Professional Documents
Culture Documents
o Know the process: It is important that not just the manager but every
employee within the operations knows the details regarding the processes.
o Understand the linkages: Every process will be interconnected and hence it is
important to understand the linkages between the processes.
o Work on the trade-offs: If the process is being created from a cross-functional
background it is useful to discuss functional versus process trade-offs. This will
allow you to make clearer decisions about what is the best balance.
o Teach others about the process: Teach others who may need to supply inputs
or receive outputs about the process. Moving to management by business
process is a learning opportunity for your organization. Process owners and
teams should be expected to have a responsibility for spreading their learning.
Some organizations would see this as part of the general communications
process which facilitates understanding and allows issues to be raised and
answered from any part of the organization.
o Train within the process: Cross-functional customer-facing processes require
new roles, tasks, skills and expertise, often organized around teams. There are
a number of things to consider. Training and development of new skills for
individuals and of the team will bring with it a change in the culture of your
organization.
o Measure the process: Measure for control, improvement and benchmarking,
using a range of financial and non-financial measures. Measurement is
important for managing the interfaces between sub-processes and also
between processes at the same level.
o Manage careers: Careers needs management in the new process-oriented,
possibly flatter organization. Align expectations and aspirations with a different
kind of progression emphasizing cross-skill training and the importance of
gaining wider business experience both within the process and in other
processes.
o Build specialist expertise: In the context of the new organization, take account
of any weakening in this role where the traditional functions in the
organization are made weaker. The process teams will probably need a mix of
specialist skills as well as more general skills.
o Improve the process: This must be done continuously. The world will not
stand still; nor should any members of the team.
OBJECTIVES OF OPERATION MANAGEMENTS
a) CUSTOMER SERVICE
The customer service is the main objective any company because at the
end of the day irrespective of all the strategy, marketing and operations
management if the customer is not happy with the product or the
service then the purpose of the entire enterprise is fallen.
b) RESOURCE UTILISATION
The resources are not used carefully then there are chances that the
production cost increasing and hence the overall profit margin will
reduce and the enterprise objective has failed.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
a. Flexibility
b. The quality
c. Coordination
d. Effectiveness
e. Profitability
f. Measurable
g. The watching
h. Evaluating
i. Concentration
j. Analysis
k. The speed of execution
l. Rapid reaction capacity
m. Structural organizational flexibility
a. PRODUCTION SYSTEM
A production system comprises both the technological elements
(machines and tools) and organizational behavior (division of
labor and information flow). An individual production system is
usually analyzed in the literature referring to a single business,
therefore it's usually improper to include in a given production
system the operations necessary to process goods that are
obtained by purchasing or the operations carried by
the customer on the sold products, the reason being simply that
since businesses need to design their own production systems
this then becomes the focus of analysis, modeling and decision
making (also called "configuring" a production system.
b. METRIC EFFECIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS
Operations strategy concerns policies and plans of use of
the firm productive resources with the aim of supporting long
term competitive strategy. Metrics in operations management can
be broadly classified into efficiency metrics and effectiveness
metrics. Effectiveness metrics involve:
Classic EOQ model: trade-off between ordering cost (blue) and holding cost (red).
Total cost (green) admits a global optimum.
Regarding the traditional pull approach to inventory control, a number of
techniques have been developed based on the work of Ford W. Harris (1913),
which came to be known as the economic order quantity (EOQ) model. This model
marks the beginning of inventory theory, which includes the Wagner-Within
procedure, the newsvendor model, base stock model and the Fixed Time
Period model. These models usually involve the calculation of cycle
stocks and buffer stocks, the latter usually modeled as a function of demand
variability. The economic production quantity. (EPQ) differs from the EOQ model
only in that it assumes a constant fill rate for the part being produced, instead of the
instantaneous refilling of the EOQ model.
SERVICE OPERATION
o Service industries are a major part of economic activity and employment in all
industrialized countries comprising 80 percent of employment and GDP in
the U.S. Operations management of these services, as distinct from
manufacturing, has been developing since the 1970s through publication of
unique practices and academic research. Please note that this section does not
particularly include "Professional Services Firms" and the professional services
practiced from this expertise (specialized training and education within).
o Perishable.
Since services are perishable, they cannot be stored for later use. In
manufacturing companies, inventory can be used to buffer supply and
demand. Since buffering is not possible in services, highly variable demand
must be met by operations or demand modified to meet supply.
o Ownership.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
o There are also fields of mathematical theory which have found applications in
the field of operations management such as operations research:
mainly mathematical optimization problems and queue theory. Queue theory
is employed in modeling queue and processing times in production systems
while mathematical optimization draws heavily from multivariate
calculus and linear algebra. Queue theory is based on Markov
Chains and stochastic processes. It also worth noticing that computations
of safety stocks are usually based on modeling demand as a normal
distribution and MRP and some inventory problems can be formulated
using optimal control.
o When analytical models are not enough, managers may resort to
using simulation. Simulation has been traditionally done thought the discrete
event simulation paradigm, where the simulation model possesses a state
which can only change when a discrete event happens, which consists of a
clock and list of events. The more recent transaction-level modeling paradigm
consists of a set of resources and a set of transactions: transactions move
through a network of resources (nodes) according to a code, called process.
A control chart: process output variable is modeled by a probability density
function and for each statistic of the sample an upper control line and lower control
line are fixed, when the statistic moves out of bounds, an alarm is given and possible
causes are investigated. In this drawing the statistic of choice is the mean and red
points represent alarm points.
Since real production processes are always affected by disturbances in both
inputs and outputs, many companies implement some form of Quality
management or quality control. The Seven Basic Tools of Quality designation
provides a summary of commonly used tools:
Check sheets
Pareto charts
Ishikawa diagrams (Cause-and-effect diagram)
Control charts
Histogram
Scatter diagram
Stratification
These are used in approaches like Total quality management and Six Sigma.
Keeping quality under control is relevant to both increasing customer satisfaction
and reducing processing waste.
Operations management textbooks usually cover demand forecasting, even
though it is not strictly speaking an operations problem, because demand is related
to some production systems variables. For example, a classic approach in
dimensioning safety stocks requires calculating standard deviation of forecast errors.
Demand forecasting is also a critical part of push systems, since order releases have
to be planned ahead of actual clients orders. Also any serious discussion of capacity
planning involves adjusting company outputs with market demands.
refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works;
designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.
is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human
intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks. It
also includes other types of rights, such as trade secrets, publicity rights, moral
rights, and rights against unfair competition. Artistic works like music and
literature, as well as some discoveries, inventions, words, phrases, symbols,
and designs can all be protected as intellectual property.