Summary of different parasites

Trematoda
Habitat Definitive Host Intermediate Host Diagnostic Stage Infective Stage Mode of Infection Name of Disease
S. haematobium:- S. Haematobium :
Egg, containing Full formed
Penetration of skin of people
Pelvic and Vesical plexus Bulinus truncates snail Schistosomiasis,
Schistosoma spp. Miracidium Fercocercus Cercaria in infected water
Swimmers itch
(egg, Adult, cercaria)
S. mansoni:-
Radicals of the inferior - Man Schistosoma Mansoni: (oval in shape with terminal spine in
sch.haematobium, lateral spine in
by Fercocercus Cercaria
mesenteric plexus Biomphalaria Alexandrina sch.mansoni)

Fasciola Gigantica
Eggs Ingestion of encysted
Fasciola Spp. Bile Duct
- Man &
Lymnaea cailliaudi snail
Fasciola (Oval operculated with thin shell E ncysted Metacercaria
Metacercaria in improperly
washed vegetables or drink
Fascioliasis
(adult, egg, Cercaria) - Herbivorous animals Hepatica containing immature ovum)

Lymnaea Truncatula snail

Cestoda
Diphyllobothrium 1st: Cyclops Unembryonated egg plerocercoid larva Ingestion of Diphyllobothriasis
2nd: Fresh water fish pass in feces
Latum (salmon,cyprinoid fish)
plerocercoid larva in
improperly cooked fish
(mature segment)
- Cattle Egg Ingestion of
cysticercus bovis
Taenia Saginata (egg,
gravid segment)
Man - pig
(spherical operculated with thick radially
shell containing hexacanth embryo) (larval stage)
undercooked beef containing
viable cysticercus bovis
Intestinal taeniasis

Small Intestine
Hymenolepis - Man or
Egg
(spherical double walled translucent
Egg 1- Ingestion of Eggs with
Contaminated food Hymenolepiasis nana
Nana - larva of rat flea containing mature hexacanth embryo) 2- Autoinfection
(Adult, egg) 3- faeco-oral route

Echinococcus - Dogs & - Cattle

Hydatid cyst Embryonated egg Ingestion of
In Man
(Hydatid Disease ( Hydatidosis ) )
- sheep
Granulosus - Other canines
- occasionally Man in liver, lungs, etc in feces
Eggs with contaminated food
or drink
In Dogs (Echinococcosis)
(adult, Hydatid cyst in tissue)

Nematoda
Small Intestine Pigs or Eating under cooked pork
Trichenella spiralis (embedded in mucosa)
rats or The same as DH - Trichenella spiralis larva Encapsulated (teased) meat containing encysted
Trichenelliasis
(teased larva) - or encysted larva in striated muscle larva within Trichenella
Man capsule
Dogs & Cats ingestion of embryonated
Toxocara spp. Small intestine of
dogs & cats Man is an accidental host No Egg
Embryonated eggs
cantaining
eggs with food or drink Visceral larva migrans
(Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati) (egg) where life cycle not immature larva
completed .
Small Intestine 1- Pirenella conica snail Mature eggs Eating insufficiently cooked or
Heterophyes ( deeply embedded between The
:
(oval with thick operculum and knob at Encysted Metacercaria salted infected fish containing
Heterophyiasis
2- Mugil (boury) &
Heterophyes villi of
Jejunum & upper ileum) Tilapia (bolti) Fish
the end, golden yellow, with mature
Miracidium) in Fish encysted Metacercaria

(Adult, egg)
Small Intestine Egg
Ascaris ( free in the lumen with mucosal folds
(oval brown, coarse mammilated shell
Embryonated egg Ingestion of embryonated
Ascariasis
pressed against it )
Lumbricoides containing one cell embryo) containing 2nd stage
rhabditiform larva
eggs with food or drink

(Adult, egg)
Ancylostoma Small Intestine Eggs in stool Penetration of human skin by Ancylostomiasis
Mainly: - Jejunum 3rd Stage Filariform
duodenale - illum ( contain immature ovum
in 4-cell stage ) larva
3rd stage filariform larva (Hookworm Disease)
(filariform larva)

Trichuris Trichura
(adult, egg)
Large Intestine
Mainly: - Caecum Man No Eggs in stool
( Barrel-Shaped with thick shell
containing ovum in one cell stage)
Embryonated egg
containing 1st
stage
Rhabditiform larva
Ingestion of embryonated
eggs contain 1st rhabditiform
larva in food or drink
Trichuriasis
(Trichocephaliasis)

Enterobius Large Intestine Eggs in perianal region

1) Ingestion of Eggs in
contaminated food or drink or
Mainly: - Caecum,
Vermicularis - Appendix
Eggs inhalation through ai
Enterobiasis
(D-shaped double walled 2) Autoinfection .
- illum containing Mature Larva
(adult, egg) containing mature larva) 3) Retro infection: - migration
of larvae back to large
intestine after hatching

wuchereria Lymphatics & Microfilaria in blood

3rd stage filariform
escape of 3rd stage filariform
larva from mosquito (female
lymph nodes Bancroftian filariasis
Bancrofti of - lower limb & between 10pm and 2am larva culex) to skin through blood
meal (bite) (elephantiasis)
(Microfilaria) - external genitalia

Amoeba
all forms of parasite are Congenital ( Placenta )
Obligate intracellular Man & - Tachyzoites or
Toxoplasma gondii parasite Cats other Domestic animals and - cysts
infective (Trophozoites,
Pseudocysts, cysts, mature
Acquired
A) Ingestion of sporulated oocysts in food or Toxoplasmosis
tissue cysts in under cooked meat
(cyst) rats (accidental hosts) oocysts) B) Organ transplantation, Bl. Transfusio
(invade any nucleated cell)
In p.vivax 1) Bite of Infected female
( Ring, Trophozoites, schizonts, Anopheles Mosquito
Plasmodium spp. Red Blood Cells Vector gametocyte) stages in blood Malaria
Man Sporozoites 2) Blood Transfusion or
Female Anopheles In p. falciparum
(falciparum, vivax) (intra-erythrocytic) organ transplantation
mosquito (only ring, Trophozoites) stages in from infected donor
blood

Trichomonas Genitourinary system

Trophozoite Trophozoite
Sexual intercourse or contact
with contaminated toilet seats
Trichomoniasis
Vaginalis urethra, vagina, prostate,
urinary bladder
or congenital through birth
canal
(trophozoite)
Giardia lambia Small Intestine
especially Duodenum and
- Trophozoites or Cysts Ingestion of
cysts with contaminated food
Giardiasis
( Cyst ) - cysts (Quadrinucleated cyst) (Travelers Diarrhea)
upper jejunum or Drink
Entamoeba - Cyst in formed stool or Cysts Ingestion of
- Trophozoites in diarrheic mature cysts in food or drink Amoebiasis
Histolytica stool
( Mature Quadrinucleated
cyst)
(cyst, Trophozoites) Large Intestine
Balantidium Coli (cyst,
Trophozoites)
Man No - Cyst in formed stool or
- Trophozoites in diarrheic
stool
cyst Ingestion of
Cyst in food or Water
contaminated with pig faeces
Balantidiasis
(Balantidial Dysentery)

L.Donovani complex 1) Bite of infected female sand fly - Visceral leishmaniasis

Leishmania Spp.
( donovani (promastigote) )
Reticuluoendothelial system in inoculate (Kala-Azar)
all viscera (spleen, liver, etc) Amastigotes Promastigotes Promastigotes
L.tropica, L. Mexicana, 2) Direct contact or auto infection - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
L.Braziliensis (Oriental Sore)
Reticuluoendothelial system in
skin and mucus membrane