Objectives:

1. To measure the temperature distribution for steady state condition of heat

energy through a uniform plane wall and demonstrate the effect of change in heat
flow.
2. To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining rate of heat
flow through solid material for one dimensional steady flow of heat.
3. To measure the temperature distribution for steady state condition of energy
through a composite plane wall and determine the Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient for the flow of heat through a combination of different materials in use.
4. To determine the thermal conductivity k of a mental specimen.
INTRODUCTION:-

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has shown that there is
an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature
region. We say that the energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat-
transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

𝑞𝑥 =−kA* ∂ T/ ∂ x

Heat must flow downhill on the temperature scale. Equation is called Fourier’s law
of heat conduction after the French mathematical physicist Joseph Fourier, who
made very significant contributions to the analytical treatment of conduction heat
transfer. It is important to note that Equation is the defining equation for the
thermal conductivity and that k has the units of watts per meter per Celsius degree
in a typical system of units in which the heat flow is expressed in watts. direction of
heat flow. We now set ourselves the problem of determining the basic equation
that governs the transfer of heat in a solid, using Equation as a starting point.
Consider the one-dimensional system. If the system is in a steady state, i.e., if the
temperature does not change with time, then the problem is a simple one, and we
need only integrate Equation and substitute the appropriate values to solve for the
desired quantity. However, if the temperature of the solid is changing with time, or
if there are heat sources or sinks within the solid, the situation is more
complex.We consider the general case where the temperature may be changing
with time and heat sources may be present within the body. For the element of
thickness dx, the following energy balance may be made: Energy conducted in left
face+heat generated within element =change in internal energy+energy conducted
out right face These energy quantities are given as follows:
Energy in left face =qx=−kA* ∂ T/ ∂ x

Energy generated within element = ˙qA dx

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
In the last section we considered one-dimensional heat conduction and assumed
heat conduction in other directions to be negligible. Most heat transfer problems
encountered in practice can be approximated as being one dimensional, and we
will mostly deal with such problems in this text. However, this is not always the
case, and sometimes we need to consider heat transfer in other directions as well.
In such cases heat conduction is said to be multidimensional, and in this section we
will develop the governing differential equation in such systems in rectangular,
cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.
HEAT GENERATION IN A SOLID
Many practical heat transfer applications involve the conversion of some form of
energy into thermal energy in the medium. Such mediums are said to involve
internal heat generation, which manifests itself as a rise in temperature
throughout the medium. Some examples of heat generation are resistance heating
in wires, exothermic chemical reactions in a solid, and nuclear reactions in nuclear
fuel rods where electrical, chemical, and nuclear energies are converted to heat,
The absorption of radiation throughout the volume of a semitransparent medium
such as water can also be considered as heat generation within the medium, as
explained earlier
Mahdi s. mahdi
15/3/2017
Calculation :

𝒗 𝑰 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖
12.5 1.25 76.2 73 69.5 37.9 34.3 31.3

𝑄 =𝐼∗𝑉
𝑄 = 1.25 ∗ 12.5

𝑄 = 15.625 𝑊

∆𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇3
∆𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 76.2 − 69.5

∆𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 6.7 ℃

∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑇6 − 𝑇8
∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 37.9 − 31.3

∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 6.6 ℃

∆𝑥1,3 = 4.5 − 1.5 = 3

∆𝑥6,8 = 3

𝑄 15.625
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑡 = =
∆𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 6.7
∆𝑥1,3 3
 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 6.996

𝑄 15.625
𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = =
∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 6.6
∆𝑥6,8 3

𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 7.102
REFERENCES :

1-YUNUS A. CENGEL HEAT TRANSFER.

2-Heat Transfer, Holman, 10th ed.