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Examples of Reynolds numbers:! Kinematic viscosity ! It can be shown that for turbulent flow the ratio of the
(~20 °C)! size of the smallest eddy to the length scale of the
Flow around a 3 m long car at
problem!
100 km/hr:!
Water ν = 10-6 m2/s! ! !
LU 3 ! 27.78 " O(Re#3 / 4 ) " O(Re#1/ 2 )
Re = = = 5.5 !10 6 Air ν = 1.5 ✕10-5 m2/s! L L
v 1.5 !10"5 In 3D! In 2D!
Flow around a 100 m long submarine 1km/hr = 0.27778 m/s! If about 10 grid points are needed for
at 10 km/hr:! Re=10 (the driven cavity problem) !
LU 100 ! 2.78
Re = = = 2.78 !10 8
v 10"6 Re ! 3d ! ! 2d!
103!~ 3003 ! ~ 1002!
Water flowing though a 0.01 m diameter pipe with a velocity
10 ! ~ 2000 ! ~ 3002!
4 3
of 1 m/s!
LU 0.01!1 105!~ 100003 ! ~ 10002!
Re = = = 10 4
v 10"6 Largest computations today use about 40003 points!
To solve for the mean motion, we derive equations for the There are several ways to define the proper averages !
mean motion by averaging the Navier-Stokes equations.
The velocities and other quantities are decomposed into the For homogeneous turbulence we can use the space average!
average and the fluctuation part ! L
1
L !0
Defining an averaging <a> = adx
a = A + a' procedure that satisfies
the following rules:! For steady turbulence flow we can use the time average!
T
1
! adt
This will hold for <a> = A
spatial averaging, <a> =
temporal averaging, < a' > = 0 T 0
and ensamble < a+ b> = A+ B For the general case we use the ensemble average!
averaging!
< ca > = cA <a> = ! a (x,t)
r a = A + a'
< !a > = !A ensambles
Computational Fluid Dynamics! Computational Fluid Dynamics!
Physical interpretation!
Closure:!
< uv >
Since we only have an equation for the mean flow,
Fast moving fluid particle! the Reynolds stresses must be related to the mean
flow. !
Net momentum transfer
due to velocity fluctuations!
Slow moving fluid particle! No rigorous process exists for doing this!!
$ #U #U '
Zero and One < u'u'> ij = !" T && i + i
))
% #x j #x j (
equation models!
where!
l02
!T =
t0
Computational Fluid Dynamics! Computational Fluid Dynamics!
The exact k-equation is:! The general for for the equations for k and epsilon is:!
!k !k !U i ! ' !k 1 ' ' ' 1 *
+Uj = " ij #$ + )% # ui ui u j # p' u'j ,
!t !x j !x j !x j ( !x j 2 & +
!k
+ U " #k = # " Dk #k + production $ dissipation
where! ! ij = " ui u j
' '
!t
The exact epsilon-equation is considerably more complex !"
+ U # $" = $ # D" $" + production % dissipation
and we will not write it down here.! !t
Both equations contain transport, dissipation and These terms must be modeled !
production terms that must be modeled!
Closure involves proposing a form for the missing terms
and optimizing free coefficients to fit experimental data!
Spreading rates:!
From: C.G. Speziale: Analytical Methods for the From: C.G. Speziale: Analytical Methods for the
Development of Reynolds-stress closure in Turbulence. Development of Reynolds-stress closure in Turbulence.
Ann Rev. Fluid Mech. 1991. 23: 107-157! Ann Rev. Fluid Mech. 1991. 23: 107-157!
Results!
Wall bounded
turbulence!
Mean flow!
!w du !w
For parallel flow!
0!
Near the wall v* = ! < u'v'>= µ " #w v* =
the fluid knows " dy "
d dp d du Very close to the wall:! < u'v'>! 0
! < u'v'>= " + µ nothing about du du
dy dx dy dy what drives it. ! w = µ du !w = µ
dy so approximately! µ = !w dy
Thus we ignore
Integrate from the wall to y:! u dy u
the pressure +
u = * u+ =
!
gradient! v u(y) = w y v*
y ⎛ d d du ⎞ Integrating!
µ
∫0 ⎜⎝ ρ dy < u ' v ' >= dy µ dy ⎟⎠ dy y+ =
y v*
Using the nondimensional values!
y+ =
y v*
v v
u ! w y " (v ) y v * y
* 2
= = =
du v *
µ v *
µ v* #
Resulting in:! ! < u'v'>= µ " #w
dy or:! u+ = y + Very close to the wall!
!w
Thus, the velocity near the wall is! v* = For a practical engineering problem!
"
Or!
Thickness of the viscous sub-layer!
CD = 0.0037 10! 10 "10#6
y= = = 1.667 "10#4 m = 0.1667 mm
The average shear stress is therefore! !* 0.06
FD Find the thickness of the boundary layer!
!w = = CD 12 "U 2 = 3.74
LW
! !
= 0.37Re"1/ 5 = 0.0233m = 23.3mm
And we find! L L
v * = 0.06
To resolve the viscous sublayer at the same time as the
The average thickness of the viscous sub-layer
turbulent boundary layer would require a large number of
is 10 in units of y+:!
grid points!