne r al i=a- A ~
Fat cla.y, gray, fi:n:i.. Fractured. Ccntninc
nhelln o.nd nhcllfro.g::entn, lignite e.nd de-
~ tion near botto::i of ca.":l.ple. .:5.!
50 co::;poced rootc. Viviani te noteably precent.
'§~ 47

i~ :~
Silty clay, gray , firc. Fcrruginouc ::;atin yr:;
</7 j!7
SWJ·!P-POO!lLY DRATiiED
a.long what appear:::; ta be joint::;. Sa:iple
~j eo 39
40 Fat clay, gray, f'irr.i. Conta.in.:::; ca.ny cnall
:77 break::; ea::;ily a.long the::;e joint::;. So:::.e
~
47
tilted bed:::; noted in upper po.rt of :::;a>::plc. Fj rootc and
Vivio.nite
c!:!all ferruginou:::; concrction:::;.
ncattercd through no..-::ple.
46
sa "'7
411 39

i
f;
Silty clay, blui::;h gra:;r, fin:t. Fractured.
Horioontally bcdded. S::!o.ll rootn throughcut.

~
~
Fe.t clcy, gray, noft ta firr.i. Rootn nnd
A other orgnnic mo.tter throughout nru:iple.

Silty cla.y, gray, firr.i to Cr\L":!bly. Fractured ..

Second.ary ferruginou::; conctction::; nligned
along nenrly vertical. fracture. S::lEÙl rootc
LAKE DELTAIC FAÇIES throughout.
11 •a Alternating cla.y, :::;ilt, and ::;and.
So:::e turbulent dcponition.

SWAMP--POORLY DRAI!iED
Silty clo.y, gray ta drak gro.y, firr.i.
Horizcntally bedded with intervening thin
very cilty lence:::;. Vivianite precent.
Rcotn.
LAKE Fat cla.y, dark gray, firr.i..
---"Fat clay, gray, firn. Fractured. Horizontal Thin layer of fcrruginouc clay occurc nea.r
bedding wi th up ta 1/16" thick dlty clo.y centcr of canple. Root:::; are cor...":1cn.
partingn. Lower half of cnople becociec very cilty,
aandy clay. Calca.reou:::;.

Sœ::.e a:; a.bave but contain!i nur:erouc burrowc.

Slightly calce.reoun. Ve.r·;ed like.

Fat clay, do.rk gray, firn. Ccntain::; tan Silty clay, gray, firn. Hori:;cnta.l bedding.
hori::cntal di:::;continucu::; fcrruginou::; cla.y
Break:::; a.long bedding. S:::J.all rcot:::; are prec-
:.cnc:::;. Fra.ctured with bed!i dicplnced in
ent. Ferruginoun oto.in thrcughcut. Slightly
18 upper 6 11 of Cn!:tple. Burrow:::; are coJ:":.J.cn. calca.recu::;. Tan ferrugincu:::; cla.y bandc oc-
curo near ba.ce of core.
LAKE
$}
'19
---rat clay, dark gra.y. Con tains r..any alterna.t-
49 ing oil ty, nnndy clo.y nnd clay lo.yer n.
Fat clay, gray, firo. Fra.ctured with ferru- 61
ginou:::; nta.in lining fracture. Centaine cilty,
Eê. 18 5/
~
no.ndy lcnnen. Horizontal bedding. Slightly
ca.lcareoun. Burrown thrcughcut !;aople.
,,.,,
42

~
~ Fat clay, da.rk gro.y, firm. Horizontal bed-
::: ding. Centaine very =mall root:::; through-
out. Poccible dicplace.":lent of bcdc 311 a.bave
$ bottoo of nllr.lple. Pyrite replacing nor.ie of
::::::.all root:::; in lower part of core.
,;a
1~
'11
Sandy clay, dark gray. Fract.ured with co:;e
~ dintortion. Ferruginouo c lay band at tep. ~
~ Fat clcy, do.rk gray, firc. Horizontal
~ bedding. Fractured nnd nhown n=c bed
~ di:::;pla.ceoent. So::::e distcrtion noted in
~
:5'7
upper po.rt of na.":lple.
~'?
:5'2
G!! Altcrno.ting light nnd dark grcy, nilty clo.y
tt
C:!
and fat cley. Va.rved like near center of
core. S0r.1.e dictorticn of bedc noted.
~
c,;
Ferruginou:::; cla.y band ic precent near bru:;e
of cœ::i.ple.
~
.:-2 Sa.":le o.n na.":lple 19- C •
1~
~t
:5='
C2

B4
 Unclassified
Security Classification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R & D
(Security classification of title, body of abstractand indexing annotationmust be enteredwhen the overall report is classified)
1. Dri Gin A Tin G ACTi v1TY (Corporateauthor) Iza. REPORT seCUri TY CLA551FICATION
Unclassified
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 2b. GROUP
Wicksburg, Mississippi
3. REPORT TITLE

GEOLOGY OF BORING 93 UES, TEST SECTION III, ATCHAFALAYA LEVEE SYSTEM, LOUISIANA

4. DEsCR1PT 1v E No TEs (Type of report and inclusive dates)

Final report
5. Au THDR(s) (First name,middle initial, last name)

Ellis L. Krinitzsky
Jack T. Lewis
6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL. no. O.F. PAGES 7b. No. OF REF's
May 1972 lil: 2
Ba. CDn TRAC T OR GRANT no. 9a, ORIGINATO R*5 REPORT NUmre-ER
(5)

b. PROJECT no. Miscellaneous Paper S-72–17

C. 9b. OTHER REPORT No.(s) (Any othernumbersthat May be assigned

this report)

d.
10. Distri Bu Tion 5TATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

11. 5UPPLEMENTARY NOTE5 12. 5PDnso R1-G M1-1TARY ACT1V1TY
U. S. Army Engineer Division,
Lower Mississippi Valley
Wicksburg, Mississippi
13. ABs TRACT

Depositional environments in boring 93 UES taken at Test Section Atchafalaya III,

Levee System, La., were identified as alternate intervals of poorly drained swamp
and lake. The swamp deposits are distorted and fractured adjacent to rotted or
ganic matter. Lake deposits were of shallow deposition and included thin deltaic
facies. The deposits are mostly clay. There are delicate evidences of layering,
some nodular and plate-like carbonate concentrations, and some churning by inver
tebrates. Pronounced shear planes are present as the result of differential
compaction.

***Lac-s Do Foxx. 147s, 1 J AM 64, wr-1CMis

DD "ORM
* -ow so 1473 o-sol-TE for Army use. Unclassified
Security Classification
 Unclassified
Security Classification
14. L 1N.K. A L |N.K. B Li N.K. C.
k EY wo R.D.s T RO L.E.
RO L.E. RO LE wT.

Atchafalaya Levee System

Borings
Geological sedimentation
Geology--Louisiana.

Lake deposits
LeVees
Swamp deposits

|
|

Unclassified -
Security Classification
Accession Number : ADA033150

Title :   Geology of Boring 93 UES, Test Section III. Atchafalaya Levee System, Louisiana,

Corporate Author : ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG MISS

Personal Author(s) : Krinitzsky,E L ; Lewis,J T 

Report Date : May 1972

Pagination or Media Count : 47

Abstract : Depositional environments in boring 93 UES taken at Test Section 3, Atchafalaya Levee System, La., were
identified as alternate intervals of poorly drained swamp and lake. The swamp deposits are distorted and fractured
adjacent to rotted organic matter. Lake deposits were of shallow deposition and included thin deltaic facies. The deposits
are mostly clay. There are delicate evidences of layering, some nodular and plate-like carbonate concentrations, and some
churning by invertebrates. Pronounced shear planes are present as the result of differential compaction.

Descriptors :   *BOREHOLES , *LEVEES , DEPOSITS , MISSISSIPPI RIVER , SOIL TESTS , SWAMPS , LOUISIANA

Subject Categories : Soil Mechanics

Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE