PENUKAR KALOR

(HEAT EXCHANGERS)
‐2‐
 TAHAPAN SOLUSI ‐ SOAL
1. EXERCISE / SOAL

2. SOLUTION / JAWABAN
2.1 KNOWN / DIKETAHUI
2.2 FIND / HITUNG
2.3 SCHEMATIC / SKEMA
2.4 ASSUMPTION / ASUMSI
2.5 PROPERTIES / SIFAT‐SIFAT
2.6 ANALYSIS / ANALISA
2.7 COMMENTS / KOMENTAR / ULASAN
EXAMPLE 11.1 / EXERCISE
A counter flow, concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating
oil for a large industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water
through the inner tube (Di = 25 mm) is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil
through the outer annulus (Do = 45 mm) is 0.1 kg/s. The oil and water enter at
temperatures of 100 and 30C, respectively. How long must the tube be made if
the outlet temperature of the oil is to be 60C?

SOLUTION
Known: Fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures for a counterflow, concentric
tube heat exchanger of prescribed inner and outer diameter.

Find: Tube length to achieve a desired hot fluid outlet temperature.

Assumptions:
1. Negligible heat loss to the surroundings.
2. Negligible kinetic and potential energy changes.
3. Constant properties.
4. Negligible tube wall thermal resistance and fouling factors.
5. Fully developed conditions for the water and oil (U independent of x).
EXAMPLE 11.2
The counter flow, concentric tube heat exchanger of Example 11.1 is replaced with a
compact, plate-type heat exchanger that consists of a stack of thin metal sheets,
separated by N gaps of width a. The oil and water flows are subdivided into N/2
individual flow streams, with the oil and water moving in opposite directions within
alternating gaps. It is desirable for the stack to be of a cubical geometry, with a
characteristic exterior dimension L. Determine the exterior dimensions of the heat
exchanger as a function of the number of gaps if the flow rates, inlet temperatures,
and desired oil outlet temperature are the same as in Example 11.1. Compare the
pressure drops of the water and oil streams within the plate-type heat exchanger to
the pressure drops of the flow streams in Example 11.1, if 60 gaps are specified.

SOLUTION
Known: Configuration of a plate-type heat exchanger. Fluid flow rates, inlet
temperatures, and desired oil outlet temperature.

Find:
1. Exterior dimensions of the Heat Exchanger
2. Pressure drops within the plate type heat exchanger with N = 60 gaps, and the
concentric tube heat exchanger of example 11.1
11.4 Analisa HE: Metode “Effectiveness‐NTU”
• Metode LMTD mudah dalam penggunaannya, ketika temperatur
masuk HE diketahui dan temperatur ke luar ditentukan berdasarkan
balans energi (Pers. 11.6b):

• Bila temperatur masuk HE tidak diketahui, terpaksa menggunakan

prosedur iterasi.

• Untuk itu, pendekatan metode alternatifnya adalah metode

“effectiveness‐NTU”.
11.4.1 Difinisi
1. Untuk mendifinisikan “effectiveness of a heat exchanger”, 
pertama menghitung laju perpindahan kalor maksimum HE 
( .
2. Laju perpindahan kalor ini dapat dicapai pada HE aliran 
lawan (counterflow) dengan panjang tak hingga (Gbr. 11.8).
3. Andaikan   , persamaan 11.10 dan 11.11,        
. Berdasarkan eksprimen bahwa fluida dingin 
memiliki beda temperatur lebih besar, selama L  ∞, fluida 
tersebut dipanaskan sampai temperatur fluida panasnya        
(  , , ).
4. Menurut persamaan 11.7b:

;    , ,
 , .

Persamaan (11.18)

, .

Mana Yang Paling Kecil !!!
Persamaan 11.18 menyediakan laju perpindahan kalor maksimum yang dapat 
dihasilkan oleh sebuah Penukar Kalor.
A quick mental exercise should convince the reader that the
maximum possible heat transfer rate is not equal to
, , . If the fluid having the larger heat capacity
rate were to experience the maximum possible temperature
change, conservation of energy in the form , ,
, , would require that the other fluid experience
yet a larger temperature change. For example, if
and one argues that it is possible for , to be equal to , , it
follows that , , / , , , in which
case , , > , , . Such a condition is clearly
impossible.

, ,
heat capacity rate heat capacity rate
It is now logical to define the effectiveness, , as the ratio of 
the actual heat transfer rate for a heat exchanger to the 
maximum possible heat transfer rate:

(11.19)

From Equations 11.6b, 11.7b, and 11.18, it follows that:

, ,
(11.20)
, ,

or
, ,
(11.21)
, ,
By definition the effectiveness, which is dimensionless, must be
in the range 0 1. It is useful because, if , , , and , are
known, the actual heat transfer rate may readily be determined
from the expression:

, , (11.22)

For any heat exchanger it can be shown that [5] Kakac, S., A. E. 
Bergles, and F. Mayinger, Eds., Heat Exchangers, Hemisphere 
Publishing, New York, 1981.:

, (11.23)
where / is equal to / or / , depending on the
relative magnitudes of the hot and cold fluid heat capacity rates.
The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless parameter
that is widely used for heat exchanger analysis and is defined as:

≡ (11.24)